Thesis (M.Comm. (Accountancy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A technique that may be used to incorporate Risk Based Internal Auditing (RBIA) in the IT environment is to follow annual audit planning methodology steps. The IT infrastructure elements are linked to the business processes which they support. Their ranking are based on the risk assessments of the business process, the business process priority, the dependency of the business process on IT and the IT infrastructure element’s own risk assessment. CobiT is used as an auditing method, i.e. best practice guidance to audit against.

Thesis (MAcc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.

Thesis (MComm)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is becoming increasingly common for lessees to receive contributions from lessors towards leasehold improvements costs. A lessee will be entitled to claim an allowance in terms of section 11(g), where expenditure has actually been incurred in pursuance of an obligation in terms of a lease agreement, and the property is used for the production of income. Obstacles arise where the lessee either receives a payment or benefit, in cash or otherwise from the lessor, either as consideration for the lessee to effect the improvements or as inducement for the lessee to enter into the lease agreement. The nature of these payments or benefits received by the lessee for income tax purposes needs to be assessed with reference to the general principles laid down by the South African courts in respect of the “gross income” definition and international case law dealing with the income tax treatment of similar payments made by the lessor to the lessee. Factors also need to be identified, which should be taken into account to assess the income tax nature of these payments or benefits. The terms of the agreement in terms of which such payments or benefits are made should clearly state the purpose thereof, and a conclusive answer will depend on the particular circumstances and facts of each case. The interaction between a payment or benefit received by a lessee and the availability of a leasehold improvements allowance in terms of section 11(g) is a complex matter and it remains to be seen how South African courts will deal with these issues. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit raak toenemend algemeen dat huurders ʼn bydrae tot huur verbetering koste vanaf verhuurders ontvang. ʼn Huurder sal geregtig wees om ʼn artikel 11(g) toelaag te eis, waar onkostes werklik aangegaan is ter voldoening aan ʼn verpligting ingevolge die huurooreenkoms en die eiendom word gebruik vir die voortbrenging van inkomste. Struikelblokke ontstaan waar die huurder ʼn bedrag of voordeel, in kontant of andersins ontvang vanaf die verhuurder, as vergoeding vir die aanbring van verbeteringe of as beweegrede om die huurooreenkoms te sluit. Die inkomstebelastingaard van hierdie bedrae of voordele ontvang moet beoordeel word met verwysing na die algemene beginsels ontwikkel deur die Suid-Afrikaanse howe met betrekking tot die “bruto inkomste” definisie en internasionale hofsake wat handel met die inkomstebelastinghantering van soortgelyke betalings vanaf die verhuurder aan die huurder. Faktore moet ook identifiseer word wat inag geneem moet word ten einde die aard van hierdie bedrae of voordele vas te stel. Die terme van die ooreenkoms ingevolge waarvan die bedrag of voordeel ontvang word, moet duidelik die doel daarvan uiteensit. ʼn Beslissende antwoord sal afhang van die spesifieke omstandighede en feite van elke geval. Die interaksie tussen ʼn betaling of voordeel ontvang deur die huurder en die beskikbaarheid van ʼn huurverbeteringe toelaag ingevolge artikel 11(g) is ʼn komplekse onderwerp en daar sal nog gesien moet word hoe die Suid-Afrikaanse howe hierdie kwessies sal hanteer.

Thesis (MAcc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontstaan van verskansingsfondse in Suid-Afrika het die afgelope dekade baie reaksie ontlok vanaf reguleerders wat onseker is oor die werking van hierdie fondse. Verskansingsfondse is ‘n nuwe tipe beleggingsinstrument wat gebruik maak van verskeie verskansingstegnieke om beleggers se fondse tot ‘n maksimum te laat groei. Hierdie fondse is uniek in vergelyking met tradisionele beleggings. Die rede hiervoor, is weens die feit dat hierdie beleggingstegnieke die fonds se beleggingswaarde kan laat groei, hoewel die tradisionele belegging oor dieselfde tydperk, ‘n daling mag ervaar gedurende ‘n tydperk wat markte swak presteer. Tans word riglyne aan fondsbestuurders van verskansingsfondse verskaf deur wetgewing, maar die werking van hierdie fondse word nog nie gereguleer nie. Die feit dat die werking van verskansingsfondse nie tans in Suid-Afrika gereguleer word nie lei direk tot die vraag oor die belasbaarheid van ontvangste en toevallings vanaf verskansingsfondse. Die spesifieke probleem wat nagevors word ingevolge die studie is die vraag of ontvangste en toevallings vanaf verskansingsfondse kapitaal of inkomste van aard is. Die Raad van Finansiële Dienste is tans in die proses om ‘n beter begrip te verkry rakende die werking van verskansingsfondse en poog om die werking van verskansingsfondse binne die nadere toekoms te reguleer ingevolge wetgewing. Hierdie regulering van die werking van verskansingsfondse kan heel moontlik direk leiding verskaf ten opsigte van die belastinghantering van ontvangste en toevallings vanaf verskansingsfondse, aangesien daar sprake is dat die Raad van Finansiële Dienste graag verskansingsfondse onder die Wet op Beheer van Kollektiewe Beleggingskemas wil reguleer. Die Inkomstebelastingwet reguleer die belasbaarheid van ontvangste en toevallings vanaf kollektiewe beleggingskemas in effekte en indien verskansingsfondse geklassifiseer sou word as ‘n kollektiewe beleggingskema in effekte, sal geen onsekerheid bestaan rakende die belastinghantering daarvan nie. Bogenoemde is egter nog nie Wetgewing in Suid-Afrika nie en die navorsingstudie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat die bepaling van belasbaarheid van ontvangste en toevallings vanaf verskansingsfondse gebaseer moet word op regspraak se beginsels neergelê as riglyne vir die bepaling of ontvangste en toevallings kapitaal of inkomste van aard is. Elke situasie en transaksie moet egter op sy eie meriete geëvalueer word, aangesien elke geval sy eie omstandighede teweegbring waarop regspraak se beginsels toegepas moet word om ‘n gevolgtrekking te maak tot tyd en wyl wetgewing die belasbaarheid van verskansingsfondse meer spesifiek reguleer. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The development of hedge funds in South Africa over the past decade evoked many reactions from regulators who are uncertain of the operations of these funds. Hedge funds are a new type of investment instrument which uses hedging techniques to maximise the growth of the investors’ funds. These funds are unique in comparison to traditional investments. This is due to the fact that the investment techniques used, can establish a growth in the value of the investment fund, whilst the traditional investment, compared over the same period, may experience a decline during a period that markets are performing badly. Currently, fund managers of hedge funds are given guidelines in terms of the law, but the operations of these funds are not regulated. The fact that operations of hedge funds currently are not regulated in South Africa gives rise to the question of taxation of receipts and accruals from hedge funds. The specific problem that is being researched by this study is the question whether the receipts and accruals from a hedge fund are of a capital or revenue nature. The Financial Services Board is currently in the process of getting a better understanding of the operations of hedge funds and strives to regulate the operations of a hedge fund in accordance to the law in the near future. The regulation of the operations of hedge funds can most probably give guidance with regards to the tax treatment of receipts and accruals from hedge funds, due to the fact that there is talk from the Financial Services Board to regulate hedge funds in accordance to the Collective Investment Scheme Act. The lncome Tax Act regulates the taxation of receipts and accruals from collective investments schemes in securities and should hedge funds be classified as a collective investment scheme in securities, there would be no uncertainty with regards to the taxation thereof. The above-mentioned does not form part of any Act in South Africa and the research study arrive to the conclusion that the determination of taxation of receipts and accruals from hedge funds should be based on the principles established by case law to give guidance to the determination of whether receipts and accruals are of a capital or revenue nature. Every situation and transaction should be evaluated on their own merits, seeing that every case can bring about their own circumstances upon which the principles established by case law should be applied until such time that the law more specifically regulates the taxation of hedge funds.

Thesis (MAcc) -- Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The introduction of section 9E in the Income Tax Act, No.58 of 1962 (hereafter “the Act”) became effective on 23 February 2000. The main reasons for the introduction of this was, inter alia, to broaden the tax base and to phase in the residency basis of taxation. Consequently are the foreign dividend rules of section 9E interrelated to the foreign income rules of section 9D, being the application of the residence basis of taxation. The main objective of this study is to investigate the taxation of foreign dividends in the Republic of South Africa. The introduction of section 9E saw new terminology introduced, which need analysis. This analysis is made possible by supplying the definitions from the Act, as well as making use of national and international case law. Further investigation is also done as to the relevance of section 9E to other sections in the Act, relevant anti-avoidance rules regarding foreign dividends, the effect of section 9E on investment income from tax havens, with specific reference to natural persons, the effect of taxation of foreign dividends on the migration- and investment decisions of non-residents, relief provided regarding double taxation and section 9E’s effect on secondary taxation on companies. Lastly, the collection of taxation on foreign dividends is investigated. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die invoeging van artikel 9E in die Inkomstebelastingwet, No.58 van 1962 (hierna “die Wet”) het van krag geword op 23 Februarie 2000. Die hoofredes vir die invoeging van die artikel in die Wet was onder andere om die belastingbasis te verbreed en om die verblyfbasis van belasting in te faseer. Juis as gevolg van laasgenoemde, word reëls rakende buitelandse dividende in artikel 9E gekombineer met die buitelandse inkomste-reëls van artikel 9D. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie is om belasting op buitelandse dividende in die Republiek van Suid Afrika te ondersoek. Met die invoeging van artikel 9E het daar ‘n aantal nuwe terme te voorskyn gekom, wat hul ontleding noodsaak. Hierdie ontleding word moontlik gemaak deur bloot die definisies uit die Wet self weer te gee, asook deur die gebruik van nasionale en internasionale regspraak . Verdere ondersoek word ook gedoen na die toepaslikheid van artikel 9E op ander artikels in die Wet, relevante teenvermydingsbepalings met betrekking tot buitelandse dividende, die invloed van artikel 9E op beleggingsinkomste uit belastinghawens, met spesifieke verwysing na belegging deur natuurlike persone, die invloed van belasting op buitelandse dividende op die migrasie-en beleggingsbesluite van nie-inwoners, verligting wat beskikbaar is ten opsigte van dubbelbelasting en die verband wat artikel 9E hou met sekondêre belasting op maatskappye. Laastens word die invordering van belasting op buitelandse dividende ondersoek.

Thesis (MAcc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Client loyalty programmes are a common phenomenon in the South African market. Despite the fact that client loyalty programmes have been prevalent in South Africa since the 1980‟s, the South African Revenue Service has issued no guidance on the treatment of client loyalty programme transactions in the hands of the consumer. Benefits received in the form of goods, services or discounts from a client loyalty programme are not subject to normal South African income tax based on the current practice in South Africa. The main objective of this study was to determine whether or not the current practice applied in South Africa is correct. In order to obtain a better understanding of the functioning of client loyalty programmes a selection of the most popular client loyalty programmes in South Africa was made and the terms and conditions of these respective client loyalty programmes were analysed. Taking into account the way client loyalty programmes function, the taxability of client loyalty programme transactions were reviewed and analysed with reference to relevant tax law sections and case law. In order to investigate a client loyalty programme transaction as a whole, the tax treatment of the supplier that grants points or miles was included in the scope of the study. The tax treatment of the supplier could potentially shed more light on the tax treatment of the consumer who earn points or miles. The consumer and the supplier have possible income tax (which includes capital gains tax) and VAT implications, consequently both the income tax treatment and the VAT treatment for the consumer and the supplier were considered. In addition, the tax treatment of client loyalty program transactions in South Africa was compared with a country (Australia) whith similar tax laws to South Africa and income tax principles or practices were identified which might be useful within a South African context. It was found that client loyalty programme transactions satisfy the general gross income definition and that the value of the transaction must be included in the consumer's gross income. Only when employees earn points or miles in their own name by virtue of goods or services purchased by their employer, a possible employees‟ tax obligation arises. It was found that within an employee/employer relationship, the requirements of paragraph (c) and paragraph (i) of the "gross income" definition are not met due to the fact that there are no causal connection or direct relationship between the benefit received and the services rendered and also because the client loyalty programme supplier is not an associated institution of the employer. Australian case law confirms the above conclusions in a South African context. The VAT implications of a client loyalty programme transaction occur for the consumer when the consumer exchange points or miles for benefits at a programme partner and not when the points or miles are earned. Capital gains tax implications will only be applicable if a consumer disposes of a capital asset obtained in terms of a client loyalty programme transaction. It was found that the current practice in South Africa of not taxing benefits received from a client loyalty programme is incorrect. To implement the taxability of client loyalty programme transactions in South Africa it is recommended that SARS should formulate guidelines regarding the tax treatment of client loyalty programme transactions. The study includes recommendations to facilitate the implementation of the taxability of client loyalty programme transactions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kliëntelojaliteitsprogramme is ʼn algemene verskynsel in die Suid-Afrikaanse mark. Ten spyte van die feit dat kliëntelojaliteitsprogramme reeds sedert die 1980's in Suid-Afrika voorkom, het die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens nog geen leiding oor die hantering van ʼn kliëntelojaliteitsprogramtransaksie in die hande van die verbruiker uitgereik nie. Die huidige praktyk in Suid-Afrika is dat voordele wat in die vorm van goedere, dienste of afslag vanaf ʼn kliëntelojaliteitsprogram ontvang word nie aan normale Suid-Afrikaanse inkomstebelasting onderhewig is nie. Die hoofdoelwit van die studie was om te bepaal of hierdie huidige praktyk wat in Suid-Afrika toegepas word korrek is, al dan nie. Ten einde ʼn beter begrip van die werking van kliëntelojaliteitsprogramme te verkry is ʼn seleksie van die gewildste kliëntelojaliteitsprogramme in Suid-Afrika gemaak en hierdie onderskeie kliëntelojaliteitsprogramme se bepalings en voorwaardes is ontleed. Met in agneming van die werking van kliëntelojaliteitsprogramme is die belasbaarheid van kliëntelojaliteitsprogramtransaksies ontleed en geanaliseer deur na relevante belastingwetsartikels asook regspraak te verwys. Ten einde die kliëntelojaliteitsprogramtransaksie in sy geheel te beskou is die belastinghantering van die verskaffer wat punte of myle toeken by die omvang van die studie ingesluit om moontlik meer lig te werp op die belastinghantering van die verbruiker wat punte of myle verdien. Die verbruiker en die verskaffer het moontlike inkomstebelasting- (wat kapitaalwinsbelastingimplikasies insluit) en belasting op toegevoede waarde implikasies, gevolglik is beide die inkomstebelasting- sowel as die BTW-hantering deur die verbruiker en die verskaffer oorweeg. Die belastinghantering van kliëntelojaliteitsprogramtransaksies in Suid-Afrika is verder vergelyk met ʼn land (Australië) wat soortgelyke inkomstebelastingwetgewing as Suid-Afrika het en inkomstebelasting beginsels of praktyke is geïdentifiseer wat binne ʼn Suid-Afrikaanse konteks van nut kan wees. Dit het aan die lig gekom dat ʼn kliëntelojaliteitsprogramtransaksie aan die algemene bruto inkomste definisie voldoen en dat die waarde van die transaksie by die verbruiker se bruto inkomste ingesluit moet word. Slegs wanneer werknemers punte of myle in hulle eie naam verdien op grond van goedere of dienste wat deur hul werkgewers aangekoop is, ontstaan ʼn moontlike werknemersbelastingverpligting. Daar is bevind dat wanneer ʼn werknemer/werkgewer verhouding voorkom daar onderskeidelik nie aan die vereistes van paragraaf (c) en paragraaf (i) van die “bruto inkomste” definisie voldoen word nie, aangesien daar nie ʼn kousale verband of direkte verhouding tussen die voordeel ontvang en die dienste gelewer bestaan nie en ook omrede die kliëntelojaliteitsprogram verskaffer nie ʼn verwante inrigting uitmaak nie. Australiese regspraak bevestig die bogenoemde gevolgtrekkings binne ʼn Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Die BTW-implikasie vir die verbruiker ingevolge ʼn kliëntelojaliteitsprogramtransaksie ontstaan wanneer die verbruiker punte of myle by ʼn programvennoot vir voordele inruil en nie wanneer die punte of myle verdien word nie. Daar sal alleenlik kapitaalwinsbelastingimplikasies wees indien ʼn verbruiker oor ʼn kapitale bate beskik wat ingevolge ʼn kliëntelojaliteitsprogramtransaksie verkry is. Daar is bevind dat die huidige praktyk in Suid-Afrika, naamlik dat voordele wat vanaf ʼn kliëntelojaliteitsprogram ontvang word nie belasbaar is nie, foutief is. Ten einde die belasbaarheid van kliëntelojaliteitsprogramtransaksies in Suid-Afrika te implementeer word daar aanbeveel dat die SAID riglyne moet formuleer rakende die belastinghantering van kliëntelojaliteitsprogramtransaksies. Die studie bevat ook aanbevelings om die implementering van die belasbaarheid van kliëntelojaliteitsprogramtransaksies te vergemaklik.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study, the income tax implications of the acquisition of a debenture at a discount is investigated. The purpose of this study is determine whether the proceeds from the redemption or disposal of the above-mentioned debenture are of a revenue or capital nature. It is customary for companies to issue debentures in order to obtain long term finance. These debentures may be issued at a discount. There exists a general uncertainty in the academic literature regarding the income tax implications of the acquisition of a debenture at a discount to the face value thereof. Section 24J of the Income Tax Act includes a discount in the definition of "interest". There is no general definition of the words "interest" and "discount" in the Income Tax Act. The lack of a statutory definition of these words contributes to the uncertainty regarding the income tax treatment of the sale or redemption of a debenture. The following aspects are discussed: (a) the revenue or capital nature of the proceeds on redemption and transfer of a debenture; (b) the provisions of section 24J of the Income Tax Act; and (c) the provisions of capital gains tax. In order to determine the revenue or capital nature of the proceeds on redemption or transfer of a debenture, the following aspects are discussed: • The attributes of a debenture from an economic and legal perspective. The factors that determine the value of the discount of a debenture are considered from an economic viewpoint. • The guidelines that apply in general to determine the revenue or capital nature of accruals are considered with specific reference to the guidelines laid down by the South African courts. A distinction is drawn between the guidelines that consider the intention of the taxpayer and those guidelines that operate independently of the intention of the taxpayer. • The general guidelines are then applied to the proceeds on redemption or transfer of a debenture. The ordinary meaning of interest and the meaning of the interest in the Income Tax Act are considered. The relation between a discount and interest is examined. Case law from England, Australia and Canada are also considered. The writer comes to the conclusion that a discount that realises on redemption of a debenture is in the nature of interest. The discount is revenue derived from capital productively employed and therefore not of a capital nature. The proceeds from the transfer of a debenture is not of a capital nature if it is a gain made by an operation of business in carrying out a scheme for profit making. The writer is of the opinion that section 24J influences the application of the general principles. The writer is of the opinion that the objective test should be applied to determine the nature of the accrual amount in terms of section 24J. The accrual amount will include a proportional amount of the discount. The objective test should be applied irrespective of whether the debenture is held until redemption or transferred before redemption. The provisions of section 24J should be applied before the capital gain or capital loss is determined in terms of the Eight Schedule to the Income Tax Act. The proceeds from disposal must be reduced by any amount of the proceeds that was included in gross income or taken into account in determining the taxable income of a person. The base cost of a debenture acquired at a premium must be reduced by the amount of the premium that was allowed as a deduction in determining the taxable income of the holder of a debenture. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word die inkomstebelastinggevolge van die verkryging van 'n skuldbrief teen 'n diskonto ondersoek. Die doel van hierdie studie is am te bepaal of die opbrengs met die aflossing en verkoop van sodanige skuldbrief van 'n inkomste- of kapitale aard is. Een van die gebruiklikste metodes vir 'n maatskappy am langtermynleningsfondse te bekom, is deur die uitreiking van skuldbriewe. Skuldbriewe kan teen 'n diskonto uitgereik word. Daar bestaan "n algemene onsekerheid in die beskikbare literatuur met betrekking tot die inkomstebelastinggevolge van "n skuldbrief wat teen "n diskonto verkry is. Artikel 24J van die Inkomstebelastingwet sluit spesifiek 'n diskonto by die omskrywing van "rente" in. Die Inkomstebe/astingwet bevat egter nie 'n algemene omskrywing van die woorde "rente" en "diskonto" nie. Die gebrek aan 'n statutere omskrywing van bogenoemde woorde dra by tot die onsekerheid van die inkomstebelastinggevolge van die aflossing of verkoop van 'n skuldbrief. Die skrywer oorweeg die volgende: (a) die inkomste- of kapitale aard van die opbrengs met aflossing en verkoop van "n skuldbrief; (b) die bepalings van artikel 24J van die Inkomstebelastingwet; en (c) die bepalings van die kapitaalwinsbelasting-wetgewing. Ten einde die inkomste- of kapitale aard van die opbrengs met aflossing en verkoop van 'n skuldbrief te bepaal, word die volgende aspekte bespreek: • Die eienskappe van 'n skuldbrief vanuit "n ekonomiese- en regsoogpunt. Die faktore wat die waarde van die diskonto van "n skuldbrief be'invloed, word vanuit In ekonomiese oogpunt oorweeg. • Die riglyne wat algemeen ter sprake is by die bepaling van die inkomste- of kapitale aard van toevallings. Daar word spesifiek na die riglyne soos deur die Suid-Afrikaanse geregshowe neergele, verwys. In Onderskeid word kortliks getref tussen die riglyne wat vereis dat In belastingpligtige se doel met betrekking tot In bate vasgestel word en daardie riglyne wat onafhanklik van In belastingpligtige se doel toegepas word, • Die algemene riglyne word op die opbrengs met aflossing en verkoop van In skuldbrief toegepas. Die gewone betekenis van rente asook die betekenis van rente ingevolge die Inkomstebelastingwet word oorweeg. Die verband tussen In diskonto en rente word ondersoek. Engelse, Australiese en Kanadese regspraak word oorweeg. Die skrywer kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat In diskonto wat met die aflossing van In skuldbrief realiseer, rente van aard is. In Diskonto wat met aflossing realiseer is In bedrag voortgebring deur kapitaal produktief aan te wend en dus nie van In kapitale aard nie. In Opbrengs met die oordrag van In skuldbrief is nie van In kapitale aard nie indien dit verkry is uit die beoefening van In besigheidshandeling in die uitvoering van In skema van winsbejag. Die skrywer is van mening dat artikel 24J die toepassing van die algemene riglyne be'invloed. Die skrywer is van mening dat die objektiewe riglyn toegepas moet word am die aard van toevallingsbedrae soos ingevolge. artikel 24J bereken vas te stel. In Toevallingsbedrag sluit In proporsionele gedeelte van In diskonto in. Die objektiewe riglyn moet toegepas word ongeag of 'n skuldbrief tot op die aflosdatum gehou word of daarvoor oorgedra word. Die bepalings van artikel 24J moet toegepas word voordat die kapitaalwins of - verlies ingevolge die Agtste Bylae bereken word. Die opbrengs moet verminder word met enige bedrag wat by bruto inkomste ingesluit word of in ag geneem word by die vasstelling van belasbare inkomste. Die basiskoste van 'n skuldbrief wat teen 'n premie verkry is moet aangepas word met die bedrag van die premie wat reeds in ag geneem is am die belasbare inkomste van die houer van 'n skuldbrief te bepaal.

Thesis (MAcc (Accountancy ))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ERP applications have evolved into enterprise-wide applications, which are generally acknowledged today as a critical component in an organisation’s information strategy. When implementing an ERP application, the control and governance of all IT processes are critical to ensure that value is delivered, risks are managed and that the investment in IT (ERP) delivers a reasonable return. It should, therefore, be important to focus on mitigating IT process risks that have an impact on the ERP environment, so that the level of residual risk is acceptable and aligned with the business objectives. This assignment focuses on using the generally accepted IT framework, COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and related Technology), as governance and control model. The criticality of each COBIT control objective (IT process) is evaluated by applying the COBIT control objectives in an ERP environment. Specific reference is also made to Qmuzik as an ERP application. By applying COBIT in an ERP environment, the most critical IT processes applicable to ERP are identified, in order to ensure that the minimum process controls for these IT processes are designed and implemented.

Thesis (MAcc) --Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study explores the question as to whether income taxpayers are in a more disadvantaged position due to the deletion of section 11(bA) and the replacement thereof with section 11A of the Income Tax Act No.58 of 1962 specifically regarding pre-production raising fees incurred during the expansion of an existing industry. It was found in CSARS v South African Custodial Services (Pty) Ltd that raising fees can be read in under the phrase interest and related finance cost as found in section 11 (bA) and therefore deductible under this provision. Section 11 (bA) was however recently deleted from the South African Income Tax Act and replaced with section 11A. In terms of judicial precedent, stare decisis, it was proved that raising fees will also be deductible in terms of section 24J (section 24J regulates and determines the amount of pre-production raising fees that may be deducted for income tax purposes in terms of section 11A). It was found that pre-production raising fees incurred will be ring-fenced in terms of section 11A until such a time that sufficient taxable income is generated from that specific industry that is being expanded. Section 11 (bA) contains no such ring-fencing restrictions and thus an assessed loss may be created and used against other taxable income of the taxpayer. It was also found that the income tax position of raising fees incurred by the taxpayer is determined by the exact time that the entity starts with the carrying on of a trade in terms of section 11 (bA) and section 11A. To answer the question satisfactorily, four scenarios were examined all with different stages where pre-production raising fees will be deductible in terms of section 11 (bA) and section 11A. The present value of the pre-production raising fees deduction calculated in terms of section 11(bA) and section 11A are compared against each other to ascertain whether or not the income taxpayer is in a more disadvantaged position due to the deletion of section 11(bA) and the replacement thereof with section 11A. It was found that the deletion of section 11 (bA) and the replacement thereof with section 11A is in most cases more detrimental to the taxpayer. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie is om die vraagstuk te ondersoek of belastingpligtiges in ʼn meer nadelige posisie is as gevolg van die skrapping van artikel 11(bA) en vervanging daarvan met artikel 11A van die Inkomstebelastingwet No.58 van 1962 spesifiek in verband met voorproduksie-leningskommissie aangegaan tydens die uitbreiding van ʼn bestaande bedryf. Daar word in CSARS v South African Custodial Services (Pty) Ltd bevind dat leningskommissie ingelees kan word onder die frase rente en verwante finansieringskoste soos gevind in artikel 11(bA) en dus aftrekbaar is in terme van hierdie bepaling. Artikel 11(bA) is egter onlangs uit die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstebelastingwetgewing geskrap en met artikel 11A vervang. In terme van regspresedent, stare decisis, is daar bewys dat leningskommissie ook aftrekbaar is in terme van artikel 24J (wat die aftrekkingsbedrag in terme van artikel 11A reguleer en dus ook aftrekbaar in terme van artikel 11A is). Daar is bevind dat voorproduksie-leningskommissie aangegaan omhein sal word in terme van artikel 11A tot en met die tydstip dat daar genoegsame belasbare inkomste is uit die spesifieke bedryf wat uitgebrei word waarteen hierdie uitgawes afgespeel kan word. Artikel 11(bA) bevat egter geen omheiningsbeperking nie en dus kan ʼn aangeslane verlies geskep en aangewend word teen die belasbare inkomste van die bedrywe wat deur die belastingpligtige verdien word. Daar is verder ook bevind dat die inkomstebelastingposisie van die leningskommissie deur die belastingpligtige aangegaan, bepaal word deur die tydstip waarop die bedryf in aanvang geneem word in terme van artikel 11(bA) en artikel 11A. Ten einde die vraagstuk bevredigend te beantwoord, word vier scenario’s ondersoek wat die aftrekking van voorproduksie-leningskommissie vir inkomstebelastingdoeleindes op verskillende tye ondersoek en vergelyk in terme van artikel 11(bA) en artikel 11A. Die huidige waarde van die voorproduksie-leningskommissie-aftrekking in terme van bogenoemde artikels word met mekaar vergelyk om tot ʼn slotsom te kom rakende of die belastingpligtige in ʼn meer nadelige posisie is as gevolg van die skrapping van artikel 11(bA) en vervanging daarvan met artikel 11A. Daar word bevind dat die skrapping van artikel 11(bA) en vervanging daarvan met artikel 11A in meeste gevalle meer nadelig vir die belastingpligtige is.

Thesis (MAcc)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a software delivery model whereby software applications, such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Human Resource administration and payroll and Procurement, are hosted centrally by various service providers at their premises. These hosted applications can be delivered to multiple service customers via an existing Internet connection, with a browser based front-end, or via a thin client system. As all hardware and support services are provided by the service provider, operational costs for customers are reduced in comparison to a traditional, in-house supported software application. Traditional cost estimates for the deployment of on-premise software applications exclude personnel costs that are needed for ongoing support and maintenance. Depending on certain variables, such as the application involved, these costs can vary between 50% and 85% of the total cost of ownership of the application. Additionally, the cost of maintenance, periodic upgrades and continued support, on an annual basis, can be up to four times the initial cost of purchasing the application. From the perspective of the service customer the most difficult part of determining whether to move to SaaS is the total cost of ownership (TCO) calculation. This is due to the fact that the TCO does not merely include the cost of new licences, but also the careful consideration of certain variables, before a potential service customer can make a decision regarding a potential move to SaaS. These variables include considerations such as: - Physical and logical communication interfaces; - User requirements; - Security and privacy of information and data; - Customisability; - Availability of services and data; - Service levels; - Data ownership; and - Integration with existing systems. Presently no comprehensive framework exists that sets out the various aspects to be considered by a user company when determining whether to adopt SaaS, or not. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive framework of considerations relating to the adoption of SaaS by user companies in the form of a Total Cost of Ownership calculation. The framework was compiled after considering the variables that would influence the decision to move to SaaS, the impact of these variables on the potential SaaS customer and the costs associated with each of the above aspects. The framework compiled can assist potential SaaS customers in the decision to adopt SaaS. In addition, this table of considerations can also be used by the potential SaaS vendor in determining the viability of their SaaS offering, when compared to an equivalent, on-premise based software solution.