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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Erros pré-analíticos em medicina laboratorial: uma revisão sistemática / Preanalytical errors in laboratory Medicine: a systematic review

Patrick Menezes Lourenço 13 November 2013 (has links)
MENEZES, Patrick Lourenço. Erros pré-analíticos em medicina laboratorial: uma revisão sistemática. 2013. 98 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Saúde, Medicina Laboratorial e Tecnologia Forense) - Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2013. A relevância evidente dos erros pré-analíticos como problema de saúde pública fica patente tanto no dano potencial aos pacientes quanto nos custos ao sistema de saúde, ambos desnecessários e evitáveis. Alguns estudos apontam que a fase pré-analítica é a mais vulnerável a erros, sendo responsável por, aproximadamente, 60 a 90% dos erros laboratoriais em consequência da falta orientação aos pacientes sobre os procedimentos que serão realizados no laboratório clínico. Objetivos: Sistematizar as evidências científicas relacionadas aos erros pré-analíticos dos exames laboratoriais de análises clínicas. Método: Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada, buscando as bases de dados do Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Scopus(que inclui MEDLINE e Embase), ISI Web of Knowledge, SciFinder, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) (que inclui a Scientific Electronic Library Online SciELO) e o Índice Bibliográfico Espanhol de Ciências de Saúde (IBECS), para artigos publicados entre janeiro de 1990 e junho de 2012 sobre erros de exames laboratoriais que possam ocorrer na fase pré-analítica. Os estudos foram incluídos de acordo com os seguintes exames laboratoriais: hemograma, análise bioquímica do sangue total ou do soro, exames de coagulação sanguínea,uroanálise e exames hematológicos ou bioquímicos em outros materiais e categorizados pelo tipo de erro pré-analítico e pela frequência dos incidentes. Resultados: A busca nas bases de dados bibliográficas resultou no seguinte número de artigos recuperados: 547 na MEDLINE, 229 na Scopus, 110 na ISI, 163 na SciFinder, 228 na Lilacs e 64 na IBECS, perfazendo um total de 1.341 títulos. Ao fim da revisão sistemática, obteve-se um conjunto de 83 artigos para leitura de texto completo, dos quais 14 foram incluídos na revisão. Os estudos abrangeram diferentes tipos de laboratórios, setores técnicos e origem de erros, segundo a fase do processo laboratorial. Discussão: Sete artigos demonstraram erros de pedidos médicos, com uma alta variabilidade nos valores de incidência. Os seis artigos que estudaram erros de coleta de amostra observaram redução deste desfecho. As proporções de eventos adversos relatados e os impactos clínicos variaram, levando a consequências descritas como: erros decorrentes da flebotomia, recoleta de amostras, repetições de exames, atrasos na liberação de resultados de exames e possíveis danos ao paciente. Conclusões: O laboratório deve ter instruções por escrito para cada teste, que descreva o tipo de amostra e procedimento de coleta de amostra. Meios de identificação por código de barras, sistemas robóticos e analíticos reduzem os erros pré-analíticos. A melhoria da fase pré-analítica de testes laboratoriais permanece um desafio para muitos laboratórios clínicos. / The obvious relevance of preanalytical errors as a public health problem is clear in both the potential harm to patients and cost to the health system, both unnecessary and avoidable. Some studies indicate that the pre-analytical phase is the most vulnerable to errors, accounting for approximately 60-90% of laboratory errors as a result of lack guidance to patients about the procedures to be performed in the clinical laboratory. Objectives: To systematize the scientific evidence related to preanalytical errors of clinical analysis laboratory. Method: A systematic review was conducted, searching the databases of the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) , Scopus (which includes MEDLINE and Embase ), ISI Web of Knowledge , SciFinder , Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS) ( which includes the Scientific Electronic Library Online - SciELO) and the Spanish Bibliographic Index of Health Sciences (IBECS) for articles published between January 1990 and June 2012 on laboratory errors that may occur in the preanalytical phase. Studies were included according to the following laboratory tests: complete blood count, biochemical analysis of whole blood or serum, blood coagulation tests, urinalysis and hematological or biochemical analysis of other materials categorized by the type of pre - analytical error and the frequency of incidents. Results: The search in bibliographic databases resulted in the following number of items retrieved: 547 in MEDLINE, Scopus at 229, 110 in the ISI in SciFinder 163, 228 and 64 in the Lilacs IBECS, a total of 1.341 titles. At the end of the systematic review, we obtained a set of 83 articles for reading the full text, of which 14 were included in the review. The studies covered different types of laboratories, technical sectors and source of errors, according to the phase of the laboratory process. Discussion: Seven articles showed errors in the medical requisition, with a high variability in the incidence values. The six articles that studied sample collection errors observed reduction in this outcome. The proportions of reported adverse events and clinical impacts varied, leading to consequences described as: errors resulting from phlebotomy, recollection of samples, repetition of exams, delays in the release of the test results and possible harm to the patient. Conclusions: The laboratory must have written instructions for each test, which describes the type of sample and collection procedure. Identification methods by barcode, robotic and analytical systems, reduce preanalytical errors. The improvement of pre-analytical phase of laboratory tests remains a challenge for many clinical laboratories.
12

À procura de um diagnóstico : uma análise neurolinguística / Searching for a diagnosis : a neurolinguistic analysis

Moutinho, Isabella de Cássia Netto, 1989- 26 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Maria Irma Hadler Coudry, Sônia Maria Sellin Bordin / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moutinho_IsabelladeCassiaNetto_M.pdf: 3480837 bytes, checksum: 9d65ddd94476437dff853a006a814d10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa busca refletir sobre questões próprias do aprendizado de leitura e escrita que são, atualmente, interpretadas por profissionais da área clínica como sintomas de uma patologia relacionada ao aprendizado. Para refletir sobre essas questões, apresento o acompanhamento longitudinal de uma criança que frequenta o Centro de Convivência de Linguagens, o CCazinho, localizado nas dependências do Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem IEL/UNICAMP. O acompanhamento de LP, sujeito desta pesquisa, ocorreu entre agosto de 2009 e novembro de 2013. LP foi encaminhado ao CCazinho porque sua professora suspeitava de que ele tivesse Distúrbio de Aprendizagem, uma vez que apresentava problemas para ler e escrever. Ao longo do acompanhamento orientado pelas perspectivas de cérebro, sujeito e linguagem construídas pela Neurolinguística Discursiva, vimos que esta suspeita não se confirma, já que LP conseguiu superar suas dificuldades escolares e desconstruir o estigma de criança com problemas de aprendizado que passou a carregar. Desse modo, esta pesquisa busca, a partir da apresentação da história de LP, debater sobre o excesso de diagnósticos relacionados ao aprendizado que assola as crianças, sobretudo as de escola pública, e analisar o efeito que tais diagnósticos podem ter na vida delas / Abstract: This research aims to debate topics related to reading, writing and learning process that are currently seen by professionals from the clinical area as symptoms of learning-related pathology. To debate these matters, I present the longitudinal follow-up of a child attending the Center of languages, the CCazinho, located at the Institute for the Study of Language IEL / Unicamp. The follow-up of LP, subject of this research hapened between August of 2009 and November of 2013. LP was sento to CCazinho because his teacher suspected that he had a learning disorder, since he had trouble reading and writing. Throughout the monitoring guided by the discoursive perspectives of brain, subject and language constructed by Neurolinguistic, we saw that this suspicion was not confirmed, since LP has managed to overcome his learning difficulties and deconstruct the stigma of a child with learning problems that he started to live with from the moment his teacher suspected that he had a disease. Thus, this research aims, through the presentation of the history of LP, debate about overdiagnosis related to children¿s learning process, especially the diagnosis of those children from public schools, and analyze the effect that such diagnoses may have in their lives / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística
13

The Potential of Misdiagnosis of High IQ Youth by Practicing Mental Health Professionals: A Mixed Methods Study

Bishop, James 12 1900 (has links)
The difficulty of distinguishing between genuine disorder and characteristics that can be attributed to high IQ increases the likelihood of diagnostic error by mental health practitioners. This mixed methods study explores the possibility of misdiagnosis of high IQ youth by mental health professionals. Participants were private practice mental health professionals who read case study vignettes illustrating high IQ youth exhibiting characteristics associated with their population. Participants then completed a survey and provided an assessment of the hypothetical client. In the study, 59% of participants were unable to recognize behavioral characteristics associated with high IQ youth unless suggested to them, and 95% of participants were unable to recognize emotional characteristics associated with high IQ youth unless suggested. The results of this study provide much-needed empirical exploration of the concern for misdiagnosis of high IQ youth and inform clinical practice and education.
14

Acurácia diagnóstica, análise da decisão e heurísticas relacionadas à decisão clínica intuitiva de usar antagonista de bloqueador neuromuscular / Diagnostic accuracy, decision analysis and heuristics related to the clinical intuitive decision of using antagonist of neuromuscular blocking agents

Videira, Rogerio Luiz da Rocha 14 December 2010 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A curarização residual está associada a maior risco de morte após anestesia. Erros diagnósticos após o uso de bloqueador neuromuscular (BNM) estão relacionados com prevalência de 65-88% de curarização residual pré-extubação traqueal (CRPE). Esse estudo analisou a decisão clínica intuitiva de usar antagonista de BNM antes da extubação traqueal. MÉTODOS: Após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, a decisão clínica dos anestesiologistas da nossa instituição foi auditada em 150 pacientes. A participação foi voluntária e anônima. As decisões, como se fossem resultados de um teste diagnóstico, foram comparadas à aceleromiografia, com TOF < 0,9 definido como CRPE. Uma árvore de decisão foi estruturada para comparar as diferentes estratégias e uma pesquisa sequencial (Delphi), realizada entre 108 anestesiologistas, extraiu as heurísticas (regras simplificadoras) mais usadas. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de CRPE foi de 77%. A intuição clínica apresentou sensibilidade de 0,35 (0,23-0,49) e especificidade de 0,80 (0,54- 0,94) para CRPE (P= 0,0001). Em uma escala de 0-10 a utilidade esperada da intuição foi menor do que sempre antagonizar (4,1 + 4,4 vs. 8,4 + 3,0, P< 0,05). As heurísticas mais proeminentes foram O intervalo desde a última dose de BNM foi curto e O padrão respiratório está inadequado, citadas por 73% e 71% dos anestesiologistas, respectivamente. Uma hora após dose única de atracúrio comparada ao rocurônio, 69,3% vs. 47,1% (P= 0,0035) dos anestesiologistas não usam antagonista antes da extubação traqueal. Os anestesiologistas têm a percepção de que a prevalência de curarização residual clinicamente significativa é maior na prática dos seus colegas do que na sua própria prática clínica (razão de chances 7,8 (3,8-16,2) P< 0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: A intuição clínica não deve ser usada para descartar a presença de curarização residual. Sempre usar o antagonista é uma estratégia melhor do que usar a intuição clínica para decidir. Os anestesiologistas tomam a decisão intuitiva baseados em uma previsão da duração dos efeitos do BNM e no julgamento qualitativo da adequação do padrão respiratório do paciente. Eles se consideram mais capacitados para evitar a curarização residual do que os colegas. Demonstram confiança excessiva na própria capacidade de prever a duração de ação do BNM e de descartar intuitivamente a presença de CRPE / BACKGROUND: Residual curarization is associated with a higher risk of death after anesthesia. Diagnostic errors after the use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) are related to 65-88% prevalence of preextubation residual curarization (PERC). This study analyzed the clinical intuitive decision of antagonizing NMBA before tracheal extubation. METHODS: After IRB approval, this clinical decision was audited in 150 patients. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. Decisions, as if a diagnostic test, were compared to acceleromyography, with TOF<0.9 defined as PERC. A decision tree was structured to compare different decision strategies. A sequential survey (Delphi) was conducted among 108 anaesthesiologists to elicit the most frequently used heuristics (rules of thumb). RESULTS: PERC prevalence was 77%. Clinical intuition presented sensitivity of 0.35 (0.23-0.49) and specificity of 0.80 (0.54-0.94) (P=0.0001). In a 0-10 rating scale, expected utility of intuition was lower than always antagonize all patients (4.1 + 4.4 vs. 8.4 + 3.0, P<0.05). The most salient heuristics were Short interval since the last NMBA dose and Breathing pattern is inadequate stated by 73% and 71% of the anesthesiologists, respectively. One hour after a single dose of atracurium compared with rocuronium, 69.3% vs. 47.1% (P= 0.0035) of the anesthesiologists do not use antagonist before tracheal extubation. They perceive that prevalence of clinically significant residual curarization is higher in their colleagues practice than in their own clinical practice (odds ratio 7.8 (3.8- 16.2), P< 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical intuition should not be used to rule out residual curarization. Routine antagonism is a better strategy than the use of clinical intuition to make this decision. Clinicians make this intuitive decision based on a forecast of the duration of the effects of NMBA and on a qualitative judgement about the adequacy of the patients breathing pattern. They consider themselves more capable of avoiding residual curarization than their colleagues. They are overconfident in their own capacity to predict NMBA duration and intuitively rule PERC out
15

Acurácia diagnóstica, análise da decisão e heurísticas relacionadas à decisão clínica intuitiva de usar antagonista de bloqueador neuromuscular / Diagnostic accuracy, decision analysis and heuristics related to the clinical intuitive decision of using antagonist of neuromuscular blocking agents

Rogerio Luiz da Rocha Videira 14 December 2010 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A curarização residual está associada a maior risco de morte após anestesia. Erros diagnósticos após o uso de bloqueador neuromuscular (BNM) estão relacionados com prevalência de 65-88% de curarização residual pré-extubação traqueal (CRPE). Esse estudo analisou a decisão clínica intuitiva de usar antagonista de BNM antes da extubação traqueal. MÉTODOS: Após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, a decisão clínica dos anestesiologistas da nossa instituição foi auditada em 150 pacientes. A participação foi voluntária e anônima. As decisões, como se fossem resultados de um teste diagnóstico, foram comparadas à aceleromiografia, com TOF < 0,9 definido como CRPE. Uma árvore de decisão foi estruturada para comparar as diferentes estratégias e uma pesquisa sequencial (Delphi), realizada entre 108 anestesiologistas, extraiu as heurísticas (regras simplificadoras) mais usadas. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de CRPE foi de 77%. A intuição clínica apresentou sensibilidade de 0,35 (0,23-0,49) e especificidade de 0,80 (0,54- 0,94) para CRPE (P= 0,0001). Em uma escala de 0-10 a utilidade esperada da intuição foi menor do que sempre antagonizar (4,1 + 4,4 vs. 8,4 + 3,0, P< 0,05). As heurísticas mais proeminentes foram O intervalo desde a última dose de BNM foi curto e O padrão respiratório está inadequado, citadas por 73% e 71% dos anestesiologistas, respectivamente. Uma hora após dose única de atracúrio comparada ao rocurônio, 69,3% vs. 47,1% (P= 0,0035) dos anestesiologistas não usam antagonista antes da extubação traqueal. Os anestesiologistas têm a percepção de que a prevalência de curarização residual clinicamente significativa é maior na prática dos seus colegas do que na sua própria prática clínica (razão de chances 7,8 (3,8-16,2) P< 0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: A intuição clínica não deve ser usada para descartar a presença de curarização residual. Sempre usar o antagonista é uma estratégia melhor do que usar a intuição clínica para decidir. Os anestesiologistas tomam a decisão intuitiva baseados em uma previsão da duração dos efeitos do BNM e no julgamento qualitativo da adequação do padrão respiratório do paciente. Eles se consideram mais capacitados para evitar a curarização residual do que os colegas. Demonstram confiança excessiva na própria capacidade de prever a duração de ação do BNM e de descartar intuitivamente a presença de CRPE / BACKGROUND: Residual curarization is associated with a higher risk of death after anesthesia. Diagnostic errors after the use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) are related to 65-88% prevalence of preextubation residual curarization (PERC). This study analyzed the clinical intuitive decision of antagonizing NMBA before tracheal extubation. METHODS: After IRB approval, this clinical decision was audited in 150 patients. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. Decisions, as if a diagnostic test, were compared to acceleromyography, with TOF<0.9 defined as PERC. A decision tree was structured to compare different decision strategies. A sequential survey (Delphi) was conducted among 108 anaesthesiologists to elicit the most frequently used heuristics (rules of thumb). RESULTS: PERC prevalence was 77%. Clinical intuition presented sensitivity of 0.35 (0.23-0.49) and specificity of 0.80 (0.54-0.94) (P=0.0001). In a 0-10 rating scale, expected utility of intuition was lower than always antagonize all patients (4.1 + 4.4 vs. 8.4 + 3.0, P<0.05). The most salient heuristics were Short interval since the last NMBA dose and Breathing pattern is inadequate stated by 73% and 71% of the anesthesiologists, respectively. One hour after a single dose of atracurium compared with rocuronium, 69.3% vs. 47.1% (P= 0.0035) of the anesthesiologists do not use antagonist before tracheal extubation. They perceive that prevalence of clinically significant residual curarization is higher in their colleagues practice than in their own clinical practice (odds ratio 7.8 (3.8- 16.2), P< 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical intuition should not be used to rule out residual curarization. Routine antagonism is a better strategy than the use of clinical intuition to make this decision. Clinicians make this intuitive decision based on a forecast of the duration of the effects of NMBA and on a qualitative judgement about the adequacy of the patients breathing pattern. They consider themselves more capable of avoiding residual curarization than their colleagues. They are overconfident in their own capacity to predict NMBA duration and intuitively rule PERC out
16

Posterolateral corner injuries of the knee: a serious injury commonly missed

Pacheco, R.J., Ayre, Colin A., Bollen, S.R. 08 October 2010 (has links)
No / We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of 68 patients who had been referred with an injury to the posterolateral corner of the knee to a specialist knee surgeon between 2005 and 2009. These injuries were diagnosed based on a combination of clinical testing and imaging and arthroscopy when available. In all, 51 patients (75%) presented within 24 hours of their injury with a mean presentation at eight days (0 to 20) after the injury. A total of 63 patients (93%) had instability of the knee at presentation. There was a mean delay to the diagnosis of injury to the posterolateral corner of 30 months (0 to 420) from the time of injury. In all, the injuries in 49 patients (72%) were not identified at the time of the initial presentation, with the injury to the posterolateral corner only recognised in those patients who had severe multiple ligamentous injuries. The correct diagnosis, including injury to the posterolateral corner, had only been made in 34 patients (50%) at time of referral to a specialist knee clinic. MRI correctly identified 14 of 15 injuries when performed acutely (within 12 weeks of injury), but this was the case in only four of 15 patients in whom it was performed more than 12 weeks after the injury. Our study highlights a need for greater diligence in the examination and investigation of acute ligamentous injuries at the knee with symptoms of instability, in order to avoid failure to identify the true extent of the injury at the time when anatomical repair is most straightforward.
17

The development of CT urography for investigating haematuria

Cowan, Nigel Christopher January 2013 (has links)
This thesis addresses the three principal questions concerning the development of CT urography for investigating haematuria and each question is the subject of a separate chapter. The questions are: What is the reasoning behind using CT urography? What is the optimum diagnostic strategy using CT urography? What are the problems with using CT urography and how may solutions be provided? Haematuria can signify serious disease such as urinary tract stones, renal cell cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) and bladder cancer (BCa). CT urography is defined as contrast enhanced CT examination of kidneys, ureters and bladder. The technique used here includes unenhanced, nephrographic and excretory-phases for optimized diagnosis of stones, renal masses and urothelial cancer respectively. The reasoning behind using excretory-phase CT urography for investigating haematuria is based on results showing its high diagnostic accuracy for UTUC and BCa. Patients with haematuria are classified as low risk or high risk for UTUC and BCa, by a risk score, determined by the presence/absence of risk factors: age > 50 years, visible or nonvisible haematuria, history of smoking and occupational exposure. The optimum diagnostic strategy for patients at high risk for urothelial cancer, uses CT urography as a replacement test for ultrasonography and intravenous urography and as a triage test for flexible and rigid cystoscopy, resulting in earlier diagnosis and potentially improving prognosis. For patients at low risk, ultrasonography, unenhanced and nephrographic-phase CT urography are proposed as initial imaging tests. Problems with using CT urography include false positive results for UTUC, which are eliminated by retrograde ureteropyelography-guided biopsy, an innovative technique, for histopathological confirmation of diagnosis. Recommendations for the NHS and possible future developments are discussed. CT urography, including excretory-phase imaging, is recommended as the initial diagnostic imaging test before cystoscopy for patients with haematuria at high risk for urothelial cancer.

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