The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of incarceration on behavior patterns on DUI second offenders. This study assessed the thoughts, feelings, and actions of adult, male DUI second offenders at four points. Specifically, behavior patterns were assessed at the time the individual made a decision to engage in drinking which led to their second DUI arrest, at two points during their incarceration for this offense, and thirty days after their parole from jail. A review of the extant literature provided insight into the factors influencing DUI recidivism. An interview protocol was developed from the literature analysis. Data were collected by interview and by extraction of relevant information from confidential court records. The TFA Clinical Interview was contained in the interview protocol and provided qualitative and quantitative data relevant to each participant's decision about engaging in drinking at specific times. The Hutchins Behavior Inventory (HBI) was used at two intervals, in conjunction with the TFA Clinical Interview, as an objective quantitative assessment of behavior relevant to the same drinking decision. The quantitative and qualitative assessment of thoughts, feelings, and actions contributed to the overall conclusion that incarceration had no effect on behavior pattern change for these DUI second offenders. The results of this study suggest the DUI second offender planned their drinking events, failed to consider the consequences of drinking and driving behavior, and perceived a low probability of detection of driving under the influence. Feelings relevant to the drinking episode were positive based on anticipation of favorable social interaction. Actions were limited to work and those activities which involved drinking. TFA System (tm) provided a method to evaluate thoughts, feelings, and actions relevant to decisions about engaging in drinking behavior. Such a method of assessment showed promise as a valuable tool to be used in the development of effective intervention strategies for DUI recidivists. / Ed. D.

Four field experiments were conducted to examine situational determinants of alcohol consumption at university fraternity parties. Certain manipulated variables were relevant to the development of environmental strategies for predicting and decreasing excessive alcohol consumption and deterring alcohol impaired driving. When entering university-sanctioned parties, students were asked a few questions and then they received a drink container and a stick-on badge, each with an ID number. During these parties, individual drinking rates of beer and mixed drinks or beer only were monitored under varying environmental conditions. When exiting the party, students' blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) were obtained with a breathalizer. In Experiment 1, three types of beer (Budweiser, Bud Light, and LA) were available in kegs labeled "A", "B", and "C". At a second party the kegs were labeled according to beer content (i.e., Budweiser, Bud Light, and LA). Results showed significant differences in drink choice across parties, with Budweiser most preferred by males and females when kegs did not indicate beer content and Bud Light most preferred by males and females when the kegs were labeled according to brand. The low alcohol (LA) choice was only selected substantially when the kegs did not reflect beer content. In Experiment 2, students of legal—drinking age at each of two weekend fraternity parties chose one of two types of alcoholic beverages (beer or mixed drinks) to consume throughout the night. Unbeknownst to the partiers, at the first of these two parties the beer drinkers were served regular beer, whereas at the second party low alcohol beer was served. Drinking rates were similar for beer and mixed-drink consumption at both parties; at the party with LA beer, students‘ mean BAC when leaving the party was significantly lower for the beer drinkers (i.e., .026 for LA consumers vs. .063 for mixed-drink consumers) For Experiment 3, students of legal drinking age at a weekend fraternity party chose one of two types of alcoholic beverages (beer or mixed drinks) to drink throughout the night. Unbeknownst to the partiers, drinkers were randomly assigned to either a regular alcohol content or low alcohol content version of their preferred beverage type. The drinking rates were greater for beer drinkers than for partiers consuming mixed drinks. Drinking rates were similar for both the low and regular alcohol alternatives. However, exit BAC was significantly greater for those in the regular-alcohol conditions. In Experiment 4, the alcoholic beverages available to students of legal—drinking age at one party (i.e., mixed drinks and beer) were served either by bartenders or served by themselves. A test of the theory of reasoned action was conducted by attempting to predict the number of drinks consumed and exit BAC from measures of general and specific intentions obtained two weeks before the party and at the start of the party. Specific drinking intentions obtained at the start of the party predicted a significant amount of variance in exit BAC (R = .59). The manipulation of situational variables also accounted for a portion of the variance in the number of drinks consumed and exit BAC. One environmental determinant at this party was the nature of drink delivery (i.e., self-serve vs. bartender). Male and female beer drinkers assigned to the Self-Serve condition drank at a higher rate and consumed more of their preferred beverage type than did those drinkers served by a bartender, or by those consuming mixed drinks in the self-serve condition. This increase was highest for male partiers. Male and female mixed drink consumers assigned to the Self·Serve condition drank at the lowest rate and consumed the least amount of their preferred beverage type. / Ph. D.

College students and emerging adults have been found to be at risk for smoking cigarettes, drinking to excess, using illicit drugs, driving dangerously, and engaging in risky sexual and delinquent behaviour. Psychosocial correlates (Sensation Seeking, peer behaviour, parent behaviour, and peer and parent anti-substance use messages) from three domains of influence (personality, parent, and peer) were examined together to provide a greater context for the occurrence of such health-risk behaviours. The strongest predictor(s) of each behaviour were identified to better inform intervention practices. Three groups were compared— 1) those who never tried substances, 2) those who tried substances in the past, and 3) those who continue to use substances at present, in a population of emerging adults. Self-report data was gathered from 203 Collèges d'Enseignement Général Et Professionnel (CEGEP) students in the Montreal region. Measures included: Reckless Behaviour Questionnaire, Reckless Driving Measure, Health Behaviour Survey, Sensation Seeking Scale—Form V, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Results revealed that peer behaviour was the most significant predictor of substance use in emerging adults, whereas parent behaviour was only a significant predictor of reckless driving. Sensation Seeking, specifically Disinhibition, was found to predict more global reckless behaviours, including illegal activities, such as stealing or using marijuana (p < .01). Neither peer nor parent anti-substance messages were significantly related to any of the health-risk behaviours measured in this study. It would appear that health-risk behaviours tend to be related to the same underlying factors but to varying degrees. Intervention implications are discussed.

College students and emerging adults have been found to be at risk for smoking cigarettes, drinking to excess, using illicit drugs, driving dangerously, and engaging in risky sexual and delinquent behaviour. Psychosocial correlates (Sensation Seeking, peer behaviour, parent behaviour, and peer and parent anti-substance use messages) from three domains of influence (personality, parent, and peer) were examined together to provide a greater context for the occurrence of such health-risk behaviours. The strongest predictor(s) of each behaviour were identified to better inform intervention practices. Three groups were compared— 1) those who never tried substances, 2) those who tried substances in the past, and 3) those who continue to use substances at present, in a population of emerging adults. Self-report data was gathered from 203 Collèges d'Enseignement Général Et Professionnel (CEGEP) students in the Montreal region. Measures included: Reckless Behaviour Questionnaire, Reckless Driving Measure, Health Behaviour Survey, Sensation Seeking Scale—Form V, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Results revealed that peer behaviour was the most significant predictor of substance use in emerging adults, whereas parent behaviour was only a significant predictor of reckless driving. Sensation Seeking, specifically Disinhibition, was found to predict more global reckless behaviours, including illegal activities, such as stealing or using marijuana (p < .01). Neither peer nor parent anti-substance messages were significantly related to any of the health-risk behaviours measured in this study. It would appear that health-risk behaviours tend to be related to the same underlying factors but to varying degrees. Intervention implications are discussed.

The principal tasks for police officers aren¡¦t beyond the scope of ¡§Society Security¡¨ and ¡§Traffic.¡¨ However, police authorities used to attach greater importance to social security than traffic in the past and were unaware of the harmfulness generated from traffic problems. The casualties as well as property loss resulting from traffic accidents are not less than and go even farther than that of social security (criminal) cases in fact. For traffic problems didn¡¦t receive deserved attention, domestic traffic security and order weren¡¦t improved for so many years. Among which, drunk driving constituted one of the major causes for traffic accident fatalities. Therefore, drunk driving enforcement becomes one of the major tasks for police officers upon traffic law enforcement. Owing to the lack of initiation requirements, execution procedures, and relief measures for drunk driving, necessary inspection and regulation upon communications and other equipments, and control district delimitation, ¡§excessive enforcement¡¨ and ¡§excessive control¡¨ then occurred frequently and public complaints were therefore incurred repeatedly. To prevent tragedies caused by drunk driving and decrease social problems derived consequently, we shall make observation in aspects of society, politics, economy, and legal system as well as consult and deliberate in the advantages of other countries to remedy defects. The final conclusion shall be made after being examined from aspects of administrative organization, personnel system, fund budget, and the design and application of limitation of administrative power, with proper rehabilitation by means of administrative relief, and further monitored by the internal and external control mechanism of administrative supervision. The complete and practicable suggestions produced accordingly can therefore provide well-established laws and decrees for police officers to follow pursuant to the system and can accomplish tasks according to law, reason, and feeling in handling measures, and therefore gain instant result upon the law enforcement of drunk driving. Police officers¡¦ power and prestige in duty execution then can be established and people¡¦s rights can be protected as well to effectively prevent the occurrence of drunk driving accidents. It¡¦s hoped that the problems dwelling in the legal system applied for drunk driving enforcement of the Republic of China can be examined and found by administrative law, with the five major frameworks derived from which, namely, basic principles, administrative organization, limitation of administrative authority, administrative relief, and administrative supervision. And it¡¦s further expected that with the discourse of administrative law¡¦s five major frameworks mentioned above, specific suggestions against the items required for reformation in existing legal system can be brought forth to provide solution or reference for legislative agency in future legislation, establish complete legal system of drunk driving enforcement by police officer, and therefore improve the image of the Republic of China as a country ruled by law.

This dissertation aims at determining the possible effects of alcoholic hangover on human behaviour by examining the effects of acute alcohol consumption (> 1g/kg) 14-16 hours following alcohol ingestion on simple and choice reaction times, divided attention tasks and driving skills. The hypotheses are that cognitive and behavioural functioning is impaired even after the blood alcohol concentration level has returned to zero The California Computerised Assessment Package (CALCAP) together with selected driving skills tasks, repeated breath analysis measures, a biographical questionnaire, a subjective hangover rating scale, and blood glucose tests were administered to a group of 63 mixed gender student volunteers. The experimental group and was tested prior to, and during hangover. The control group was pre- and post-tested in order to determif.le the impact of practice effects. Results indicate that hangover individuals performed less well than control subjects on measures of reaction time and driving precision. Further more, the findings show that subjective experience of hangover is not a good predictor of reaction time or driving performance, and that the absence of hangover symptoms does not guarantee full mental recovery. Statistical analysis of the data showed that post-test findings could not be attributed to a gender effect. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2000.

College students and emerging adults have been found to be at risk for smoking cigarettes, drinking to excess, using illicit drugs, driving dangerously, and engaging in risky sexual and delinquent behaviour. Psychosocial correlates (Sensation Seeking, peer behaviour, parent behaviour, and peer and parent anti-substance use messages) from three domains of influence (personality, parent, and peer) were examined together to provide a greater context for the occurrence of such health-risk behaviours. The strongest predictor(s) of each behaviour were identified to better inform intervention practices. Three groups were compared— 1) those who never tried substances, 2) those who tried substances in the past, and 3) those who continue to use substances at present, in a population of emerging adults. Self-report data was gathered from 203 Collèges d'Enseignement Général Et Professionnel (CEGEP) students in the Montreal region. Measures included: Reckless Behaviour Questionnaire, Reckless Driving Measure, Health Behaviour Survey, Sensation Seeking Scale—Form V, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Results revealed that peer behaviour was the most significant predictor of substance use in emerging adults, whereas parent behaviour was only a significant predictor of reckless driving. Sensation Seeking, specifically Disinhibition, was found to predict more global reckless behaviours, including illegal activities, such as stealing or using marijuana (p < .01). Neither peer nor parent anti-substance messages were significantly related to any of the health-risk behaviours measured in this study. It would appear that health-risk behaviours tend to be related to the same underlying factors but to varying degrees. Intervention implications are discussed.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ricardo Batista Politi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2016. / Nos últimos anos, devido ao aumento da frota de veículos, aumentou também o número de vítimas de acidentes de trânsito, causados muitas vezes pelo consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. Devido a esse fato, foram criados diversos dispositivos legais com o intuito de inibir essa prática, como, por exemplo, as leis nº 11.705 de 2008 e nº 12.760 de 2012, conhecidas como "lei seca" e "nova lei seca", respectivamente, que diminuem as tolerâncias legais aceitáveis para o nível de álcool. Apesar da legislação rígida, muitos acidentes ocasionados por motoristas embriagados ainda acontecem, o que causa um dispêndio significativo do erário público para vítimas desses acidentes. Nesta dissertação, procura-se compreender a associação entre álcool e direção na região metropolitana de São Paulo por meio de um estudo de caso na cidade de Santo André, no período do advento da nova legislação. Para atingir esse objetivo, investigou-se como a legislação brasileira referente a embriaguez ao volante é aplicada no nível local. A investigação abarca uma análise dos registros de ocorrências de acidentes de trânsito envolvendo condutores embriagados; a observação da implementação da Operação Direção Segura Integrada - ação de fiscalização de cunho educativo adotada para inibir a embriaguez ao volante, além de uma apuração do atendimento dos condutores envolvidos nesses acidentes pelo centro médico hospitalar local. Com isso, é traçado um panorama das ações adotadas pelo município em relação a embriaguez ao volante, sua prevenção e suas consequências. / In recent years, due to increased fleet of vehicles the number of victims of violence in traffic for accidents caused often by drinking has also increased. Because of this fact, various legal provisions have been created in order to inhibit this practice, for example, the laws No. 11,705 2008 and No. 12,760 of 2012, known as "dry law" and "new law dry ", respectively, which decrease the acceptable legal tolerances for alcohol level. Despite the strict legislation, many accidents caused by drunk drivers still happen, which causes a significant expenditure of public funds for victims of accidents. To achieve this goal, we investigated how the Brazilian legislation on drunk driving is applied at the local level. The research includes an analysis of the records of occurrences of traffic accidents involving drunk drivers; the observation of the Safe Direction Integrated educational action taken to inhibit drunk driving, and an inquiry of the treatment of drivers involved in such accidents by the local hospital. Thus, it is traced an overview of actions taken by the municipality in relation to drunk driving, its prevention and its consequences.

College students and emerging adults have been found to be at risk for smoking cigarettes, drinking to excess, using illicit drugs, driving dangerously, and engaging in risky sexual and delinquent behaviour. Psychosocial correlates (Sensation Seeking, peer behaviour, parent behaviour, and peer and parent anti-substance use messages) from three domains of influence (personality, parent, and peer) were examined together to provide a greater context for the occurrence of such health-risk behaviours. The strongest predictor(s) of each behaviour were identified to better inform intervention practices. Three groups were compared— 1) those who never tried substances, 2) those who tried substances in the past, and 3) those who continue to use substances at present, in a population of emerging adults. Self-report data was gathered from 203 Collèges d'Enseignement Général Et Professionnel (CEGEP) students in the Montreal region. Measures included: Reckless Behaviour Questionnaire, Reckless Driving Measure, Health Behaviour Survey, Sensation Seeking Scale—Form V, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Results revealed that peer behaviour was the most significant predictor of substance use in emerging adults, whereas parent behaviour was only a significant predictor of reckless driving. Sensation Seeking, specifically Disinhibition, was found to predict more global reckless behaviours, including illegal activities, such as stealing or using marijuana (p < .01). Neither peer nor parent anti-substance messages were significantly related to any of the health-risk behaviours measured in this study. It would appear that health-risk behaviours tend to be related to the same underlying factors but to varying degrees. Intervention implications are discussed.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) lead to high risk behaviors in adults. Annually, around 10,000 people die from alcohol-related motor vehicle injuries, and >1.1 million arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol or narcotics. An estimated 700,000 children reported abuse each year; 8.4% reported experiencing sexual abuse. Studies have reported the role of ACEs in alcohol consumption during adulthood. Additionally, evidence exists about the influence of parental substance abuse behaviors on addiction to alcohol and other substances of abuse. However, the association of adult drunk driving with childhood sexual abuse, and /or exposure to parental substance abuse behaviors has not been investigated. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the association of sexual abuse and/or parental substance abuse behaviors during childhood 2017 Appalachian Student Research Forum Page 57with drunk driving in US adults. Methods: Data were obtained from 4,374,390 adults who participated in the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Participants' self-reported responses were used to define study outcome- drunk driving (no/yes) and study exposure- childhood sexual abuse (no/yes) and parental substance abuse behavior (no/yes). Covariates included age, sex, race, income, education, and marital status. Simple and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the relative odds of drunk driving among US adults who reported sexual abuse and/or exposure to parental substance behaviors during childhood. Interaction models were conducted to test for joint effects of study exposures on the outcome. Results: Approximately 3.6% of adults reported DD, 10.55% reported exposure to parental substance abuse behavior, and 11.1% adults reported childhood sexual abuse. Compared to adults who didn't experience sexual abuse during childhood, those who experienced were significantly associated with increased odds of drunk driving behavior (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.27-2.20). Adults who reported exposure to parental substance abuse behavior were found to be associated with increased odds of drunk driving behavior (aOR:1.30, 95%CI:1.00-1.68) compared to unexposed adults. Conclusion: Adults who were sexually abused during childhood and had exposures to parental substance abuse behaviors were associated with increased relative odds of drunk driving. The study findings help public health professionals identify targeted high risk groups for interventions. Appropriate public health interventions and/or policies should be developed to prevent sexual abuse and exposure to parental substance abuse during childhood. Health education and promotional campaigns are vital to minimize drunk driving cases by targeting communities and individuals with high risk behaviors.