Measuring the impact of physical disturbance on macrofaunal communities and sediment composition is important given the increased demand for the exploitation and disturbance of marine ecosystems. The aim of the present investigation was to provide a comprehensive study about the extent to which the disturbance (especially aggregate dredging) may affect benthic ecosystem function. The first part of the thesis concerns a field investigation of the impacts of dredging on the benthic community and related ecosystem function which was measured by different approaches including traditional methods based on benthic community structure and a more novel approach based on the functional traits of benthic organisms. The assessment was done by comparing dredged sites (Area 222, southeast England) with nearby undisturbed reference sites from the years 2001 to 2004 and in 2007. In general, low dredging intensity did not appear to impose great impacts on the benthic community and related ecosystem function compared to the higher intensity activity. Most of the analyses suggested that the community at the high dredging intensity site had yet to recover at the end of this study period. Among many factors related to the recovery of the benthic community was sediment composition where gravel deposits appeared to support a faster biological recovery. Meanwhile, the recovery of species with specific traits, such as tube-building and filter feeding also indicate a faster recovery for the whole community. The experimental work to determine different impacts of Hediste diversicolor on its surrounding depending on its relative size is discussed in Appendix 1.

Le dragage de sédiments marins produit des millions de tonnes de déchets chaque année qu’il faut gérer durablement. Les deux sédiments étudiés, conservés dans des conditions anoxiques sous eau (sédiment brut), et oxiques soumis à l’altération naturelle (sédiment vieilli), présentent une contamination élevée en cuivre, plomb et zinc prépondérante surtout dans les fractions fines. Des phases réactives ont été identifiées telles que sulfures et matière organique, auxquelles le cuivre et le zinc sont en grande partie liés. Un dispositif expérimental innovant couplant un test de consommation d’oxygène à une colonne de lixiviation a été développé ; il a permis de mettre en évidence la réactivité des sulfures encore présent dans le sédiment vieilli malgré les conditions de stockage à l’air ambiant. La composante biologique a été étudiée également, à travers un test qualitatif mesurant l’impact des bactéries sulfo- et ferrooxydantes sur les paramètres pH et Eh des sédiments. Malgré l’importante concentration en carbonates conférant un pouvoir de neutralisation élevé, la communauté des bactéries neutrophiles sulfooxydantes a été capable d’abaisser le pH jusqu’à 4,5 – 5 unités. Cette réactivité a été contrôlée en soumettant les sédiments à un traitement de stabilisation-solidification avec des liants hydrauliques. L’évaluation environnementale par des tests cinétiques en mini-cellules d’altération et des tests de lixiviation en monolithe a démontré la bonne stabilisation des éléments métalliques pour les deux sédiments. Leur valorisation en mortiers cimentés a donc été envisagée. L’étude de la résistance mécanique de la substitution du sable par les sédiments entiers a montré la mauvaise résistance mécanique. En revanche, après application d’un traitement d’enlèvement de la fraction fine contaminée, la résistance s’est montrée satisfaisante pour des applications non-structurantes et constitue ainsi une filière de traitement et de valorisation pertinente dans la gestion de sédiments. / Millions of tons of sediments are dredged every year leading to a need for a sustainable management. Both studied sediments, stored in anoxic conditions under a layer of water (raw sediment), and in oxic conditions submitted to natural weathering (weathered sediment), showed high contamination of copper, lead and zinc, concentrated mainly in the finer fraction. Reactive phases such as sulfides and organic matter were observed, with which copper and zinc are partially linked. An innovative experimental set-up coupling an oxygen-consumption test with a column leaching test has been developed; this set-up highlighted the sulfides reactivity which is still occurring in the weathered sediment, despite years of natural aging. The biological component of this reactivity has been also studied, through a qualitative assessment of the impact of iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria on pH and Eh of sediments. Although high amount of carbonates responsible for important neutralization potential were detected, bacterial community of neutrophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria has been able to lower the pH until 4.5 – 5 units. This reactivity is controlled by submitting both sediments to a stabilization/solidification treatment with hydraulic binders. Environmental assessment with kinetic test in weathering cells and monolithic leaching test demonstrated that trace metals appear well stabilized for both sediments. Thus, their valorization in cemented mortars has been assessed. When total sediments were fully substituted to sand, they showed poor mechanical strength. However, when a sieving treatment for removing of the fine contaminated fraction was applied, the sediments mortars revealed good mechanical strength for use in non-structural applications. This research confirmed thus that the reuse of the coarser fraction of a marine sediment, raw or weathered, offered an efficient and interesting way of treatment and valorization.