A lentidão processual é um indicador de ineficiência da justiça e também uma de suas causas. A normal duração dos processos cíveis está comprometida por uma série de fatores, tais como o aumento da litigiosidade, a falta de infraestrutura dos órgãos judiciários e insuficiente utilização das novas tecnologias da informação, a deficiente formação dos juízes e advogados e, particularmente, a falta de efetiva repressão às más condutas dos sujeitos processuais. Este trabalho tem por escopo identificar as condutas processuais irregulares causadoras ou contributivas para a morosidade e traçar parâmetros objetivos para sua repressão. Para tanto, foram estudados os principais aspectos relativos ao comportamento abusivo dos sujeitos processuais que violam o direito à razoável duração do processo e trazem prejuízos processuais e extraprocessuais, tanto às partes envolvidas no litígio, quanto à dignidade da jurisdição. O trabalho busca demonstrar, portanto, que ética, compromisso e cooperação são peçaschave na solução do intrincado problema da lentidão processual e que, para resolvê-lo, não são necessárias alterações legislativas: a adequada aplicação dos atuais mecanismos repressores das condutas iníquas, à luz desses valores, é suficiente para a garantia da razoável duração do processo. / The slowness of judicial procedures is a symptom of the inefficiency of justice and is also one of its causes. The usual duration of civil proceedings is jeopardized by a number of factors, such as the increase in litigiousness, the lack of infrastructure of the judiciary bodies and insufficient use of the new information technologies, the deficient educational level of judges and lawyers, and particularly the absence of an effective repression to abusive conducts of the parties to a lawsuit. The scope of this paper is to identify the improper procedural practices that give rise or contribute to the slowness of justice and to establish objective parameters to repress it. For such purpose, a study was performed on the main aspects related to abusive practices carried out by the litigants, which infringe the right to a reasonable length of proceedings, and bring about an adverse effect in court and out of court, both to the parties involved in the litigation and to the dignity of the jurisdiction. Therefore, the paper searches to demonstrate that ethics, commitment, and cooperation are key components to the solution of the intricate problem of procedural slowness, and that no legislative amendments are required to solve it: in light of such values, the proper application of the existing repressive mechanisms for inequitable conducts is sufficient to guarantee the reasonable length of court proceedings.

Duty of members of elected bodies and other persons to prevent threatened insolvency of business corporation and consequences of breach of the duty Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the area of civil, commercial and insolvency law. It focuses in particular on the duty of directors of a business corporation and other persons to prevent threatened insolvency with emphasis on the legal regulation of the consequences of breach of such duty. This diploma thesis is divided into four main chapters, where the most important one is the second chapter. The chapters in the diploma thesis flow continuously and logically which facilitates the reader's orientation in the subject. The first chapter defines the basic terms related to the discussed topic which are subsequently used throughout the diploma thesis. Emphasis is placed on the duty of care, whose breach is a prerequisite for the application of the sanctions described in the second chapter. The second chapter deals with the consequences of the breach of the duty to prevent threatened insolvency. The consequences are analysed in detail and the issues over which the legal consensus is missing are set out in the analysis. Different views on these uncertain points in the legislation are set out, and the thesis takes a critical approach in this matter and...

Driving a car or another vehicle involves a risk per se, but it is allowed since it is a necessary activity for society. However, the risk remains. That is the reason for demanding from drivers a duty of care. Nevertheless, how far should this duty go?In the present article, the author analyzes the precedent in negligent crimes in the road traffic.The author emphasizes that it is necessary to apply technical regulations, also taking into account other factors that may cause the risk, and not limiting the reasoning to understand that the drivers are the only guilty participants. / Conducir un auto u otro medio de transporte de por sí implica un riesgo, pero se permite por ser una actividad necesaria. No obstante, el riesgo permanece, y es por ello que se exige a los conductores un deber de cuidado. Pero, ¿hasta dóndedebe llegar ese deber?En el presente artículo, el autor hace un análisis de cómo la jurisprudencia viene pronunciándose acerca de los delitos imprudentes en el marco del tráfico rodado, haciendo énfasis en que es necesario aplicar las reglas técnicas teniendo en cuenta también otros factores que pueden causar los hechos, y no quedándose con entender a los conductores como los únicos culpables.

A lentidão processual é um indicador de ineficiência da justiça e também uma de suas causas. A normal duração dos processos cíveis está comprometida por uma série de fatores, tais como o aumento da litigiosidade, a falta de infraestrutura dos órgãos judiciários e insuficiente utilização das novas tecnologias da informação, a deficiente formação dos juízes e advogados e, particularmente, a falta de efetiva repressão às más condutas dos sujeitos processuais. Este trabalho tem por escopo identificar as condutas processuais irregulares causadoras ou contributivas para a morosidade e traçar parâmetros objetivos para sua repressão. Para tanto, foram estudados os principais aspectos relativos ao comportamento abusivo dos sujeitos processuais que violam o direito à razoável duração do processo e trazem prejuízos processuais e extraprocessuais, tanto às partes envolvidas no litígio, quanto à dignidade da jurisdição. O trabalho busca demonstrar, portanto, que ética, compromisso e cooperação são peçaschave na solução do intrincado problema da lentidão processual e que, para resolvê-lo, não são necessárias alterações legislativas: a adequada aplicação dos atuais mecanismos repressores das condutas iníquas, à luz desses valores, é suficiente para a garantia da razoável duração do processo. / The slowness of judicial procedures is a symptom of the inefficiency of justice and is also one of its causes. The usual duration of civil proceedings is jeopardized by a number of factors, such as the increase in litigiousness, the lack of infrastructure of the judiciary bodies and insufficient use of the new information technologies, the deficient educational level of judges and lawyers, and particularly the absence of an effective repression to abusive conducts of the parties to a lawsuit. The scope of this paper is to identify the improper procedural practices that give rise or contribute to the slowness of justice and to establish objective parameters to repress it. For such purpose, a study was performed on the main aspects related to abusive practices carried out by the litigants, which infringe the right to a reasonable length of proceedings, and bring about an adverse effect in court and out of court, both to the parties involved in the litigation and to the dignity of the jurisdiction. Therefore, the paper searches to demonstrate that ethics, commitment, and cooperation are key components to the solution of the intricate problem of procedural slowness, and that no legislative amendments are required to solve it: in light of such values, the proper application of the existing repressive mechanisms for inequitable conducts is sufficient to guarantee the reasonable length of court proceedings.

in English Duty to act with due managerial care in the course of management of a joint stock company in the Czech Republic with regard to the regulation in Great Britain. This thesis deals with duties of members of board of directors, especially with the duty of care, skill and diligence. The aim of the thesis is to analyze in detail the duty of care, skill and diligence owed by the members of board of directors to the company. Another aim of the thesis is to compare a legal framework of duty of care, skill and diligence according to the commercial code (‚obchodní zákoník') with the legal framework of duty of care, skill and diligence according to the (new) civil code (‚občanský zákoník') and to predict whether the existing cases could still be applicable in the future. The last and perhaps the most significant aim of the thesis is to compare the Czech legal framework of the duty of care, skill and diligence with the English legal framework of the above mentioned duty. The english corporate law has been developing for centuries, thanks to which the comparative part of the thesis is not only a theoretical treatise, but also a stimulative inspiration for the Czech legal system de lege ferenda.

La thèse examine la responsabilité civile des dirigeants de sociétés anonymes en droit vietnamien et droit français. Il s’agit d’une première étude académique qui aborde l’état actuel du droit vietnamien de la responsabilité civile des dirigeants des sociétés anonymes et fait des comparaisons avec celui de l’actuel ordre juridique français. Quels avantages pourrait-il y avoir à aborder une étude du droit vietnamien touché par des illustrations en droit français ? Les deux pays sont proches sur le plan juridique. Le droit de la responsabilité civile des dirigeants de sociétés n’échappe pas à cette réalité. La responsabilité civile des dirigeants reste fondée sur la faute, mais elle a connu certaines adaptations. Le système actuellement existant dans chacun des deux pays s’est vu par ailleurs complété par des nouvelles sources, justifiées par la mondialisation. Le droit français est très riche en illustrations jurisprudentielles alors que le droit vietnamien est purement théorique et caractérisée par les nouveaux concepts prêtés des principes proposés par la doctrine anglo-saxonne du gouvernement d’entreprise. Ainsi, la conclusion qui s’en dégage est que certaines dispositions du droit français pourraient utilement inspirer le législateur vietnamien et vice versa. / The thesis examines the personal liability of public limited companies directors in Vietnamese law and French law. This is the first academic literature that addresses the current rules on the civil liability of directors of limited companies in Vietnamese law. What benefit is there be to conduct a study of Vietnamese law affected by French law? The two countries are close in law. The law of civil liability of corporate directors does not escape from this fact. Liability of director remains based on fault, but it has experienced some adaptations. The existing system in each country was also supplemented by new sources which are justified by globalization process. French law is then very rich jurisprudential illustrations while Vietnamese law is purely theoretical and characterized by new concepts borrowed from the corporate governance doctrine of common law. Thus, the conclusion that emerges is that some provisions of French law could usefully inspire the Vietnamese legislator and vice versa.

The purpose of the diploma thesis "Duty of care, skill and dilligence in Czech court case law" is to analyze the approach of Czech courts case law to the selected issues related to the duty of care, skill and dilligence and to evaluate it with regard to the interpretation of legal regulation, doctrinal interpretation, theoretical and historical knowledge. The thesis consists of two main chapters which deals with research of two actual questions selected to the purpose of the thesis. The first chapter deals with the question whether the duty of care, skill and dilligence can be considered as an objective or subjective standard, i.e. according to which standard should the actions of persons who are obliged to act with the duty of care should be measured. Based on the performed analysis, the author's own opinion on the issue is expressed and subsequently the approach of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic in its individual decisions is evaluated. The concept of care as a subjective sharpening of the objective standard is critically evaluated. The second chapter is devoted to the issue of the nature of the duty of care, specifically the question of whether it can be considered lawful or contractual with regard to changes in the law of liability after the recodification of civil law. Its solution...

不純正不作為犯與作為其核心架構的「保證人地位」與刑法作為義務，長久以來是困擾德國與我國刑事法研究的深度議題，並是諸多學界重要見解發揮其精微論理的場域。然而，直至本文撰寫的今日而言，對於不純正不作為犯的研究雖已累積近百年的光陰，卻仍然難以跳脫循環論證、缺乏法理基礎的懷疑。 本文立基於我國與德國學說見解長久以來的偉大基礎，先行確認至今為止的所有議題討論都無法達到成功解決問題的高度後，嘗試以最直接的方式給予不純正不作為犯的刑法作為義務最為實際、具有共識的法理基礎，並借用於刑事法較少受到討論的「法律經濟分析」，將刑法作為義務作為一種社會制度的經濟特徵逐一抽出，並建構適合該種制度創造與存在的社會模型，最終就不純正不作為犯的刑法作為義務為何存在、如何存在得出基本假設，並就該種制度給予特定人民積極保護法益的義務，提出具有實際意義、成本合理分配的假設。 為檢驗本文透過個人與社會實際需求所進行之假設是否符合現代社會之實際需求，本文假設刑事法學界所承認之刑法作為義務與保證人地位，若多數吸納原屬於其他社會制度之人際關係，則多數刑法作為義務態樣之原型，應全部得透過本文回溯社會群體、個人需求的最初假設，而得出符合本文觀察之解釋。最後，於本文第四章之結論中，確實得出與本文理想圖像相契合之論證結論。申言之，當代諸多被刑法作為義務吸納之保證人地位，多數均存在本文所稱作為義務人得自履行救助義務直接得利之特徵，而使本文第三章所提之觀察與假設，有其實際論證基礎。至於無法透過本文假設所詮釋之保證人地位，如「危險前行為」、「自願承擔義務」，本文亦指出其法理基礎乃源自於第二章已提及不可論證之先驗性思考，而有斟酌其適當性之必要。 / Germany and Taiwan’s criminal law researching have long troubled derivative Omission Offences with its core “Criminal duty of care”. Until today, the study of derivative Omission Offences has been a hundred years, yet it is still difficult to solve the problem of circular argument and lacking of basis. Based on the great foundation of our country and the German doctrine, this paper has confirmed that the all the discussion so far has failed to achieve the goal of solving the problem successfully. This article tries to give the “Criminal duty of care” the most practical and consistent legal basis through the most direct way, by using “Economic Analysis of law” as Legal method. When we regard criminal law as an obligation as a social system, there are several economic features that can be used to answer our questions. Finally, we have the assumption that why Derivative Omission Offences exists and how it works, and this is a hypothesis that is of practical significance and takes into account cost allocation. In order to test whether our hypothesis is consistent with the current situation, this article one by one to dismantle the existing “state of protection”, and confirm that all “state of protection” are in line with our assumptions. In other words, all the obligors who choose through “Criminal duty of care” are to allocate the cost of fulfilling the obligation to protect. As for the “Criminal duty of care” does not meet the assumptions of this hypothesis, such as the creation of dangerous pre-behavior, voluntary commitment, this article also successfully demonstrated why they can not fit, and they are a lack of basic theory.

Le contexte particulier du dopage suscite de nombreuses questions à l'égard des obligations et de la responsabilité des médecins. Suivant le Code médical du Mouvement olympique (2005), les médecins doivent respecter les principes de l'éthique médicale et ceux de l'éthique sportive, comme le fairplay. Il arrive parfois que l'éthique sportive entre en conflit avec l'éthique médicale. Les médecins sont alors confrontés à d'importants dilemmes qui peuvent engager leur responsabilité professionnelle et civile. Ces dilemmes se situent notamment au niveau de l'obligation de soins et du secret professionnel. Par exemple, les médecins peuvent-ils prescrire des médicaments pour contrer les effets néfastes du dopage afin de préserver la santé des athlètes ? La question de la recherche sur l'amélioration de la performance est également préoccupante. En raison du caractère clandestin de cette recherche, il y a lieu de se demander si les médecins qui y participent respectent leurs obligations professionnelles. L'analyse des principaux instruments normatifs applicables en l'espèce démontre que les médecins ne doivent pas être placés dans une situation telle qu'ils doivent refuser de suivre des athlètes de crainte d'être accusés de dopage. De plus, le secret professionnel devrait être maintenu lorsqu'un médecin suit un athlète dopé afin de préserver la relation de confiance. Finalement, l'analyse du contexte de la recherche portant sur l'amélioration de la performance révèle que les médecins ne respectent pas toujours leurs obligations. Les médecins fautifs risquent donc d'engager leur responsabilité professionnelle et civile et de faire face à des sanctions sévères. / The particular context of doping raises many questions regarding the obligations and the liability of physicians. According to the Medical Code of the Olympic Movement (2005), physicians must respect the principles of medical ethics as well as those of sport ethics, such as fair play. Sometimes, sport ethics conflicts with medical ethics. Therefore, physicians are confronted with important dilemmas, which could engage their professional and civil liability. These dilemmas concern, in particular, the duty of care and professional secrecy. For example, could physicians prescribe drugs to counter the side effects of doping in order to preserve the health of the athletes? Issues surrounding research on the improvement of performance is also of interest. Because of the often clandestine nature of this research, it should be asked whether physicians who participate respect their professional obligations. An analysis of the principal normative documents applicable demonstrates that physicians should not be placed in a situation where they would refuse to treat athletes because of fear of accusations of doping. Moreover, professional secrecy should be maintained when a physician follows an athlete in order to preserve the relation of trust. Finally, the analysis of the context of the research on the improvement of performance reveals that physicians don't always respect their obligations. These physicians might engage their professional and civil liability and face severe sanctions.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar o uso do método da proporcionalidade para decidir questões acerca de direitos sociais. Nesse sentido, antes relacionada somente à proibição do excesso (Übermaßverbot), a proporcionalidade passa a ter reconhecida sua outra face, denominada proibição da proteção insuficiente ou deficiente (Untermaßverbot). O legislador e o administrador passam a ter suas ações balizadas pela proibição do excesso de intervenção e pela imposição da intervenção para proteção de direitos. O termo pouco usual se refere ao controle judicial das omissões do legislador e administrador, na medida em que orienta a atividade deles quando da conformação e implementação dos direitos sociais. Os escassos estudos na doutrina não permitiram o desenvolvimento do método em relação aos direitos sociais no Brasil, em que pese a jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal se utilizar da proporcionalidade como proibição da proteção insuficiente ou deficiente em alguns de seus julgados, especialmente em época recente. Mas se a utilização de tal método na argumentação judicial passa a ser vista de forma recorrente, o Tribunal deve primeiro ter clareza de seus elementos quando pretende invocá-lo em suas decisões e até mesmo firmeza da utilidade de seu uso quanto a esses direitos. Ainda, tem-se que o transplante de métodos de revisão judicial dos direitos de defesa para os direitos sociais merece estudo específico, tanto em relação à concepção desses direitos quanto à possível aplicabilidade da proporcionalidade, pois as diferenças entre eles apontam que nem sempre ambos os direitos comportarão argumentações idênticas para os problemas que enfrentam. / This research aims to analyze the use of the proportionality method for deciding social rights questions. Thus, the proportionality was related before only to prohibition of excessive state actions (Übermaßverbot), begins to have its other face recognized, called prohibition of lacking or insufficient state actions (Untermaßverbot). The legislator and administrator now have their actions bounded by the prohibition of \"excessive intervention\" and by the imposing of \"intervention to protection\" rights. The unusual term refers to the judicial control of the omissions of the legislator and administrator, in so far as guides their activity of conformation and implementation of social rights. The few studies on the doctrine did not allowed the development of the method regarding the social rights in Brazil, notwithstanding the fact that the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court uses proportionality as prohibition of lacking or insufficient state actions in some of its decisions, especially recently. But if the use of such a method in the judicial argumentation starts to be seen recurrently, the Court must first get clear of its elements when intends to invoke it in their decisions and even firmness of utility of its use regarding such rights. Also, the transplantation of judicial review methods of defense rights for social rights deserves a specific study, both in relation to the understanding of these rights and in relation to the possible applicability of proportionality, cause the differences between them suggest that not always both rights shall include arguments identical to the problems they face.