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Aktuelle Themen der Reaktorsicherheitsforschung in DeutschlandWeiß, Frank-Peter January 2006 (has links)
Die Veranstaltung widmete sich mit der Borverdünnung in Druckwasserreaktoren bzw. mit der Verstopfung der Sumpfansaugsiebe durch freigesetztes Isolationsmaterial schwerpunktmäßig zwei Themen der Reaktorsicherheit, die auch in aktuellen Aufsichtsverfahren eine Rolle spielen. Eingebettet in den internationalen Kontext wollten die Veranstalter die sicherheitstechnische Bedeutung dieser Themen für die deutschen Anlagen beleuchten und die Auswirkungen auf die zu erbringenden Sicherheitsnachweise und den Anlagenbetrieb darstellen. Dabei kamen Gutachter, Vertreter der Forschung, Hersteller und Betreiber gleichermaßen zu Wort. Der Fachtag sollte den Teilnehmern aber insbesondere vermitteln, welche Beiträge die privat und öffentlich finanzierte Reaktorsicherheitsforschung zur Aufklärung der jeweiligen Ereignisabläufe und ihrer sicherheitstechnischen Bedeutung geleistet hat. In diesem Forschungskontext spielen, auch international, die Methoden der so genannten Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) eine zunehmende Rolle. Deshalb widmete sich eine Sitzung den Grundlagen, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von CFD-Methoden. Dabei wurden u.a. Anwendungen zur Borvermischung und zum Verhalten von Mineralwolle im Sumpf präsentiert.
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Från juice till halloumi : Vilka faktorer påverkar fristående varumärkesförlängningar? / From juice to halloumi : which factors affect independent brand extensions?Eriksson, Andreas, Hayling, Erik January 2020 (has links)
Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till en djupare förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar fristående varumärkesförlängningar bland företag inom dagligvaruhandeln. Studien tillämpar en kvalitativ metod där semistrukturerade intervjuer används för att samla in empiriska data. Intervjuerna har genomförts med anställda på tre olika företag inom dagligvaruhandeln. Analysen av empiriska data har genomförts med hjälp av abduktiv metod med inspiration från grundad teori. Slutsatsen i denna studie är att det finns ett flertal påverkande faktorer vid fristående varumärkesförlängningar, bland annat konsumenters och återförsäljares innovationsförmåga, användningen av ambassadörer vid kommunikation och lansering samt att innovativa konsumenter inte nödvändigtvis kan ses som illojala mot varumärken. Den faktor som studien visar har störst påverkan vid en fristående varumärkesförlängning är förlängningens varumärkesrelevans. Studiens presenterar även en modell för påverkande faktorer vid fristående varumärkesförlängningar. Denna studie bidrar till en djupare förståelse ur ett företagsperspektiv för de påverkande faktorerna vid fristående varumärkesförlängningar. Studien visar även att innovativa konsumenter som i allmänhet anses vara illojala mot varumärken efterfrågar förlängningsprodukter i större utsträckning om dessa marknadsförs av ambassadörer i sociala medier, samt att återförsäljare i vissa fall kräver att få ta del av företagens marknadsföringsstrategier vid presentation av en varumärkesförlängning. Studiens förslag till vidare forskning är att närmare utreda om ambassadörer påverkar slutkonsumenternas varumärkeslojalitet och underlättar mottagandet av varumärkesförlängningar, samt att utveckla den modell som vi har framtagit för påverkande faktorer vid varumärkesförlängningar och anpassa denna till olika branscher. / The aim of this study is to contribute to a deeper understanding of which factors affect independent brand extensions among companies in the fast-moving consumer goods market. This study applies a qualitative approach where semi-structured interviews have been conducted to gather empirical data. The interviews have been conducted with employees from three different companies in the consumer goods market. The empirical data has been analyzed through an abductive method with inspiration from grounded theory. The conclusion of this study is that there are several affecting factors on independent brand extensions, inter alia, the level of innovation among consumers and retailers, the usage of ambassadors when communicating and launching the brand extensions and that innovative consumers isn´t generally disloyal to brands. The study also concludes that relevance of the extension to the core brands a particularly influential factor for independent brand extensions. The study also presents a model for factors affecting independent brand extensions. This study contributes to a deeper understanding, from a business perspective, of the affecting factors on independent brand extensions. The study also finds that innovative consumers who are generally considered to be disloyal to brands request extension products to a larger extent if the products are marketed by ambassadors in social media, and that retailers may want to receive information on the companies’ marketing plans when presenting a brand extension product. The proposal for further research is to investigate whether ambassadors influence consumer brand loyalty and facilitate the acceptance of brand extensions, and to further develop our model for affecting factors on independent brand extensions and adapt it to other sectors of business.
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Modeling additional waterflows in sewage systems in Sweden – An outlook on the impact of climate change.Bauer, Göran January 2013 (has links)
This study assesses the phenomenon of additional water intruding into sewage sys-tems in different areas of Sweden. Additional water means in this case the non-foul water that can originate from storm water runoff, which is either supposed to be con-veyed into the pipe system or intrudes it by wrongly connected drains. It can also re-sult from in-seepage of groundwater due to imperfections of the pipe system itself. It is intended to analyze how different features of the areas have an impact on the extent of this phenomenon. Further, an estimation of the conditions in future scenarios will be obtained. This includes an indication about the potential risk of a sewage system overflow, the expected volume of inflow at treatment plants and thus about the sys-tem´s suitability for the future. Numerical, hydrological compartment models for 19 cities in Sweden were set-up. The used parameters were obtained from previous studies by the Swedish Environ-mental Protection Agency. In these models present and future climate data were ap-plied. For future scenarios three different climate change projections were used which contain bias corrected climate data timeseries for each study area. The climate change scenarios were supposed to represent an "optimistic", "average" and "pessimistic" outlook. By assessing the outputs of the climate models, it was concluded that signifi-cant differences can occur, depending on exact geographical location and chosen cli-mate models. A sensitivity analysis was conducted of how geology, climate and status of the pipe system have an impact on the extent of additional water flows. It revealed that the status of the sewage system has by far the biggest impact. Finally a discharge analysis showed a potential outlook of future development of additional water flows for the chosen study sites, yielding highest increase for the sewage systems of Kiruna, Karlskoga and Sundsvall.
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Numerical Methods for Mathematical Models on Warrant PricingLondani, Mukhethwa January 2010 (has links)
>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Warrant pricing has become very crucial in the present market scenario. See, for example, M. Hanke and K. Potzelberger, Consistent pricing of warrants and traded options, Review Financial Economics 11(1) (2002) 63-77 where the authors indicate that warrants issuance affects the stock price process of the issuing company. This change in the stock price process leads to subsequent changes in the prices of options written on the issuing company's stocks. Another notable work is W.G. Zhang, W.L. Xiao and C.X. He, Equity warrant pricing model under Fractional Brownian motion and an empirical study, Expert System with Applications 36(2) (2009) 3056-3065 where the authors
construct equity warrants pricing model under Fractional Brownian motion and deduce the European options pricing formula with a simple method. We study this paper in details in this mini-thesis. We also study some of the mathematical models on warrant pricing using the Black-Scholes framework. The relationship between the price of the warrants and the price of the call accounts for the dilution effect is also studied mathematically. Finally we do some numerical simulations to derive the value of warrants.
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Analysis on copper, lead and tin removal in steel scrap sorting : Technologies involved, environmental considerations and economic aspectsCavaliere, Giada January 2023 (has links)
With the urgency of cutting down CO2 emissions to reach climate neutrality by 2050, decarbonization of the steel industry is on the European Commission's agenda. Steelmaking accounts for 10 % of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and it is one of the most challenging sectors to decarbonize. A solution that could support this progressive shift is to put more trust into the electric arc furnace (EAF) process, which relies on steel scrap as the main feedstock, but currently it is only responsible for 40% of the EU steelmaking. The almost remaining percentage is taken by the blast furnace route. Multiple European blast furnaces are currently closing due to low demands, high competition on imports and extremely high energy prices for production due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine situation. This particular moment could the proper time for increasing the employment of the EAF process. Moreover, the latter could help to improve resource efficiency and circularity of steel scrap thanks to the usage of higher shares of it, creating a “closed loop” for the steel industry. The reality of using more steel scrap is not actually very far from where we are, however, this will not be easy to reach. In fact, to ensure that the steel scrap is recycled "infinite" times it must contain very low quantities of impurities, such as copper (Cu}, tin (Sn) and lead (Pb}. Most of the times, this does not happen. Thus scrap is diluted with virgin iron to disperse those unwanted elements. This practice leads to a gradual decline of steel scrap quality, which is not in accordance with what it has just stated above. To worsen this situation even more, forecast is predicting increasing quantities of Cu that will accumulate into the steel scrap streams, due to the expected rising electric vehicles production. The aim of the following thesis work is to set a model to design a potential sorting solution to provide a higher copper (the most annoying cause of concern) removal rate in steel scrap, considering the economic and environmental implications of its implementation in the industry. Nonetheless, the presence of even lead and tin will also be taken into account. Results showcases that it is possible to get better impurities removal compared to what it has been done in many EU steel scrapyards, with ballistic separation as an additional refining separation step. Moreover, it is also an economically convenient and easy implementable solution that would assure higher quality steel scrap downstream of the process and that would also bring substantial economic and environmental benefits. / Med det brådskande att minska CO2-utsläppen för att nå klimatneutralitet till 2050, står avkarbonisering av stålindustrin på EU-kommissionens agenda. Ståltillverkning står för 10 % av antropogena koldioxidutsläpp och det är en av de mest utmanande sektorerna att ta bort koldioxid. En lösning som skulle kunna stödja denna progressiva förändring är att sätta mer förtroende till den elektriska ljusbågsugnsprocessen (EAF), som är beroende av stålskrot som huvudråvara, men för närvarande är den bara ansvarig för 40 % av ståltillverkningen i EU. Den nästan återstående andelen tas av masugnsvägen. Flera europeiska masugnar stängs för närvarande på grund av låga krav, hög konkurrens på import och extremt höga energipriser för produktion på grund av den ryska invasionen av Ukraina. Just detta ögonblickkan vara fördelaktigt för att öka sysselsättningen av EAF-processen. Dessutom skulle det senare kunna bidra till att förbättra resurseffektiviteten och cirkulariteten för stålskrot tack vare användningen av högre andelar av det, vilket skapar en "sluten slinga" för stålindustrin. Verkligheten med att använda mer stålskrot är faktiskt inte särskilt långt ifrån där vi är, men detta kommer inte att vara lätt att nå. Faktum är att för att säkerställa att stålskrotet återvinns "oändliga" gånger måste det innehålla mycket små mängder föroreningar, såsom koppar (Cu), tenn (Sn) och bly (Pb). Oftast händer detta inte. Således späds skrot med jungfruligt järn för att skingra dessa oönskade element. Denna praxis leder till en gradvis försämring av stålskrotskvaliteten, vilket inte är i enlighet med vad den nyss har angett ovan. För att förvärra denna situation ännu mer, förutspår prognosen ökande mängder Cu som kommer att ackumuleras i stålskrotströmmarna, på grund av den förväntade ökande produktionen av elfordon. Syftet med följande examensarbete är att sätta en modell för att designa en potentiell sorteringslösning för att ge en högre kopparavskiljningshastighet (den mest irriterande orsaken till oro) i stålskrot, med tanke på de ekonomiska och miljömässiga konsekvenserna av dess implementering i industrin. Icke desto mindre kommer förekomsten av jämnt bly och tenn också att beaktas. Resultaten visar att det är möjligt att få bättre bortförsel av föroreningar jämfört med vad man har gjort på många stålskrotvarv i EU, med ballistisk separering som ett extra raffineringssteg. Dessutom är det också en ekonomiskt bekväm och lätt implementerbar lösning som skulle säkerställa högre kvalitet stålskrot nedströms om processen och som också skulle ge betydande ekonomiska och miljömässiga fördelar.
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[pt] EFEITO DO QUEROSENE NAS PROPRIEDADES INTERFACIAIS E NA ESTABILIDADE DA EMULSÃO DE UM ÓLEO PESADO BRASILEIRO / [en] EFFECT OF KEROSENE ON INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES AND EMULSION STABILITY OF A BRAZILIAN HEAVY OILLINA MERCEDES DAZA BARRANCO 02 October 2023 (has links)
[pt] A alta viscosidade dos óleos pesados e o elevado teor de asfaltenos contribuem para
a formação de emulsões água-em-óleo (A/O) altamente estáveis, dificultando a separação
óleo/água e aumentando os custos de produção e transporte. Para reduzir a viscosidade,
técnicas de diluição são comuns com solventes simples. Portanto, pouca pesquisa foi
realizada sobre o impacto dos compostos aromáticos nas propriedades interfaciais e na
estabilidade das emulsões, de solventes complexos, como o querosene. Neste estudo,
investigou-se o efeito da segregação dos compostos aromáticos do querosene nas
propriedades bulk e interfaciais e na estabilidade dos asfaltenos e das emulsões A/O. Além
disso, foram analisadas as correlações desses efeitos com a desemulsificação química.
Inicialmente, foram avaliadas as propriedades interfaciais de frações de surfactantes
naturais, extraídas de um óleo pesado brasileiro, em relação à sua capacidade de estabilizar
emulsões água-querosene. Os resultados indicaram que a estabilidade dessas emulsões
decorre do efeito sinérgico entre as resinas e os asfaltenos, resultando na formação de
filmes interfaciais mais flexíveis, que evitam ou retardam a coalescência das gotas.
Entretanto, quando o querosene foi utilizado como diluente do óleo pesado (HO) na fase
oleosa, observou-se a floculação e precipitação dos asfaltenos. Esses resultados foram
correlacionados com a composição química de dois tipos de querosene: um composto
apenas por saturados (KeS) e outro contendo 30 por cento massa de compostos aromáticos (KeSA).
Verificou-se que a composição química dos querosenes afeta a estabilidade coloidal dos
asfaltenos, a estabilidade da emulsão e as propriedades interfaciais. KeSA apresentou maior
solubilização e dispersão dos asfaltenos em comparação ao KeS. Além disso, a
viscoelasticidade interfacial diminuiu quando o teor de querosene foi maior ou igual a 30 por cento massa,
indicando a formação de filmes interfaciais menos rígidos. Porém, o módulo de
elasticidade nos sistemas contendo KeSA aumentou gradualmente com o tempo, sugerindo
uma melhor solubilidade dos asfaltenos e uma adsorção controlada pela difusão facilitada
na interface. A concentração de aromáticos do solvente (KeSA) mantém a estabilidade do
filme interfacial durante a diluição de HO, compensando assim a perda de asfaltenos com
o aumento do teor de querosene na fase óleo. Os resultados também destacaram o papel
crucial da aromaticidade do querosene na quebra das emulsões A/O contendo 20 por cento massa
de Ke na fase oleosa. Diferentes desemulsificantes químicos, comumente utilizados como
bases para desemulsificantes comerciais, bem como compostos modelo, foram testados.
KeSA apresentou maior robustez e resistência à quebra das emulsões. Esse efeito decorre
da segregação interfacial dos compostos aromáticos do querosene. Esses resultados
enfatizam a importância da composição química do querosene quando é usado na diluição
de óleos pesados, o qual tem efeito significativo na estabilidade e quebra das emulsões
A/O. / [en] The high viscosity of heavy oils and the high content of asphaltenes contribute to the
formation of highly stable water-in-heavy oil (W/O) emulsions, making oil/water
separation difficult and increasing production and transportation costs. To reduce viscosity,
dilution techniques with simple solvents are common. Therefore, slight research has been
conducted on the impact of aromatic compounds on interfacial properties and emulsion
stability from complex solvents, such as kerosene. In this study, we investigated the effect
of segregation of aromatic compounds in kerosene on the bulk and interfacial properties
and stability of asphaltenes and W/O emulsions. Furthermore, we analyzed the correlations
of these effects with chemical demulsification. Initially, we evaluated the interfacial
properties of natural surfactants fractions extracted from Brazilian heavy oil regarding their
ability to stabilize water-kerosene emulsions. The results indicated that the stability of
these emulsions was related to the synergistic effect between resins and asphaltenes,
resulting in the formation of more flexible interfacial films that prevent or delay the
coalescence of the droplets. However, when kerosene was used as diluent of heavy oil
(HO) in the oil phase, flocculation and precipitation of asphaltenes were observed. These
results were correlated with the chemical composition of two kerosene types: one
composed only of saturates (KeS) and another containing saturates and 30 percent wt. of aromatic
compounds (KeSA). It was found that the chemical composition of the kerosene affects the
colloidal asphaltenes stability, emulsion stability, and interfacial properties. KeSA showed
greater solubilization and dispersion of asphaltenes compared to KeS. Additionally,
interfacial viscoelasticity decreased when the kerosene content was bigger or equal 30 wt. percent, indicating
the formation of less rigid interfacial films. However, the interfacial elastic modulus in
systems containing KeSA gradually increased over time, suggesting better solubility of
asphaltenes and diffusion-controlled adsorption at the interface. The concentration of
solvent aromatics (KeSA) maintains interfacial film stability during HO dilution, thus
compensating for the loss of asphaltenes with increasing kerosene content in the oil phase.
The results also revealed the crucial role of kerosene s aromaticity in the breaking of W/O
emulsions containing 20 wt. percent of kerosene in the oil phase. Various chemical demulsifiers
commonly used as bases for commercial demulsifiers, as well as model compounds, were
tested. The presence of KeSA exhibited greater robustness and resistance to emulsion
breaking. This effect was attributed to interfacial segregation of aromatic compounds from
kerosene. These results emphasize the importance of kerosene s chemical composition
when used for diluting heavy oils, as it has a significant effect on the stability and breaking
of W/O emulsions, particularly in the case of the Brazilian heavy oil used in this study.
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Experiments with a High Pressure Well Stirred ReactorGross, Justin Tyler January 2014 (has links)
No description available.
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Chromium-free consumable for welding stainless steel: corrosion perspectiveKim, Yeong Ho 02 December 2005 (has links)
No description available.
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[en] DETERMINATION OF NICKEL AND CHROMIUM IN GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES BY ISOTOPE DILUTION USING INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY. / [pt] DETERMINAÇÃO DE NÍQUEL E CROMO POR DILUIÇÃO ISOTÓPICA EM AMOSTRAS GEOLÓGICAS UTILIZANDO ESPECTROMETRIA DE MASSA COM PLASMA INDUTIVAMENTE ACOPLADOLAIS NASCIMENTO VIANA 15 July 2020 (has links)
[pt] Os metais estão presentes em diversos materiais e muitos deles, como o níquel e o cromo, possuem papeis significativos em diversos setores industriais. A quantificação desses metais é importante tanto para obtenção de informações relevantes a respeito desses materiais, como para avaliação de possíveis contaminações ambientais. No presente trabalho, foram desenvolvidos métodos analíticos para a determinação de níquel e cromo em amostras de asfalto, brita e CAP por espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado usando calibração externa e diluição isotópica. Para a avaliação da exatidão dos métodos foram utilizados os materiais de referência certificados NIST 1084a e NBS 688. Como métodos de preparo de amostra, foram estudadas a decomposição ácida em bloco digestor, e a diluição em uma mistura de xileno/butanol na proporção 60:40 v:v (para amostras de óleo). Para a correção da interferência da espécie 40Ar12C positivo sobre o isótopo de 52Cr foi utilizada a célula de reação dinâmica com introdução de CH4 como gás de reação, o que reduziu de forma significativa o sinal de fundo característico para o isótopo de cromo. Os métodos desenvolvidos se mostraram eficientes na determinação dos metais. As recuperações obtidas para os SRMs se encontram entre 80-120 porcento. As concentrações médias, em mg kg-1 , encontradas para Ni pelos diferentes métodos nas amostras de CAP, brita e asfalto foram, respectivamente 39,9 mais ou menos 0,6, 6,7 mais ou menos 0,5 e 11,2 mais ou menos 0,8, enquanto para Cr as concentrações foram 1,8 mais ou menos 0,1, 15,3 mais ou menos 0,3, 16,6 mais ou menos 0,4. O sucesso da aplicação da diluição isotópica em amostras dissolvidas em solvente orgânico mostrou-se muito promissor, pois elimina a necessidade da decomposição ácida das matrizes tornando o preparo das amostras mais rápido e menos trabalhoso. / [en] Metals are present in several samples and many of them, such as nickel and chromium, have significant roles in several industry sectors. The quantification of these metals is important both for obtaining relevant information regarding these materials, and for evaluating possible environmental contaminations. In the present work, analytical methods were developed for the determination of nickel and chromium in asphalt, crushed stone and CAP samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using both external calibration technique and isotopic dilution. To evaluate accuracy of the method, the certified reference materials NIST 1084a and NBS 688 were used. Two different methods of sample preparation were
employed, block digestion and direct dilution in a xylene / butanol mixture using a 60:40 v:v ratio (for the oil samples). For the interference correction imposed by 40Ar12C over 52Cr, the dynamic reaction cell was used with CH4 as the reaction gas, which significantly reduced the characteristic background signal of the chromium isotope. The methods developed proved to be efficient in the determination of the metals in question. The recovery values obtained for the SRMs were between 80-120 percent. The average concentrations, in mg kg-1 , found for Ni by the different methods in CAP, crushed stone and asphalt samples were, respectively, 39,9 more or less 0,6, 6,7 more or less 0,5 and 11,2 more or less 0,8, while for Cr the concentrations were 1,8 more or less 0,1, 15,3 more or less 0,3, 16,6 more or less 0,4. The successful application of isotope dilution in samples dissolved in organic solvent is very promising because it eliminates the need for acid digestion, making the sample preparation faster and less labor intensive.
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Development and Application of Low-Cost and Environment-Friendly Techniques for Fish Sperm Cryopreservationde Souza França, Thales 20 May 2024 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [ES] La criopreservación de semen de peces es una técnica que puede aumentar la eficiencia de la reproducción en cautiverio de especies de peces de agua dulce y marinas.
A lo largo de las últimas décadas, se han establecido protocolos para criopreservación de semen de diversas especies de peces. Sin embargo, el foco principal de los pescadores ha sido en tener éxito en el congelamiento y descongelamiento de los espermatozoides, no llevando en cuenta el período en que los gametos se quedan expuestos a la solución crioprotectora en un momento previo a la fertilización. Esta exposición de los espermatozoides a las soluciones crioprotectoras después del descongelamiento puede ser perjudicial a la calidad de los gametos, ya que pueden ser tóxicos. La mayoría de los protocolos establecidos utilizan recipientes de plástico ultrarresistentes para almacenar el semen durante el proceso de criopreservación. Estos recipientes normalmente no se reutilizan, generando residuos altamente contaminantes al medio ambiente. Así, el objetivo principal de la tesis fue crear y probar métodos de bajo costo que potencialicen el uso de los espermatozoides descongelados de peces y torne el proceso de criopreservación de semen menos contaminante al medio ambiente. Los experimentos de los capítulos 1 y 2 se llevaron a cabo en Brasil. Utilizamos el jundiá gris Rhamdia quelen, especie considerada modelo experimental para peces nativos de América del Sur. En el capítulo 1, probamos el uso de la dilución de semen descongelado para disminuir la toxicidad de la solución crioprotectora. La técnica se utiliza comúnmente en protocolos de criopreservación de semen de mamíferos, pero nunca antes se había aplicado al semen descongelado de peces suramericanos. Muestras de semen descongelado de R. quelen se diluyeron en un diluyente salino (NaCl al 1,1% - 325 mOsm kg-1; pH 7,6). Después, observamos que los espermatozoides de muestras diluidas mostraron mayores velocidades, rectitud, progresión y frecuencia de batido flagelar que las muestras no diluidas. La dilución del semen descongelado también proporcionó mayores tasas de fertilización y eclosión que el grupo no diluido. De esta manera, la dilución de semen descongelado de R. quelen resultó ser una metodología sencilla, económica y eficiente que debe incluirse en el protocolo de criopreservación del semen de la especie. En los capítulos 2 y 3 desarrollamos y probamos la metodología para el uso de cápsulas de gelatina biodegradables (colágeno) y cápsulas de hipromelosa biodegradables (HPMC) como recipiente alternativo al uso de pajuelas de plástico en la criopreservación de semen de peces. En el segundo capítulo observamos que las cápsulas biodegradables mantuvieron los parámetros cinéticos y la capacidad reproductiva del esperma de R. quelen así como las pajuelas de plástico.Los procedimientos experimentales del capítulo 3 se llevaron a cabo en España. En este capítulo aplicamos la metodología desarrollada en el capítulo 2 para la criopreservación del semen de anguila europea Anguilla anguilla, dorada Sparus aurata y lubina Dicentrarchus labrax. En estas tres especies, las cápsulas biodegradables conservaron los parámetros cinéticos y la integridad de la membrana de los espermatozoides, así como las pajuelas de plástico. Además, observamos que el daño al ADN en muestras de semen de anguila europea y lubina europea criopreservadas en cápsulas y pajuelas no difirió. Sin embargo, las muestras de semen de dorada mostraron mayor daño en el ADN que las criopreservadas en pajuelas. Aunque, el nivel de daño que observamos en las muestras almacenadas en las cápsulas se considera bajo, por lo que pueden no comprometer el desarrollo embrionario. Evaluamos los resultados y concluimos que las cápsulas de gelatina biodegradables y las cápsulas de HPMC biodegradables pueden utilizarse como recipientes alternativos al uso de pajuelas de plástico para la criopreservación de semen de las cuatro especies de peces. / [CA] La criopreservació de l'esperma de peixos és una tècnica que pot augmentar l'eficiència de la reproducció en captivitat d'espècies de peixos d'aigua dolça i marins.
Al llarg de les dècades passades, s'han establert protocols per a la criopreservació de l'esperma de diverses espècies de peixos. No obstant això, el focus principal dels pescadors ha estat tenir èxit en la congelació i descongelació dels espermatozoides, sense tenir en compte el temps en què els gamets queden exposats a la solució crioprotectora abans de la fecundació. Aquesta exposició dels espermatozoides a les solucions crioprotectores després de la descongelació pot ser perjudicial per a la qualitat dels gàmetes, ja que poden ser tòxics. La majoria dels protocols establerts utilitzen recipients de plàstic ultrarresistents per emmagatzemar l'esperma durant el procés de criopreservació. Aquests recipients normalment no es reutilitzen, generant residus altament contaminants per al medi ambient. Així, l'objectiu principal de la tesi va ser criar i provar mètodes de baix cost que potenciïn l'ús dels espermatozoides descongelats de peixos i facin que el procés de criopreservació de l'esperma sigui menys contaminant per al medi ambient. Els experiments dels capítols 1 i 2 es van dur a terme a Brasil. Vam utilitzar el jundia gris Rhamdia quelen, una espècie considerada com a model experimental per a peixos natius d'Amèrica del Sud. En el capítol 1, vam provar l'ús de la dilució de l'esperma descongelat per reduir la toxicitat de la solució crioprotectora. Aquesta tècnica s'utilitza comúment en protocols de criopreservació de l'esperma de mamífers, però mai abans s'havia aplicat a l'esperma descongelat de peixos sud-americans. Mostres d'esperma descongelat de R. quelen es van diluir en un diluent salí (NaCl al 1,1% - 325 mOsm kg-1; pH 7,6). Després, vam observar que els espermatozoides de mostres diluïdes mostraven majors velocitats, rectitud, progressió i freqüència de batuda flagel·lar que les mostres no diluïdes. La dilució de l'esperma descongelat també va proporcionar majors taxes de fecundació i eclosió que el grup no diluït. D'aquesta manera, la dilució de l'esperma descongelat de R. quelen va resultar ser una metodologia senzilla, econòmica i eficient que ha d'incloure's en el protocol de criopreservació de l'esperma de l'espècie. En els capítols 2 i 3 vam desenvolupar i provar la metodologia per a l'ús de càpsules de gelatina biodegradables (col·lagen) i càpsules d'hipromelosa biodegradables (HPMC) com a recipient alternatiu a l'ús de canuts de plàstic en la criopreservació de l'esperma de peixos. En el segon capítol vam observar que les càpsules biodegradables mantenien els paràmetres cinètics i la capacitat reproductiva de l'esperma de R. quelen així com els canuts de plàstic. Els procediments experimentals del capítol 3 es van dur a terme a Espanya. En aquest capítol vam aplicar la metodologia desenvolupada al capítol 2 per a la criopreservació de l'esperma d'anguila europea Anguilla anguilla, daurada Sparus aurata i llobarro Dicentrarchus labrax. En aquestes tres espècies, les càpsules biodegradables van conservar els paràmetres cinètics i la integritat de la membrana dels espermatozoides, així com els canuts de plàstic. A més, vam observar que el dany a l'ADN en mostres d'esperma d'anguila europea i llobarro europeu criopreservades en càpsules i canuts no es va diferir. No obstant això, les mostres d'esperma de daurada van mostrar més dany a l'ADN que les criopreservades en canuts. Tot i això, el nivell de dany que vam observar a les mostres emmagatzemades en càpsules es considera baix, pel que poden no comprometre el desenvolupament embrionari. Vam avaluar els resultats i vam concloure que les càpsules de gelatina biodegradables i les càpsules d'HPMC biodegradables es poden utilitzar com a recipients alternatius a l'ús de canuts de plàstic per a la criopreservació de l'esperma de les quatre espècies de peixos. / [EN] Fish sperm cryopreservation is a technique that can increase the reproduction in captive efficiency of freshwater and marine fishes.Over the last few decades, protocols for sperm cryopreservation from many fishes have been established. However, the researchers' main focus was successfully freezing and thawing sperm, neglecting the period in which the gametes remain in contact with the cryoprotective solution until fertilization. Exposure of sperm to cryoprotectant solutions after thawing can be harmful to the quality of the gametes since they can be toxic. The majority of the established protocols use ultra-resistant plastic containers to store sperm during the cryopreservation process. These containers usually are not reused, generating highly polluting waste for the environment. Furthermore, in some countries, the containers usually used are sold by a few industries, which makes acquisition difficult and increases the product's price. Thus, the main objective of the thesis was to create and test low-cost methodologies that enhance the use of fish post-thaw sperm and make the sperm cryopreservation process more environmentally friendly. The experiments in the Chapters 1 and 2 were developed in Brazil. We used the South American silver catfish Rhamdia quelen, a species considered an experimental model for native South American fishes. In Chapter 1, we tested the use of post-thawing dilution to reduce the toxicity of the cryoprotectant solution. This technique is commonly used in mammalian sperm cryopreservation protocols but has never before been applied to post-thaw sperm of South American fishes. South American silver catfish post-thaw sperm samples were diluted in a saline extender (1.1% NaCl - 325 mOsm kg-1; pH 7.6). The post-thaw sperm diluted samples showed higher velocities, straightness, progression, and flagellar beat frequency than the cells of undiluted samples (control). The post-thawing dilution also provided higher fertilization and hatching rates than the control group. Thus, the post-thawing sperm dilution proved to be a simple, cheap, and efficient methodology that should be included in the silver catfish sperm cryopreservation protocol. In Chapters 2 and 3, we developed, tested, and described the methodology for using biodegradable gelatin (collagen) and hypromellose (HPMC) capsules as an alternative container to plastic straws in the fish sperm cryopreservation. In the second chapter, we observed that the biodegradable capsules maintained the kinetic parameters and reproductive capacity of South American silver catfish sperm just as effectively as plastic straws. The experimental procedures in Chapter 3 were carried out in Spain. We apply the methodology developed in Chapter 2 to the cryopreservation of sperm from European eel Anguilla anguilla, gilthead seabream Sparus aurata, and European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. In these three species, biodegradable capsules preserved the sperm kinetic parameters and membrane integrity just as effectively plastic straws. We observed that DNA damage in European eel and European sea bass sperm samples cryopreserved in capsules and straws did not differ. On the other hand, gilthead seabream sperm samples showed higher DNA damage than those cryopreserved in straws. However, the damage level observed in samples stored in capsules is considered low, thus, may not compromise embryonic development. We observed the results and concluded that biodegradable gelatin and HPMC capsules could be used as alternative containers to plastic straws for sperm cryopreservation from the tfour aquaculture fishes. / This study was supported by MICINN with funding from European Union NextGenerationEU (PRTR-C17.I1) and by Generalitat Valenciana (THINKINAZUL/2021/012;THINKINAZUL/2021/024;THINKINAZUL/2021/042) including the contract of FF-G.WAG-L has a Margarita Salas postdoctoral contract (RD 289/2021. UAB) by the Spanish Ministry of Universities. LF has a PhD contract from Generalitat Valenciana (GRISOLIAP/2020/063). TSF (141717/2019-0 and 200285/2021-1) and MPS (200452/2022-3) have fellowships from Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). / De Souza França, T. (2024). Development and Application of Low-Cost and Environment-Friendly Techniques for Fish Sperm Cryopreservation [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/204486 / Compendio
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