Il s’agit d’une enquête d’intervention dans laquelle le référentiel théorique méthodologique s’appuiera sur l’analyse institutionnelle, suivant la ligne socio-analytique, avec le objectif de analyser le place de promotion de la santé et la prévention des maladies dans la formation en soins d'infirmiers en France et au Brésil. Le domaine d'analyse comportera l’analyser la construction historique et sociale de la promotion de la santé et la prévention de maladies dans la formation professionnelle de l’infirmier en France et au Brésil. Le domaine d'intervention couvrira un programme d'enseignement supérieur des soins d'infirmiers à Paris (France) et dans l'arrière-pays de São Paulo (Brésil). Les critères d’éligibilité pour la sélection des cours des soins infirmiers seront: cours provenant d'établissements d'enseignement supérieur; cours présentiels; cours de baccalauréat et/ou licence; cours qui possèdent l’intégralité du programme-cadre exigé; possèdent un projet politico-pédagogique; matrice du programme et/ou similaire et qui acceptent de participer à l’étude. La récolte des donnés dans l'arrière-pays de São Paulo se réalisera entre les mois de juillet et décembre 2014 et à Paris entre les mois de janvier et juillet 2015 et les techniques utilisées par l’enquêteur seront: analyse documentaire, interviews, observation participante et ateliers de restitution. L’élaboration des instruments de récolte des donnés sera basées sur le référentiel théorique de l’analyse institutionnelle socio-analytique que prendra en considération les sujets, les contextes, les relations établies entre les agents sociaux (BAREMBLITT, 2012). Aussi sera utilisé journal de recherche pour record de la vie quotidienne du champ. L’analyse sera orientée par référentiel théorique de l’analyse institutionnelle socio-analytique, particulièrement par les conceptuels de commande, demande, transversalité, analyseur et implication, dans le cadre d'un conceptuel dialectique de institution. Dans l’exécution de recherche seront respectées les orientations de la Résolution 466/2012 de la CONEP, pour la recherche impliquant des êtres humains (BRASIL, 2012). / X

The aim of this research was to establish the women’s perceptions, opinions and feelings on the practise of safe sex and HIV/AIDS to see if there is correlation between sexual behaviour and the level of education. The ultimate aim was to determine, and to raise awareness of, the need for empowerment of women through integrating HIV/AIDS issues and literacy at the community level. In this study it appeared that gender inequality is among other factors fuelling the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS. Statistics have proven that women are both amongst those infected and have the highest rate of illiteracy. Thus it is important to instil skills, knowledge, values and attitudes (SKVAs) and thus enhance women’s lives. The question that guided the research reported in this study is: How can women be empowered with skills, knowledge, values and attitudes to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS, to better their own lives and to become active change agents in their community? Investigations of this study prompted the researcher to review literature related to empowerment of women. The theoretical foundation discussed the elements related to the research question. Theoretical elements discussed are: empowerment, literacy and HIV/AIDS issues. This literature survey served the purpose of checking the validity of my claim, and returned a “valid” verdict. In the light of the above, a qualitative research methodology was adopted, using personal interviews for data collection. Eight participants were selected by purposive sampling to represent the widest possible range of perspectives, experiences and needs, and the interviews were designed to arrive at a deeper understanding of those experiences and needs. The data gathered were then analysed and findings written up. The findings of this research indicated that women had knowledge about HIV/AIDS and perceived seriousness of the diseases. They were, to an extent misinformed, about the use of condoms and were scared of the repercussions. As such they were exposed to exploitation due to subordination and were eventually vulnerable to contract illnesses. In addition, the factor of gender inequality denies opportunities of empowerment to women, who often encounter direct opposition to their attempts at self-improvement, thereby staying in their “destitute” positions forever. Women interviewed for this study suffered stress and frustration with irresponsible partners. Their multiple roles, as well as household chores, hinder their active participation in any programmes. It is my contention that, to be liberated, women need to be empowered and all forms of discrimination and gender inequality, that block their pursuit of areas of interest, need to be totally eliminated. The women’s responses in the interview contain important suggestions on the needs for empowerment programmes through integrating HIV/AIDS issues and literacy at community level. The study concludes with the recommendations for the need for empowerment programmes. / Dr. M.C. van Loggerenberg

The aim of this study was to explore and describe HIV and AIDS workplace programmes and policies (WPPs) in the tourism industry of Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM) in South Africa. This study adopted a quantitative and qualitative approach, in other words, a mixed approach. The reason for using more than one method of inquiry was to obtain a deeper understanding of the tourism industry of NMBM in terms of examined behaviour, and of the meaning of occurrences in the industry. To gather qualitative data concerning HIV and AIDS programmes, key informant stakeholders in the tourism industry at global, national, provincial, and local levels were identified to conduct in-depth interviews. These respondents were selected using the non-probability sampling method of quota sampling. This is a type of stratified sampling in which the selection of the strata within the sample is not random, but rather is typically left to the discretion of the interviewer (Wienclaw, 2015). One respondent for each level of the industry was selected, resulting in four key informant stakeholders participating in the qualitative research component of this study. The initial criterion for participation in the quantitative portion for this study was that tourism businesses based in NMBM must be able to produce robust evidence of HIV and AIDS WPPs. The researcher selected the probability sampling method of stratified random sampling with proportional allocation. This technique considers the known characteristics of the population (Wienclaw, 2015). A database of tourism businesses was obtained from the local tourism organisation, who are members of the governing body for local tourism. This database was cleaned, to eliminate any data that did not meet the participation criterion for the study. Ten per cent of the total number of businesses in the cleaned database were sampled. The simplest approach to sampling is to merely randomly select from the population by, for example, having a computer choose names at random from a list, or by selecting names from a hat (Wienclaw, 2015). Therefore, every fifth business listed on the sampled database was selected to participate. Unfortunately, surveys tend to have notoriously low return rates, and people are frequently reluctant to give out information over the phone. This was also the case for most of the tourism businesses in the sample. When emailed or telephoned, they refused to participate for various reasons. Some stated that HIV does not affect their business; others reported that their businesses were too small and therefore they could not afford to implement these programmes. Some businesses were hearing about the WPP for the very first time, while several others responded with simple disinterest in participating. The findings of the study are that although tourism is viewed as an important industry that contributes to the economy, tourism businesses do not include any intervention programmes with which to respond to the threat of HIV and AIDS to their businesses. Additionally, there is neither leadership nor support from any level of the tourism industry, to create a conducive environment for the adoption of HIV and AIDS WPPs by tourism businesses. The primary reason for the lack of uptake of these programmes is ignorance across cascading levels of the tourism industry, which includes tourism businesses. Additionally, a number of perceived barriers, such as size of business, are cited as the reasons why tourism workplaces in the NMBM fail to participate in HIV and AIDS WPPs. It is anticipated that this study will create further awareness of HIV and AIDS WPPs, in an industry that seems to have limited knowledge about such programmes. This study will also provide guidance regarding the requirements to implement effective HIV and AIDS WPPs.

This dissertation is a critical, theoretical study focussing is on the contribution that popular music makes towards raising awareness and promoting the prevention of HIV/Aids in Nairobi, Kenya. Towards this end, an analysis of the lyrics and musical gestures of four Kenyan pop music songs is undertaken in order to highlight their communicative capabilities in this regard. These songs, namely, are Lulumbe by Wasike wa Musungu, Juala by Circute and Jo-el, Vuta Pumz by The Longombas, and Dunia Mbaya Chunguze by Princess Jully. The context in which these musical analyses occur is provided in: - An overview of the Kenya of today, in particular that of the diverse and hybrid ethnic, linguistic, musical and cultural practices of Nairobi, and of the various youth cultures in that city, as well as in an overview of the extent of the HIV/Aids pandemic in Kenya, especially amongst the youth of Nairobi, with some reflection on existing interventions. - An overview of current trends in popular music analysis and an explanation of the author’s own eclectic semiotic analytical methodology within this context. The study concludes that a repeating strategy may be discerned on the part of the composers and performers in question, namely, to first engage audiences through language and music with which they are familiar, and then to encourage audiences to confront the unknown and unfamiliar in music and language, but also ultimately in terms of their social practices. The known and the familiar is highlighted both in the lyrics and in the music itself. It includes use of commonlyspoken languages and dialects, popular musical styles typical of the particular sub-culture, and references to the day-to-day experiences of the ordinary person.

A human safe, Alhydrogel adjuvanted whole cell Trichomonas vaginalis vaccine was tested for efficacy in a BALB/c mouse model of vaginal infection. Additionally, the systemic and local immune response were measured. Vaccination reduced incidence and increased clearance of infection, and induced both systemic and local humoral immune responses. CD4+ cells were detected in vaginal tissues following intravaginal challenge with T. vaginalis, but were not seen in uninfected mice. CD4+ cells were detected more often, earlier, and in greater numbers in vaccinated vaginal tissues compared to unvaccinated controls. Presence of CD4+ T cells following infection can have significant implications of increasing HIV susceptibility and transmission. These data suggest that the vaccine induces local and systemic immune responses, and confers significantly greater protection against vaginal challenge than unvaccinated vaginal challenge. These data support the potential for a human vaccine against T. vaginalis infection that could also impact the incidence of HIV infections.

M.A. / Die doel van hierdie studie is om riglyne vir n geïntegreerde seksualiteit program vir adolosente daar te stel wat aandag skenk aan dwelmmisbruik en verhoogde HIV risiko. Daar is nie hipoteses geformuleer nie. Navorsing vrae is gestel en n literatuurstudie is aan die hand van die vrae gedoen. Daar is gepoog om die profiel van die skool gaande adolosent wat dwelmmiddels misbruik vas te stel. Verder is daar gepoog om die frekwensie van dwelmmisbruik by adolosente vas te stel, sowel as hulle kennis oor die verwantskap tussen HIV/Vigs en dwelmmisbruik. Daar is na die aard en effektiwiteit van huidige seksualiteit programme in die onderwys gekyk om vas te stel of hulle doeltreffend is. n Kwantitatiewe data insamelings metode is gebruik. n Beskrywende en n ondersoekende navorsings ontwerp is gebruik in die studie. Twee honderd-en-vyftig vraelyste is by twee skole versprei. Adolosente van graad agt tot graad elf het die vraelyste ewekansig beantwoord. Die hulp van Statistiese Konsultasie Dienste, te RAU, is ingewin met die optrek van die vraelys sowel as die verwerking van die data. Die profiel van die respondente toon dat die meerderheid 15 jaar en ouer is. Die meeste van die respondente was meisies. Graad nege leerders was die meerderheid van respondente terwyl die ander drie grade eweredig versprei was. Die respondente het meestal by beide of minstens by een biologiese ouer gewoon. Afrikane was die meerderheid van respondente. Blankes was tweede meeste verteenwoordig en die res was verteenwoordig deur Asiërs en Kleurlinge. Leerders het hul skool prestasie as gemiddeld beleef. Belangstelling in skoolwerk was matig. Die misbruik van dwelmmiddels het n verhoogde misbruik oor die naweek getoon. Al die dwelmmiddels was in n mate gebruik, met dagga as die gewildste middel. Die respondente was ambivalent oor die invloed van verhoogde risiko vir HIV met alkohol misbruik. Die meerderheid het bevestig dat daar n verhoogde risiko vir HIV is met die misbruik van dwelmmiddels. Die meerderheid van die adolosente is nie seksueel aktief nie. Die respondente wat wel seksueel aktief is, erken dat hulle in meeste gevalle onder die invloed van dwelmmiddels was tydens hulle laaste seksuele omgang. Die skool is geïdentifiseer as die prominentste plek waar leerders oor dwelmmiddels leer. Die media en tweedens, die skool, is aangedui as die belangrikste plek van leer aangaande HIV. Die leerders verkies klasse waar beide geslagte teenwoordig is. Die medium van onderwys wat verkies word, is n dialoog vorm. Daar is twee groepe adolosente geïdentifiseer in die studie. Die minderheid van adolosente is in gevaar van HIV/Vigs. Die ontwikkeling van n omvattende geïntegreerde seksualiteit program moet gemik wees op die groep adolosente. Aanbevelings met betrekking tot die ontwikkeling van n geïntegreerde seksualiteit program word aan die hand gedoen. / Prof. L. Patel

Thesis (Master of Nursing)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019 / The HIV/AIDS epidemic is a public health concern worldwide. An estimated 36.9 million people are living with HIV/AIDS with about two million new infections annually. An approximate ten million people have died of AIDS-related causes since the beginning of the epidemic. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the most affected sub-region, with approximately 71% of all People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHWA) from mid-2016. In SSA, the epidemic has become a socioeconomic burden on developing countries. The literature review established a high prevalence of HIV/STIs among mineworkers and in mining communities, despite the increase in education on HIV/AIDS prevention in the media and public fora. The aim of the study was to explore and describe the knowledge and experiences of mineworkers on the prevention of HIV/AIDS in a mining community in Ghana. An exploratory, descriptive and contextual design was applied. Data collection was done using semi-structured individual interviews. The population in this study was mineworkers who come from other districts and regions in Ghana to live in the catchment community without their families because of employment. Seventeen (17) participants were interviewed, after purposive sampling was done. Interview transcriptions and manual coding were done by the researcher using Microsoft Word. The raw data was coded and sorted into themes and sub-themes and analysed by using Braun and Clarke's six-phase framework for thematic analysis. The Health Belief Model (HBM), a theoretical framework was applied to the study to predict and explain whether a person will perform an action necessary for preventing a HIV/AIDS or not. Findings from this study revealed that although there has been an increase in education on HIV/AIDS across the country and through workplace HIV/AIDS programmes, mineworkers lacked knowledge of HIV/AIDS, as they still had misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, especially regarding the mode of transmission and preventive measures. A strong recommendation was made to embark on a continuous and intensive HIV/AIDS education programme that will be focused on the knowledge needs of mineworkers to dismiss the misconceptions and improve their knowledge level. This will empower them to know the benefits of prevention and ultimately change their behaviour.

Studiens inledning ger en övergripande bild av problemområdet och de konsekvenser som medföljer vid fysisk inaktivitet. Depression, övervikt, fetma, typ 2-diabetes och hjärt- kärlsjukdomar är några av de välfärdssjukdomar som individen kan drabbas av. Detta kostar samhället mycket pengar, tid och resurser. Problemet kan motverkas med hjälp av metoden Fysisk aktivitet på recept (FaR) som är en väletablerad metod, men som behöver utvecklas och användas mer konsekvent. Vår studie utgår från sjukvården och friskvården som hälsofrämjande arena. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur samarbetet mellan hälso- och sjukvården och friskvården fungerar vid förskrivning av Fysisk aktivitet på Recept, samt beskriva förskrivares upplevelser av att ordinera FaR i Skåne. För att kunna besvara studiens syfte valdes en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre stycken förskrivare samt två aktivitetsarrangörer. För att analysera det insamlade materialet använde författarna sig av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Det övergripande resultatet visade att det finns brister i samarbetet mellan sjukvården och friskvården vid ordinering och uppföljning av fysisk aktivitet på recept. Resultatet visar även att det är viktigt att förskrivaren förhåller sig till patientens motivationsgrad och anpassar receptet utifrån det beteendeförändringsstadiet patienten befinner sig i. Teorin som har använts för att analysera resultatet i diskussionen är den transteoretiska modellen. Slutsatsen som drogs utifrån studiens resultat var att: samarbetet mellan förskrivare och aktivitetsarrangörer i dagsläget inte fungerar och att det behövs tydligare riktlinjer från varje enskild region och kommun för uppföljning och samverkan mellan förskrivare och aktivitetsarrangörer. / The introduction of this study gives an overall review of the problem area and the consequences that come with physical inactivity. Depression, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease are some of the welfare disorders that physical inactivity can lead to. This costs society a lot of money, time and resources. The problem can be countered by the method Physical Activity on Prescription (FaR). Our study is based on healthcare and wellness as a health promotion arena. The aim of this study is to investigate how the collaboration between healthcare and wellness workers is functioning when prescribing physical activity on perception, as well as a description of prescribers experiences when organizing FaR in Skåne. In order to answer the purpose of the study, a qualitative method was chosen in the form of semi-structured interviews with three prescribers and two activity organizers. Qualitative content analysis was used when analyzing the material. The overall result showed that collaboration between healthcare and wellness workers is scarce when ordering and following up physical activity on prescription. The result also shows that it is important that the prescriber adheres to the patient's degree of motivation and adapts the prescription based on the behavioral change stage the patient is in. The theory that has been used to analyze the result in discussion is the transtheoretical model. The conclusion drawn from the study result was that there is a lack of collaboration between prescribers and activity organizers and each region needs to implement more direct guidelines concerning patient follow-up and collaboration between prescribers and activity organizers.

Arts applications for health – whether for clinical treatment or its complement in health promotion – tend to be “canalized”: research and practice in one art domain tend to be done in isolation from research and practice in other art domains. As a result, arts applications for health lack a unifying theoretical framework that would allow for the rational selection and inclusion of the arts into programs of health. In this thesis, I present two theoretical articles that address this problem. The first article, Toward a New Science of the Clinical Uses of the Arts, proposes a framework unifying clinical arts applications. It argues for the equivalence of psychotherapies (whether arts-based or not) in treating mental illness because all psychotherapies rely on the same set of common therapeutic factors in producing their clinical effects. In contrast, we argue for the non-equivalence (i.e., the specificity) of physical therapies (whether arts-based or not) in treating physical illness since physical therapies rely on specific therapeutic factors unique to each therapy in producing most of their clinical effects. The second article, Toward a Unification of Arts Applications for Health Promotion, proposes a framework for unifying the arts as leisure activities for health promotion. I propose that all leisure activities (whether arts-based or not) rely on a set of five common health-promoting factors in producing their effects. This results in an equivalence of outcomes when any two leisure activities possess the same health-promoting factors. Arts applications for both clinical treatment and health promotion show similarities in that both operate via “transfer effects,” whereby the arts transfer benefits to non-arts health domains. The arts tend to improve mental health via “far” transfer effects, whereas they tend to improve physical health via “near” transfer effects. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Arts applications for health – whether for clinical treatment or its complement in health promotion – tend to be “canalized”: research and practice in one art domain tend to be done in isolation from research and practice in other art domains. As a result, arts applications for health lack a unifying theoretical framework that would allow for the rational selection and inclusion of the arts into programs of health. I present two theoretical articles that address this problem. The first, Toward a New Science of the Clinical Uses of the Arts, proposes a framework for unifying the clinical applications of the arts. The second, Toward a Unification of Arts Applications for Health Promotion, proposes a framework unifying the arts as leisure activities for health promotion. Arts applications for both clinical treatment and health promotion operate via “transfer effects,” whereby the arts transfer benefits to non-arts health domains.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Technology: Education, Durban University of Technology, 2013. / In this study I demonstrate the extent to which I have achieved my original goals to ‘break the silence, address confusion and challenge denial around HIV and AIDS’. As the study progressed I could not ignore the stigma and discrimination associated with HIV and AIDS infection, and the impact of poverty and (mis)education in the time of HIV and AIDS. I also found myself confronted with the use of the traditional mnemonic oral-style of performance in the form of ‘new wine in old bottles’ where the learners at Mthusi High School used the ‘old bottles’ of gospel songs, isicathamiya and izibongo to compose and relay the ‘new wine’ of their experience and understandings around HIV and AIDS. I could see that the use of the mnemonic oral-style was a natural and powerful way for the learners’ understandings of HIV and AIDS to be shared amongst themselves, within the community, and with a larger public so breaking the silence around HIV and AIDS, and so addressing the confusion, challenging denial, stigma and discrimination around HIV and AIDS. The use of the mnemonic oral style in this way suggested to me that it could also be used effectively in education, and led to my suggesting the use of the traditional mnemonic oral-style relating to HIV and AIDS education in the Grades 10-12 Life Orientation Curriculum. / National Research Foundation