Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 250-258).

Thesis (Ph. D. in environmental and natural resource science)--Washington State University, December 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Washington State University, 2007. / Adviser: Andrew Ford. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-52).

A indústria da cana-de-açúcar brasileira é reconhecida por sua competitividade e baixos custos de produção de etanol e açúcar. O lançamento do veículo bicombustível em 2003 acelerou o crescimento da indústria nesta década. Apesar desse crescimento, a indústria da cana-de-açúcar passa por momentos de incerteza devido a falta de investimentos, aumento dos custos de produção e ausência de políticas públicas que regulem o uso do etanol como combustível. Esta tese explora a dinâmica da indústria da cana-de-açúcar. Um modelo de Dinâmica de Sistemas é desenvolvido para explorar o comportamento da indústria por uma perspectiva endógena. Sem pressupor equilíbrio, o modelo oferece uma representação geral das principais ligações entre os setores da indústria. A estrutura causal do sistema é largamente explorada, gerando insights sobre as razões endógenas do comportamento do sistema real. O comportamento do modelo mostra boa agregação aos dados reais, aumentando a confiança da sua estrutura. É conduzida uma análise de política e o resultado emergente do sistema gera interessantes insights sobre o comportamento do modelo. Os achados do trabalho incluem: - Comportamento inesperado do sistema; - Elevado grau de acoplamento entre a indústria do açúcar e do etanol; - A baixa elasticidade-preço da demanda no mercado internacional de açúcar, e moderada no mercado nacional; - Reação endógena à implementação de políticas; - A indústria é pouco responsiva ao crescimento da demanda, quando isso exige aquisição de nova capacidade produtiva; e - Contribuição sobre o conhecimento existente da indústria. A tese é concluída com sugestões para trabalhos futuros, que conectam o modelo com várias áreas de conhecimento onde podem ser esperados problemas no médio ou longo prazo; esses problemas são: - Redução na emissão de CO2; - Efeitos do uso da terra; - Efeitos da entrada de novos combustíveis no mercado; e - Inclusão da bioenergia, gerada a partir do bagaço de cana, que altera a estrutura de custos da indústria. / The sugarcane industry in Brazil is recognized for its competitiveness and low production cost of both ethanol and sugar. The flex-fuel technology, launched in 2003, boosted the industry growth in the last decade. Despite this growth, sugarcane industry is undergoing a period of uncertainty due to a lack of investments, raising production costs, and a lack of policies concerning the ethanol regulation. This dissertation explores the dynamic of the sugarcane industry. A system dynamics model is developed to explore the industry behavior from an endogenous perspective. The model provides a general disequilibrium representation of the major linkages between the main sectors of the industry. The causal structure of the system is highly explored generating insights on the endogenous reasons of the industry behavior. Model behavior shows a good fit with real world data increasing the confidence on model structure. A single policy analysis is carried out and its emerging results generate insights on the endogenous reasons of system behavior. Findings on these results include: h Surprising behavior of the model; h The high degree of coupling between the sugar and ethanol industries; h The very low price-elasticity of demand on the international sugar market, and a moderate price-elasticity of demand on the national sugar market; h Endogenous policy reaction; h Low responsivity of industry to an increase demand, due to high delays in capacity acquisition; h Delays in capacity acquisition generating dynamics; h Contribution to existing knowledge on the system. The dissertation finishes with suggestions for future works linking the model with several areas of knowledge with potential problems in the middle or long term for the industry; these problems are: h Reduction in CO2 emissions; h Land-use effects; h Effects of new fuels insertion in the market; and h Inclusion of power generation using sugarcane bagasse, which changes the industry cost structure.

A indústria da cana-de-açúcar brasileira é reconhecida por sua competitividade e baixos custos de produção de etanol e açúcar. O lançamento do veículo bicombustível em 2003 acelerou o crescimento da indústria nesta década. Apesar desse crescimento, a indústria da cana-de-açúcar passa por momentos de incerteza devido a falta de investimentos, aumento dos custos de produção e ausência de políticas públicas que regulem o uso do etanol como combustível. Esta tese explora a dinâmica da indústria da cana-de-açúcar. Um modelo de Dinâmica de Sistemas é desenvolvido para explorar o comportamento da indústria por uma perspectiva endógena. Sem pressupor equilíbrio, o modelo oferece uma representação geral das principais ligações entre os setores da indústria. A estrutura causal do sistema é largamente explorada, gerando insights sobre as razões endógenas do comportamento do sistema real. O comportamento do modelo mostra boa agregação aos dados reais, aumentando a confiança da sua estrutura. É conduzida uma análise de política e o resultado emergente do sistema gera interessantes insights sobre o comportamento do modelo. Os achados do trabalho incluem: - Comportamento inesperado do sistema; - Elevado grau de acoplamento entre a indústria do açúcar e do etanol; - A baixa elasticidade-preço da demanda no mercado internacional de açúcar, e moderada no mercado nacional; - Reação endógena à implementação de políticas; - A indústria é pouco responsiva ao crescimento da demanda, quando isso exige aquisição de nova capacidade produtiva; e - Contribuição sobre o conhecimento existente da indústria. A tese é concluída com sugestões para trabalhos futuros, que conectam o modelo com várias áreas de conhecimento onde podem ser esperados problemas no médio ou longo prazo; esses problemas são: - Redução na emissão de CO2; - Efeitos do uso da terra; - Efeitos da entrada de novos combustíveis no mercado; e - Inclusão da bioenergia, gerada a partir do bagaço de cana, que altera a estrutura de custos da indústria. / The sugarcane industry in Brazil is recognized for its competitiveness and low production cost of both ethanol and sugar. The flex-fuel technology, launched in 2003, boosted the industry growth in the last decade. Despite this growth, sugarcane industry is undergoing a period of uncertainty due to a lack of investments, raising production costs, and a lack of policies concerning the ethanol regulation. This dissertation explores the dynamic of the sugarcane industry. A system dynamics model is developed to explore the industry behavior from an endogenous perspective. The model provides a general disequilibrium representation of the major linkages between the main sectors of the industry. The causal structure of the system is highly explored generating insights on the endogenous reasons of the industry behavior. Model behavior shows a good fit with real world data increasing the confidence on model structure. A single policy analysis is carried out and its emerging results generate insights on the endogenous reasons of system behavior. Findings on these results include: h Surprising behavior of the model; h The high degree of coupling between the sugar and ethanol industries; h The very low price-elasticity of demand on the international sugar market, and a moderate price-elasticity of demand on the national sugar market; h Endogenous policy reaction; h Low responsivity of industry to an increase demand, due to high delays in capacity acquisition; h Delays in capacity acquisition generating dynamics; h Contribution to existing knowledge on the system. The dissertation finishes with suggestions for future works linking the model with several areas of knowledge with potential problems in the middle or long term for the industry; these problems are: h Reduction in CO2 emissions; h Land-use effects; h Effects of new fuels insertion in the market; and h Inclusion of power generation using sugarcane bagasse, which changes the industry cost structure.

Neste trabalho, apresentamos em primeiro lugar um estudo de dois trabalhos de J. P. LaSalle, abordando o comportamento assintótico de sistemas discretos. Em segundo lugar, estudamos a dinâmica de um sistema discreto que depende de um parâmetro l em L, da forma x(n+1) = f(x(n), l). Como uma parte deste objetivo geral, desenvolvemos técnicas para obter estimativas uniformes (em relação ao parâmetro l em L) do atrator quando o sistema for globalmente dissipativo. Esses métodos são baseados em funções auxiliares tipo Liapunov. No final deste trabalho, apresentamos algumas simulações envolvendo sistemas discretos caóticos, como os sistemas de Chua, Hénon, Ikeda, Lorenz e Rössler. / Firstly, in this work, we present a study of part of two works by J. P. LaSalle, concerning with asymptotic behavior of discrete systems. Secondly, we study the dynamics of a discrete system that depends on a parameter l in L, of the form x(n+1) = f(x(n), l). As part of this general purpose, we develop tecniques to obtain uniform estimates (with respect to the parameter l in L) of the attractor when the system is globally dissipative. These methods are based on auxiliary functions of Liapunov type. In the last part of this work we present some simulations envolving chaotic discrete systems, namely: Chua, Hénon, Ikeda, Lorenz and Rössler.

Neste trabalho, apresentamos em primeiro lugar um estudo de dois trabalhos de J. P. LaSalle, abordando o comportamento assintótico de sistemas discretos. Em segundo lugar, estudamos a dinâmica de um sistema discreto que depende de um parâmetro l em L, da forma x(n+1) = f(x(n), l). Como uma parte deste objetivo geral, desenvolvemos técnicas para obter estimativas uniformes (em relação ao parâmetro l em L) do atrator quando o sistema for globalmente dissipativo. Esses métodos são baseados em funções auxiliares tipo Liapunov. No final deste trabalho, apresentamos algumas simulações envolvendo sistemas discretos caóticos, como os sistemas de Chua, Hénon, Ikeda, Lorenz e Rössler. / Firstly, in this work, we present a study of part of two works by J. P. LaSalle, concerning with asymptotic behavior of discrete systems. Secondly, we study the dynamics of a discrete system that depends on a parameter l in L, of the form x(n+1) = f(x(n), l). As part of this general purpose, we develop tecniques to obtain uniform estimates (with respect to the parameter l in L) of the attractor when the system is globally dissipative. These methods are based on auxiliary functions of Liapunov type. In the last part of this work we present some simulations envolving chaotic discrete systems, namely: Chua, Hénon, Ikeda, Lorenz and Rössler.

The class of hyperbolic conservation laws model the phenomena of non-linear wave propagation, including the presence and propagation of discontinuities and expansion waves. Such nonlinear systems can generate discontinuities in the so-lution even for smooth initial conditions. Presence of discontinuities results in break down of a solution in the classical sense and to show existence, weak for-mulation of a problem is required. Moreover, closed form solutions are di cult to obtain and in some cases such solutions are even unavailable. Thus, numerical algorithms play an important role in solving such systems. There are several dis-cretization techniques to solve hyperbolic systems numerically and Finite Volume Method (FVM) is one of such important frameworks. Numerical algorithms based on FVM are broadly classi ed into two categories, central discretization methods and upwind discretization methods. Various upwind and central discretization methods developed so far di er widely in terms of robustness, accuracy and ef-ciency and an ideal scheme with all these characteristics is yet to emerge. In this thesis, novel upwind and central schemes are formulated for various hyper-bolic systems, with the aim of maintaining right balance between accuracy and robustness. This thesis is divided into two parts. First part consists of the formulation of upwind methods to simulate genuine weakly hyperbolic (GWH) systems. Such systems do not possess full set of linearly independent (LI) eigenvectors and some of the examples include pressureless gas dynamics system, modi ed Burgers' sys-tem and further modi ed Burgers' system. The main challenge while formulating an upwind solver for GWH systems, using the concept of Flux Di erence Splitting (FDS), is to recover full set of LI eigenvectors, which is done through addition of generalized eigenvectors using the theory of Jordan Canonical Forms. Once the defective set of LI eigenvectors are completed, a novel (FDS-J) solver is for-mulated in such a manner that it is independent of generalized eigenvectors, as they are not unique. FDS-J solver is capable of capturing various shocks such as -shocks, 0-shocks and 00-shocks accurately. In this thesis, the FDS-J schemes are proposed for those GWH systems each of which have one particular repeated eigenvalue with arithmetic multiplicity (AM) greater than one. Moreover, each ux Jacobian matrix corresponding to such systems is similar to a unique Jordan matrix. After the successful treatment of genuine weakly hyperbolic systems, this strategy is further applied to those weakly hyperbolic subsystems which result on employ-ing various convection-pressure splittings to the Euler ux function. For example, Toro-Vazquez (TV) splitting and Zha-Bilgen (ZB) type splitting approaches to split the Euler ux function yield genuine weakly hyperbolic convective parts and strict hyperbolic pressure parts. Moreover, the ux Jacobian of each convective part is similar to a Jordan matrix with at least two lower order Jordan blocks. Based on the lines of FDS-J scheme, we develop two numerical schemes for Eu-ler equations using TV splitting and ZB type splitting. Both the new ZBS-FDS and TVS-FDS schemes are tested on various 1-D shock tube problems and out of two, contact capturing ZBS-FDS scheme is extended to 2-dimensional Euler system where it is tested successfully on various test cases including many shock instability problems. Second part of the thesis is associated with the development of simple, robust and accurate central solvers for systems of hyperbolic conservation laws. The idea of splitting schemes together with the notion of FDS is not easily extendable to systems such as shallow water equations. Thus, a novel central solver Convection Isolated Discontinuity Recognizing Algorithm (CIDRA) is formulated for shallow water equations. As the name suggests, the convective ux is isolated from the total ux in such a way that other ux, in present case other ux represents celerity part, must possess non-zero eigenvalue contribution. FVM framework is applied to each part separately and ux equivalence principle is used to x the coe cient of numerical di usion. CIDRA for SWE is computed on various 1-D and 2-D benchmark problems and extended to Euler systems e ortlessly. As a further improvement, a scalar di usion based algorithm CIDRA-1 is designed for v Euler systems. The scalar di usion coe cient depends on that particular part of the Rankine-Hugoniot (R-H) condition which involves total energy of the system as a direct contribution. This algorithm is applied to a variety of shock tube test cases including a class of low density ow problems and also to various 2-D test problems successfully. vi

Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is one of the current methods of strategic management and planning. Unlike some methods are focused on non-financial measures, when their connection with financial indicators leads to more efficient management of business performance. Dynamic BSC is one of the modifications of the BSC method, which uses elements of system dynamics and system thinking, for its optimization. One of the elements that are used in conjunction with this method, the strategy maps, which is used to visualize the interdependence of goals and metrics between basic BSC perspectives (financial , customer , internal processes , learning and growth). Balanced Scorecard and strategy maps can also serve as a tool for communicating critical information in enterprise-wide breadth. This use allows employees at lower levels of management to be informed about the objectives of the company, and their specific involvement to achieve them (their contribution to strategic , tactical and operational objectives ). The contribution of the thesis is the exploration and subsequent evaluation , which is the awareness and use of methods Balanced Scorecard and strategy maps to support communication and awareness in enterprises.