Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, January, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-131).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-98).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Wong, Ah Ting. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-130). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.V / 摘要 --- p.VIII / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.X / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.XII / INTRODUCTION --- p.13 / Adaptive Mutation versus Spontaneous Mutation --- p.13 / Fluctuation Test --- p.13 / Adaptive Reversion of lacI - lacZ Fusion Mutant --- p.17 / Putative Models of Adaptive Mutation Mechanisms --- p.18 / Point Mutagenesis --- p.18 / Hypermutation --- p.19 / Gene Amplification --- p.21 / Controversy over the Mechanism of Adaptive Mutation --- p.21 / Induced Mutagenesis under Other Stresses --- p.23 / The General Stress Response --- p.23 / The SOS Response --- p.24 / Reduced Mismatch Repair --- p.24 / Adaptive Mutation in Other Micro-organisms --- p.25 / Mutation Generation under Antibiotic Stress --- p.26 / Fluoroquinolones --- p.26 / Beta-Lactams --- p.27 / Aminoglycosides --- p.27 / Justification and Objectives of this Study --- p.28 / MATERIAL AND METHODS --- p.30 / Bacterial Strains --- p.30 / Culture Media --- p.30 / Antibiotics --- p.30 / Resistance Induction Assay --- p.31 / Rationale of Experimental Design --- p.31 / Agar Selection Method --- p.32 / Broth Selection Method --- p.34 / Isolation of Organisms which Exhibited Reduced Drug Susceptibility and Determination the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) --- p.36 / Indole Test --- p.37 / DNA Extraction --- p.37 / Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on the gyrA and rpoB Genes --- p.37 / PCR Product Purification and Nucleotide Sequencing --- p.39 / RESULTS --- p.40 / Solid Agar Selection Approach --- p.41 / Broth Selection Approach --- p.48 / Strain MG1655 --- p.49 / Strain BW25113 --- p.53 / recA Deletion Mutant --- p.54 / mutS Deletion Mutant --- p.56 / DISCUSSION --- p.59 / Development of Resistance Induction Assay --- p.59 / Background Resistance to Gentamicin and Rifampicin --- p.62 / Resistance Induction Effect of Ciprofloxacin --- p.64 / Relative Effects of recA and mutS Deletion --- p.66 / Putative Origins of Antibiotic Resistance Gene Mutations --- p.69 / TABLES AND FIGURES --- p.71 / REFERENCES --- p.125

鮑曼不動桿菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)是一種威脅生命的醫院獲得性病菌。該細菌有很强的環境適應能力。它能夠在重症監護室被分離出來并有很高的幾率感染免疫系統受損的病人。鮑曼不動桿菌有很高的傾向獲得多重抗藥性。目前在亞洲和歐洲有多株泛抗藥性菌株被發現。一些基因組比對研究著重報告了鮑曼不動桿菌的抗藥基因片段和與抗藥性相關的基因突變。然而，抗藥基因的轉錄調控和該細菌在抗生素治療過程中引發的反應并未得到很好的研究。因此，我們運用鏈特異性轉錄組測序技術（RNA-seq）對一些抗藥菌株和非抗藥菌株在不同環境下生長的樣本進行測序，來研究該細菌，尤其是在抗生素治療中抗藥菌株的基因轉錄調控。 / 本研究運用轉錄組測序技術（RNA-seq）系統分析了十二株鮑曼不動桿菌在培養液生長狀況下的轉錄組。本次研究共收集了九株多重抗藥性菌株和三株敏感菌株，其中包括了一些快速生長的菌株和慢速生長的菌株。在快速生長的菌株中，氨基酸代謝途徑、甘油脂代謝途徑和钳铁化合物生物合成途徑被向上調控並扮演着重要角色。多重抗藥性菌株擁有更多與轉位酶（transposase）相關的抗生素抗性基因，但除此之外，在對數期的生長過程中多重抗藥性菌株與敏感菌株並未在許多其他代謝途徑中表現差異性控制。 / 三株擁有相同脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）樣式但是表現出不同抗藥性的菌株分別生長於含有阿米卡星(Amikacin)、亞胺培南（Imipenem）或美羅培南（Meropenem）的培養液中，然後它們的轉錄組也被進行了研究。菌株生長在含有抗生素的培養液中時，與能量製造相關的的途徑和核醣體合成途徑被向上調控。作用機制不同的抗生素對細菌有不同的影響，阿米卡星誘發更多基因被向上調控，例如與蛋白質折疊相關的基因；碳青霉烯类抗生素誘發更多的基因被向下調控，例如甘油脂代謝途徑。然而，許多在抗生素治療過程中被緊密調控的基因功能仍舊未知。在抗生素環境生長的條件下基因調控和抗藥機制可能會更複雜。 / 最後，本研究找到一些新的與抗藥性相關的基因和单核苷酸变异（SNVs）。其中，源自於同一操縱子的大环内酯二位轉磷酸酶（macrolide2’ phosphotransferase）同源體Mph和大环内酯外排泵蛋白同源體Mel只存在並一同表達於鮑曼不動桿菌的阿米卡星抗藥株中。這兩個基因或對阿米卡星的抗藥性有一定貢獻作用。總而言之，這些成果爲將來的深度研究提供了重要依據。 / Acinetobacter baumannii is a life-threatening nosocomial pathogen, which has versatile adaptability to the environment. It can be isolated from intensive care unit (ICU) and causes high prevalence of infection among immunocompromised patients. A. baumannii has high tendency to develop multidrug resistance. Currently, pan-drug resistant strains have been reported in Asia and Europe. Several comparative genomic studies revealed the structures of drug resistant islands and antibiotic-related mutations in A. baumannii. However, the transcriptional regulation of drug resistant genes, and the multidrug resistant response of A. baumannii under the treatment of antibiotics are not well studied. By applying strand-specific RNA-sequencing on sensitive and multidrug resistant strains growing in various conditions, we aimed to study the transcriptional responses and gene regulation of A. baumannii, specifically under the antibiotic treatment. / The transcriptome of twelve A. baumannii strains, including nine multidrug resistant strains and three sensitive strains, were systematically analyzed in planktonic state by RNA-seq. Among the multidrug resistant strains there are both fast-and slow-growing strains. Amino acid metabolic pathways, glycerol lipid metabolic pathways and siderophore biosynthetic process are found to be key pathways that are up-regulated in fast-growing strains. Except that multidrug resistant strains possess more transposase-associated antibiotic resistant genes, intriguingly, only a few pathways are differentially regulated between multidrug resistant and sensitive strains during fast growth in antibiotic-free medium. / Three strains of the same PFGE pattern but with different antibiotic resistance patterns were treated by amikacin, imipenem, and meropenem, and their transcriptomes were analyzed. The energy generation-related pathways and ribosome synthesis pathway were commonly up-regulated when the strains were grown in antibiotic-treated media. Amikacin triggers more genes up-regulated, including genes responsible for protein folding, while carbapenems trigger more genes down-regulated, including glycerol lipid metabolic process, revealing the different actions of antibiotics. However, many tightly-regulated genes during antibiotic treatment were functionally unknown, suggesting that gene regulation during antibiotic response and the actual mechanisms involved could be far more complex. / Finally, this study also identified several novel genes and single nucleotide variations (SNVs) which were correlatedto antibiotic-specific resistance. A macrolide 2’ phosphotransferase homolog Mph and a macrolide efflux protein homolog Mel, which commonly exist only in A. baumannii amikacin resistant strains and are co-expressed in the same operon, may contribute to amikacin resistance. In summary, the results presented in this thesis have opened the venue for future investigations. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Qin, Hao. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-114). / Abstracts also in Chinese.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.