This study aims to understand how, and if, women use smartphones to enhance their safety when out of the home. Proven safety is difficult to measure, especially through a cross-sectional study; this research will assess how and if women feel safer through adapting how they use their smartphone. The primary research is predominately focused on gathering data from within the UK to understand and assess smartphone behaviours there and the impact these behaviours have on safety.  Existing research also focuses on the UK but takes lessons and development findings from across the globe to be applied as a proxy to the study and to better inform the research in the wider communication for development spectrum.   The key questions being addressed are to understand if women feel their safety is enhanced using their smartphone and if so, how they think this safety is being improved by using their smartphone. The final question addresses how these issues are answered and how communication could be enhanced to promote future safety developments within the sphere of women’s physical safety.    Data was conducted through carrying out primary research through quantitative online surveys and qualitative focus groups. The first offered robust data collection for men and women across age ranges, the second enabled for more detailed finding to be uncovered. This research was carried out in the UK (which is the initial focus of the study); this was a practical approach in terms of geographical location and language barriers, but in follow up analysis, it was also possible to find UK specific information on both smartphone usage and women’s safety. This resulted in there being a range of data to work with and analyse. This was useful to then apply comdev theories to and understand potential ways existing approaches could be developed and utilised around the world. Existing literature within the fields of women’s safety and smartphone usage was assessed to glean a more robust understanding and worldly viewpoint. Theoretical themes were addressed through literature research.    The results indicated that women were wary of their physical environments and adjusted or adapted their behaviours through their smartphone usage more so than men did to improve their safety   As this can be considered a broad and complex topic, there are several theories incorporated. For many women across the globe, the digital revolution, and smartphones, have acted as a means of empowerment. They enable humans to connect with one another regardless of where they are. For women, this has had a massive impact on safety by being able to quickly connect with other, they used messaging options with selected friends/family to notify their whereabouts to enhance their safety, others chose location sharing apps; both of which tie in with the idea of an invited space (Tufte); in this case a virtual space of safety, where the outside physical space may pose as danger. To coincide with this, many of the apps mentioned work through participatory methods, whereby users opt in to improve their safety and the safety of others.

No / The threat of biological weapons has never attracted as much public attention as in the past five years. Current concerns largely relate to the threat of weapons acquisition and use by rogue states or by terrorists. But the threat has deeper roots--it has been evident for fifty years that biological agents could be used to cause mass casualties and large-scale economic damage. Yet there has been little historical analysis of such weapons over the past half-century. Deadly Cultures sets out to fill this gap by analyzing the historical developments since 1945 and addressing three central issues: Why have states continued or begun programs for acquiring biological weapons? Why have states terminated biological weapons programs? How have states demonstrated that they have truly terminated their biological weapons programs? We now live in a world in which the basic knowledge needed to develop biological weapons is more widely available than ever before. Deadly Cultures provides the lessons from history that we urgently need in order to strengthen the long-standing prohibition of biological weapons.

Yes / This paper aims to focus on systematically analysing and synthesising the extant research published on supply chain integration (SCI) area, given the significance of SCI research area. More specifically, the authors aim to answer three questions: “Q1 – What are the factors (e.g. both driving and inhibiting) that influence SCI?”, “Q2 – What are the key developments (e.g. both in research and industry) in SCI area?” and “Q3 – What are the approaches employed/discussed to integrate supply chains?”. Over the past decade, SCI has gained increasing attention in the supply chain management (SCM) context, both from the practitioners’ perspective and as a research area. In realising the global transformations and competitive business environment, a number of organisations are collaborating with their supply chain (SC) partners, to conduct seamless SC operations. A systematic and structured literature review is carried out to observe and understand the past trends and extant patterns/themes in the SCI research area, evaluate contributions and summarise knowledge, thereby identifying limitations, implications and potential directions of further research. Thus, to trace the implementation of SCI practices, a profiling approach is used to analyse 293 articles (published in English-speaking peer-reviewed journals between 2000 and 2013) extracted from the Scopus database. The Systematic Review Approach proposed by Tranfield et al. (2003) was followed to analyse and synthesise the extant literature on SCI area. The analysis presented in this paper has identified relevant SCI research studies that have contributed to the development and accumulation of intellectual wealth to the SCI and SCM area. Each of the 293 papers was examined for achieving the aim and objectives of the research, the method of data collection, the data analysis method and quality measures. While some of the papers provided information on all of these categories, most of them failed to provide all the information, especially for Q2 and Q3 that resulted in 23 and 21 papers, respectively. This study would have benefited from the analysis of further journals; however, the analysis of 293 articles from leading journals in the field of operations and SCM was deemed sufficient in scope. Moreover, this research has implications for researchers, journal editors, practitioners, universities and research institutions. It is likely to form the basis and motivation for profiling other database resources and specific operations and SCM-type journals in this area. This systematic literature review highlights a taxonomy of contextual factors driving and inhibiting SCI for researchers and SC practitioners to refer to while researching or implementing SCI. It also exemplifies some areas for future research, along with the need for researchers to focus on developing more practical techniques for implementing SCI and improving organisational performance. The prime value and uniqueness of this paper lies in analysing and compiling the existing published material in relation to Q1, Q2 and Q3, including examining other variables (such as yearly publications, geographic location of each publication, type of publication, type of research methods used), which lacks in the recent published five SCI literature review-based articles (by Kim, 2013; Leuschner et al., 2013; Alfalla-Luque et al., 2013; Parente et al., 2008; Fabbe-Costes and Jahre, 2007). This has been achieved by extracting and synthesising existing publications using “Supply Chain Integration” keyword. This paper provides a critique of the conceptual and empirical works in SCI discipline and offers research agendas that can stimulate future researchers to carefully explore the topic.

No / This book explores economic developments across Europe in relation to its apparent segmentation, as disparities widen between core and periphery countries. In contrast to previous literature, the scope of analysis is extended to Europe as a continent rather than confining it solely to the European Union, thereby providing the reader with greater insight into the core/periphery nexus. The authors commence with a critical appraisal of economic thinking in relation to regional trade agreements and monetary integration. In relation to a number of EU economies, the book addresses issues of a liquidity trap, deflation, and twin deficits, together with the interconnection between exchange rates and current account balances. Importantly, they extend the discussion of segmentation through a series of focused case studies on Russia, Brexit and emergence of the mega-regionals.

No / This project seeks to address the lack of geomagnetic field data for the territory of Romania by sampling and analysing burnt archaeological features and sediments. The aim of this paper is to present the initial directional results and some magnetic mineralogical determinations from five features sampled during the first field season. Representative examples of directional and magnetic mineralogical analyses are presented, and dates are obtained using the REN-DATE software [Lanos, P., Kovacheva, M., Chauvin, A., 1999. Archaeomagnetism, methodology and applications: implementation and practice of the archaeomagnetic method in France and Bulgaria. Journal of European Archaeology, 2, 365¿392] and the published moving window averaged data from Hungary [Ma´rton, P., 2003. Recent achievements in archaeomagnetism in Hungary. Geophysical Journal International 153(3), 675¿690]. A comparison is made of the data obtained in this study with the published directional data from Bulgaria, Hungary and Ukraine.

published_or_final_version / Urban Design / Master / Master of Urban Design

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The title of the study provides a summary of the content that is explored: The South African Liquid Fuels Market: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. A period spanning nearly 140 years is covered from 1882 to 2020. In “Yesterday”, the history of liquid fuels in South Africa is explored to understand the development of the liquid fuels market. The periods pre-1954, post-1954 and post-2003 are discussed. The period post-1954 is important due to the establishment of a highly developed crude oil refining and synthetic fuel production capability in South Africa. A section is also included to explain the international oil market because of the direct impact of crude oil and international oil prices on the South African liquid fuels market. “Today” explains the fuel price and demand and supply dynamics. The major role players in the liquid fuel market that shape the market are discussed. Government is actively involved in the market through the Department of Minerals and Energy and associated institutions, the CEF Group and Nersa. The South African Petroleum Association represents the seven largest oil companies in South Africa. An overview is provided of these seven companies and their operations in South Africa. In “Tomorrow”, international developments and domestic issues that will influence the liquid fuels market in the period 2010 to 2020 are identified. The future oil price and related issues of “peak oil” and fuel alternative vehicles have the ability to change the oil landscape dramatically. On the domestic side, the future petrol and diesel supply and demand balance are discussed in detail. The impact of the South African government on the market through clean fuel specifications and possible fuel price deregulation is also highlighted. It is clear from the study that historical as well as current supply and demand factors indicate that the South African liquid fuels market will continue to be a growth market that will be influenced by international oil market developments and domestic factors in the period 2010 to 2020. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die titel van die studie verskaf ‘n opsomming van die inhoud wat gedek word: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Brandstof Mark: Gister, Vandag en Môre. ‘n Periode van bykans 140 jaar word ondersoek wat strek vanaf 1882 tot 2020. “Gister” fokus op die geskiedenis van die brandstofmark in Suid-Afrika. Die periodes voor-1954, na-1954 en na-2003 word bespreek. In die periode na-1954 het Suid-Afrika ‘n indrukwekkende vermoë ontwikkel om ru-olie te raffineer en sintetiese brandstof te vervaardig. Die internasionale olie mark word ook bespreek as gevolg van die direkte impak wat ru-olie en internasionale olie pryse op die Suid-Afrikaanse brandstof mark het. “Vandag” verduidelik die brandstofprys asook vraag en aanbod faktore. Die belangrikste rolspelers wat die mark beinvloed word bespreek. Die regering is aktief betrokke in die mark deur die Deparment van Minerale en Energie en verwante organisasies, naamlik die CEF Groep en Nersa. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Branstofvereeniging verteenwoordig die sewe grootste olie maatskappye in Suid-Afrika. Die sewe maatskappye word bespreek en ‘n oorsig gegee oor hulle belange en bedrywighede in Suid-Afrika. In “Môre” word internasionale gebeure en plaaslike sake wat die brandstofmark in die periode 2010 tot 2020 kan beïnvloed ondersoek. Die toekomstige olie prys en verwante sake soos “spits olie” en voertuie wat van alternatiewe brandstof gebuik maak het die totale olie landskap verander. Op plaaslike vlak word die toekomstige petrol en diesel vraag en aanbod balans noukeurig ondersoek. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se impak deur skoon brandstof wetgewing en die moontlike de-regulering van die brandstofprys word beklemtoon. Die studie beklemtoon dat historiese asook huidige vraag en aanbod faktore daarop dui dat die Suid-Afrikaanse branstofmark steeds ‘n groeiende mark in die periode 2010 tot 2020 sal wees, wat beïnvloed sal word deur gebeure op die internasionale olie mark en plaaslike faktore.

O objetivo dessa dissertação é apresentar um problema de otimização do uso de recursos críticos no desenvolvimento de poços de petróleo marítimos e a técnica empregada para a abordagem proposta ao problema. A revisão da técnica de Programação por Restrições é feita analisando aspectos relevantes de modelagem, propagação, busca e paradigmas de programação. A especialização da técnica para problemas de escalonamento, o Escalonamento Baseado em Restrições, é descrita com ênfase nos paradigmas descritivos e nos mecanismos de propagação de restrições. Como subsídio ao uso da técnica em outros problemas, a linguagem comercial de modelagem OPL é apresentada no Apêndice. O objetivo da abordagem ao problema é obter um escalonador para maximizar a produção de óleo obtida no curto prazo. O escalonador proposto baseia-se na declaração de um modelo empregando variáveis de intervalo. Um algoritmo e um modelo de Programação Linear Inteira abordando relaxações do problema são apresentados para que se obtenha um limitante superior ao valor de produção ótimo. Para o cenário real no qual a análise experimental foi feita, foram obtidas soluções a menos de 16% do ótimo após uma hora de execução; e os testes em instâncias de tamanhos variados evidenciaram a robustez do escalonador. Direções para trabalhos futuros são apresentadas ponderando os resultados obtidos. / The aim of this work is to present a problem of optimizing the use of critical resources to develop offshore oil wells and the technique used to approach the problem. The review of the Constraint Programming technique is made by analyzing relevant aspects of modeling, propagation, search and programming paradigms. The specialization of the technique to scheduling problems, known as Constraint-Based Scheduling, is described with emphasis on descriptive paradigms and constraint propagation mechanisms. In order to support the use of the technique to tackle other problems, the commercial modeling language OPL is presented in the appendix. The aim of the approach to the problem is to obtain a scheduler that maximizes the short-term production of oil. The scheduler presented relies on the description of a model using interval variables. An algorithm and an Integer Linear Programming model approaching relaxations of the problem are presented in order to obtain an upper bound for the optimal production value. For the real scenario upon which the experimental analysis was done, there were found solutions within 16% of the optimal after one hour of execution; and the tests on instances of varied sizes gave evidence of the robustness of the scheduler. Directions for future work are presented based on the results achieved.

O trabalho apresenta uma discussão sobre a tomada de decisão por agentes públicos em relação a empreendimentos estruturais de desenvolvimento urbano no Brasil. Relata as principais teorias desenvolvidas sobre o assunto e, a partir da reconstituição do processo decisório para a implantação do sistema metroviário da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, comprova a hipótese de que o Metrô-RJ não foi concebido como uma solução para um problema de deslocamento, mas como um produto auto-suficiente. Mostra ainda que esse produto não foi significativo para a sociedade como um todo durante todo o período de maturação da idéia e da construção, mas foi principalmente fruto de uma decisão autoritária tomada na instância federal, distante das aspirações e necessidades locais, por agentes de interesse que dominaram o processo de decisão. Secundariamente, comprova que os produtores de materiais de transporte e a burocracia a serviço dos agentes políticos com forte viés autoritário foram forças motoras de grande expressão, e ainda que os agentes imobiliários e a população em geral - tradicionais interessados nos incrementos de acessibilidade - pouco ou nada interferiram no processo de decisão pelo sistema em questão. / The paper presents a discussion on decision-making by public officials concerning structural undertakings of urban development in Brazil. It describes the main theories developed on the subject, and through the reconstitution of the process for implementing the subway system of Rio de Janeiro, it proves the hypothesis that the Metrô-RJ was not designed as a solution to a displacement problem but as a self-sufficient product. It also shows that the product was not important to the society as a whole throughout the period of the maturation of the idea and the construction, but it was mainly the result of an authoritarian decision at the federal level, far from the desires and local needs, performed by interest agents that dominated the decision-making process. Secondly, it proves that producers of transport inputs and the governamental bureaucracy in the service of politicians with strong authoritarian bias were driving forces of great expression. Also, real estate agents and the general public - traditional stakeholders seeking for increments of accessibility - little or nothing interfered in the decision towards the implementation of the subway system in the city.

No Brasil, à semelhança do mercado americano, muitos investidores têm migrado das compras de escritórios e flats, para a aplicação em Fundos de Investimentos Imobiliários (FII) e outros produtos de investimentos resultado da securitização de portfólios. Apesar de ter a grande vantagem da agilidade de investimento e desinvestimento em contrapartida à imobilização decorrente do investimento direto no imóvel, a falta de conhecimento com relação ao comportamento de mercado, aliada ao desconhecimento dos critérios de avaliação e indicadores de qualidade desse tipo de investimento, acaba por contribuir para a geração de expectativas descoladas do desempenho potencial do portfólio, podendo inibir a aplicação de capital pelos pequenos e médios investidores, os quais constituem a maior parcela no contexto dos FII. O trabalho pretendeu através da análise crítica de dez relatórios de FII existentes, identificar as lacunas de informações e as disparidades de formatação e divulgação de alguns indicadores consolidados no mercado. A partir desta análise, foi possível alcançar o objetivo do trabalho: elencar um conjunto mínimo de informações, organizando-as de forma clara e objetiva, de modo a permitir uma leitura adequada da qualidade e dos riscos do investimento em EEL abrigado em FII. O resultado deste trabalho é destinado aos potenciais investidores e atuais cotistas de FII, pois ajuda na hierarquização das oportunidades de investimento com relação à capacidade de geração de renda homogênea e estável, reserva de valor e liquidez, além de evidenciar os riscos envolvidos relacionados ao desempenho operacional do portfólio de EEL. / In Brazil, as in the American market, many investors have migrated from offices and flats shopping for the application in Real Estate Investment Funds (FII) and other investment products result of the securitization portfolios. Despite the great advantage of investment agility and disinvestment in contrast to immobilization resulting from direct investment in the property, the lack of knowledge regarding the market behavior, coupled with the lack of evaluation criteria and quality indicators such investment, ultimately contributes to the generation of expectations \"unstuck\" the potential performance of the portfolio and may inhibit capital investment by small and medium investors, which make up the largest share in the context of FIIs. The work sought through the critical analysis of ten existing FII reports, identify information gaps and the disparities in formatting and disclosure of some consolidated indicators in the market. From this analysis, it was possible to achieve the objective of the work: to establish a minimum set of information, organizing them in a clear and objective way, in order to allow an adequate reading of the quality and risks of the investment in EII housed in FII. The result of this work is intended for potential investors and current quota holders of FII, as it helps in the hierarchization of investment opportunities with respect to the capacity to generate homogeneous and stable income, reserve value and liquidity, as well as to highlight the risks involved related to performance The EEL portfolio.