Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research was conducted in a fragment of Caatinga with around 50 ha in São Pedro farm, located at Porto da Folha City, Sergipe, order to know the floristic composition and phytossociological structure of herbaceous and shrub-tree components, verify the relationships physiognomic of the shrub-tree with other Caatinga areas, as well as the existence of edge effect in the fragment studied, with the intention of generate subsidies to studies of ecology, conservation and recovery of degraded areas in the region. Thus, it was tested the following null hypotheses: 1st - there is no difference in the structure and richness of shrub-tree of fragment studied in comparison with other areas of Caatinga analyzed in Sergipe and in the Northeast; 2nd - there is no difference in the floristic composition and phytossociological structure of herbaceous vegetation between two seasons (dry and wet); 3rd - there is no difference in the floristic composition and structure of the shrub-tree between edge and interior of the fragment Caatinga studied. For testing the first hypothesis, it was conducted sampling of shrub- tree through of 25 plots, with 20x20m (400m²), distributed systematically at intervals of 141 m in two directions perpendicular to each plot. All individuals of shrubs-trees were identified and recorded with at breast height circumference (BHC at 1.30 m from ground level) ≥ 6.0 cm and analyzed the floristic composition, the phytossociological structure (density, frequency, dominance and importance value), diversity in addition to spatial distribution and floristic similarity. Species richness and structural parameters of the component of shrubs-trees found in the fragment studied was higher than in most surveys in other areas of Caatinga dominium, considering the different types analyzed ( Caatinga Caducifólia Espinhosa , Caatinga Caducifólia Não Espinhosa and Vegetação Estacional Decidual ). The vegetation that was in the fragment studied can be classified as Caatinga Caducifólia Espinhosa (Caatinga sensu stricto) showed the highest similarity to other semiarid areas that have this same type of plant formation. For testing the second hypothesis, two samples were realized of the herbaceous component for comparison, in the rainy season and one during the dry season on 25 smaller plots with 1x1 m (1m ²) distributed systematically within plots of 20x20m, a distance of 10 meters, following is the angle of 45° from the first vertex of each plot. All living plants were measured and identified with stem/pseudo-stem chlorophyll with absence or low level of lignifications that were not seedlings of woody species and analyzed the floristic composition, the phytossociological structure (density, frequency, dominance and importance value), diversity in addition to life forms of Raunkiaer. The density, frequency, dominance and importance value of herbaceous populations, as well as height and diameter of plants were low in the dry season. The diversity of herbaceous species recorded for the fragment was more than most of the studies that was done in other areas of Caatinga of Northeast Brazil, which can be associated to good state of conservation of the studied fragment. The life-form predominant of vegetation was the therophytes, followed by phanerophytes, featuring a therophytic phytoclimate to the region of the study area. The analysis of structural patterns and diversity conducted only in two distinct seasons are not enough to know, in detail, the ecological dynamics of the herbaceous component of caatinga in the fragment studied. For test the third hypothesis were selected 24 permanent plots with 20x20 m, being 12 marked in the edge and 12 inside the fragment, in a systematic manner, at intervals of 141 m. In each plot were identified and recorded all individuals of shrubs and trees with at breast height circumference (BHC at 1.30 m from xii ground level) ≥ 6.0 cm and measured variables dendrometric for the calculations of diversity and structure, addition to these variables was calculated leaf area index using hemispherical photos with the lens "fisheye" 180 ° in the center of each plot. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to check whether there are differences in species composition between plots of the edge and interior. To determine the floristic similarity between plots evaluated in different environments, we used the similarity analysis (ANOSIM). Differences between the sampled environmental variables (dependent variables) in relation to the location of the edge and interior plots (independent variable) were tested using generalized linear models (GLM's). The plots of edge presented 43 species and 1157 individuals, while the interior of the 1377 individuals and 42 species. The NMDS ordination showed that there are not clear differences in species composition between the two environments analyzed (edge and interior). The five structural parameters vegetation analyzed between plots located the edges and interior the fragment (tree height, stem diameter, basal area, number of individuals and leaf area index) did not result in statistically significant differences. In relation to the richness, diversity species and evenness indexes was verified also that there is no statistically significant difference between the environment the edge and interior. The physiognomic and structural similarities of vegetation in the study area, evidenced by the richness, abundance and distribution of species in different locations (edge and interior), suggest the existence of a common pattern, possibly related to the availability of resources in an equitable manner (as light, water and nutrients), history of conservation of the vegetation of the fragment, as well as the heterogeneity and complexity of the environmental area. Indicating that the community arbustivo-arboreal of the fragment of Caatinga studied is not ecologically affected by the presence of the edges. / O presente trabalho foi realizado em um fragmento de Caatinga com aproximadamente 50 ha, pertencente à fazenda São Pedro, localizada no município de Porto da Folha, Sergipe, objetivando conhecer a composição florística e a estrutura fitossociológica do componente herbáceo e arbustivo-arbóreo, verificar as relações fitofisionômicas do estrato arbustivo-arbóreo com outras áreas de Caatinga, bem como a existência de efeito de borda no fragmento estudado, com o intuito de gerar subsídios aos estudos de ecologia, conservação e recuperação de áreas degradadas na região. Deste modo foram testadas as seguintes hipóteses nulas: 1ª - não existe diferença na riqueza e estrutura da vegetação arbustivo-arbóreo do fragmento estudado em relação a outras áreas de Caatinga analisadas em Sergipe e no Nordeste; 2ª - não existe diferença na composição florística e estrutura fitossociológica do estrato herbáceo entre duas estações do ano (seca e chuvosa); 3ª - não existe diferença na composição florística e estrutura do estrato arbustivo-arbóreo entre borda e interior do fragmento de Caatinga estudado. Para testar a primeira hipótese foi realizada a amostragem da vegetação arbustivo-arbórea por meio de 25 parcelas, com 20x20m (400m²), distribuídas sistematicamente a intervalos de 141 m em duas direções perpendiculares entre cada parcela. Foram identificados e registrados todos os indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos com circunferência à altura do peito (CAP a 1,30m do nível do solo) ≥ 6,0 cm e analisadas a composição florística, a estrutura fitossociológica (densidade, frequência, dominância e valor de importância), a diversidade, além da distribuição espacial e similaridade florística. A riqueza de espécies e os parâmetros estruturais do componente arbustivo-arbóreo encontrados no fragmento estudado foram superiores à maioria dos levantamentos em outras áreas do domínio Caatinga, considerando-se as diferentes tipologias analisadas (Caatinga Caducifólia Espinhosa, Caatinga Caducifólia Não Espinhosa e Vegetação Estacional Decidual). Para testar a segunda hipótese foram realizadas duas amostragens do componente herbáceo para comparação, uma na estação chuvosa e outra na seca, em 25 subparcelas, com 1x1m (1m²), distribuídas sistematicamente dentro de parcelas de 20x20m, a uma distância de 10 metros, seguindo-se a angulação de 45º a partir do primeiro vértice de cada parcela. Foram mensuradas e identificadas todas as plantas vivas com caule/pseudocaule clorofilado, com ausência ou baixo nível de lignificação que não fossem plântulas de espécies lenhosas e analisadas a composição florística, a estrutura fitossociológica (densidade, frequência, dominância e valor de importância), a diversidade, além das formas de vida de Raunkiaer. A densidade, freqüência, dominância e valor de importância das populações herbáceas, bem como, a altura e o diâmetro das plantas foram menores na estação seca. A diversidade de espécies herbáceas registrada para o fragmento foi superior a maioria dos trabalhos realizados em outras áreas de Caatinga do Nordeste brasileiro, fato que possivelmente pode estar associado ao bom estado de conservação do fragmento estudado. A forma de vida predominante da vegetação foi o terófito, seguido do fanerófito, caracterizando um fitoclima terofítico-fanerofítico para a região da área de estudo. A análise dos padrões estruturais e de diversidade realizados apenas em duas estações distintas não são suficientes para conhecer, de forma aprofundada, a dinâmica ecológica do componente herbáceo da caatinga no fragmento estudado. Para testar a terceira hipótese foram selecionadas 24 parcelas de área fixa com 20x20 metros, sendo 12 demarcadas na borda e 12 no interior do fragmento, de modo sistemático, a intervalos de 141 m. Em cada parcela foram identificados e registrados todos os indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos com circunferência à altura do peito (CAP a 1,30m do nível do solo) ≥ 6,0 cm e mensuradas as variáveis dendrométricas para a realização dos cálculos de diversidade e estrutura, além x dessas variáveis foi calculado o índice de área foliar por meio de fotos hemisféricas com a lente olho de peixe de 180º no centro de cada parcela. Foi utilizado o escalonamento multidimensional não métrico (NMDS) para verificar a existência ou não de diferença na composição de espécies entre as parcelas da borda e do interior. Para a determinação da similaridade florística entre as parcelas avaliadas nos diferentes ambientes, foi utilizada a análise de similaridade. Diferenças entre as variáveis ambientais amostradas (variáveis dependentes) em relação à localização das parcelas de borda e interior, (variável independente) foram testadas usando modelos lineares generalizados (GLM´s). As parcelas de borda apresentaram 1157 indivíduos e 43 espécies, enquanto as do interior, 1377 indivíduos e 42 espécies. A ordenação NMDS mostrou que não existem diferenças claras na composição de espécies entre os dois ambientes analisados (borda e interior). Os cinco parâmetros estruturais da vegetação analisados entre as parcelas localizadas na borda e no interior do fragmento (altura das árvores, diâmetro do fuste, área basal, número de indivíduos e índice de área foliar) não resultaram em diferenças estatísticas significativas. Em relação aos índices referentes à riqueza, diversidade de espécies e equabilidade verificou-se, também, que não existe diferença estatística significativa entre o ambiente da borda e do interior. As semelhanças fisionômicas e estruturais da vegetação na área de estudo, evidenciadas pela riqueza, abundância e distribuição das espécies nos diferentes locais (borda e interior), sugerem a existência de um padrão comum, relacionado possivelmente com a disponibilidade de recursos de forma igualitária (como luz, água e nutrientes), histórico de conservação da vegetação do fragmento, bem como pela heterogeneidade e complexidade ambiental da área, indicando que a comunidade arbustivo-arbórea do fragmento de Caatinga não é ecologicamente afetada pela presença das bordas.

Alors que la superficie des forêts de plantation continue d'augmenter dans le monde, leurcontribution à la conservation de la biodiversité reste controversée. L’objectif de cette thèse estd'identifier les facteurs clés, à la fois au niveau de l'habitat local et à celui du paysage, qui influent surla diversité des papillons de jour dans les paysages en mosaïque dominés par des plantations de pins.Les communautés de papillons ont été échantillonnées en lisière et à l’intérieur de plantations de pinmaritime, pare-feux, ripisylves et fragments de forêts de feuillus variant par la taille et le degréd’isolement spatial. Les traits biologiques et écologiques des papillons ont été liés auxcaractéristiques de l’habitat et aux variables paysagères.Les éléments les plus importants pour la conservation des papillons dans les paysages dominés parles plantations de pins sont les habitats semi-naturels: forêts de feuillus, pare-feux et lisières. Lesripisylves se révèlent être les plus riches en papillons forestiers, abritant des espèces spécialisées. Lespare-feux hébergent deux fois plus d'espèces que les autres types d'habitats et sont importants pourla conservation de plusieurs espèces menacées. Toutefois les plantations de pin ne sont pas vide depapillons. La qualité de l'habitat, notamment la présence de plantes hôtes, est le facteur le plusdéterminant de la composition des communautés de rhopalocères. La composition et laconfiguration du paysage ont également une influence importante sur la diversité des papillons. Denombreuses espèces de papillons ont été observées dans plusieurs types d'habitat suggérant que lacomplémentation et supplémentation des ressources soient des processus clés pour maintenir ladiversité des papillons dans les paysages forestiers hétérogènes. / While the area of plantation forests continues to increase worldwide, their contribution to theconservation of biodiversity is still controversial. The aim of this thesis is to identify key habitat andlandscape factors that drive butterfly diversity in mosaic landscapes dominated by pine plantations.Butterfly communities were sampled at edges and interiors of five successional stages of pine stands,in firebreaks, riparian forests and in deciduous woodlands varying in fragment size and isolation.Biological and ecological traits of butterflies were related to habitat patch attributes and tolandscape composition and configuration.The results highlighted the critical importance of semi-natural habitats for butterfly conservation inpine plantation mosaics, i.e. deciduous woodlands, firebreaks and edges. Riparian forests wereespecially rich in forest butterfly species, harboring specialized species with both narrow habitat andthermal ranges. Firebreaks had twice as many species as other habitat types and were ofconservation value for several threatened butterfly species. Our results also showed that pine standswere not ‘free of butterflies'. Habitat quality, particularly the presence of host plants, was the mostimportant driver of butterfly community composition. Landscape composition and configuration alsoinfluenced butterfly diversity. Many species used more than one distinct habitat type, suggestingthat resource complementation and supplementation are important mechanisms of butterflydiversity persistence in pine plantation mosaics.

Notre objectif est d’améliorer la compréhension du phénomène d’anisotropie d’échange dans les nanoplots en comparaison aux films continus et d’étudier les effets du désordre magnétique à l’interface dans la couche AF sur les propriétés d’anisotropie d’échange. Dans un premier temps, nous avons utilisé un modèle granulaire qui prend en compte les phases magnétiques désordonnées à l’interface F/AF et nous modélisé ces phases par la présence de grains moins stables à l’interface dans la couche AF. De plus, dans le cas des nanoplots, nous avons pris en compte des grains moins stables localisés sur les bords de la couche AF pour reproduire les effets dus à la méthode de fabrication. Nous avons trouvé qu’il existe deux mécanismes de retournement de la couche F en dépendant de la valeur du couplage ferromagnétique. Si le couplage ferromagnétique faible, le retournement de la couche F s’amorce sur plusieurs centres de nucléation et s’effectue sans propagation. Alors que si le couplage ferromagnétique fort, le retournement de la couche F s’amorce en un seul centre de nucléation situé à un coin du nanoplot puis se propage à partir de ce coin. Ensuite notre modèle a permis d’expliquer les principales caractéristiques des comportements observés expérimentalement dans les bicouches Co/IrMn et NiFe/IrMn (pour différentes tailles latérales), à différentes températures de mesure et pour différentes épaisseurs de la couche AF. Plus précisément, les valeurs du champ d’échange simulé dans les films continus, à température ambiante, sont plus grandes que dans les nanoplots pour les faibles épaisseurs de la couche IrMn alors que c’est le contraire lorsque cette épaisseur augmente. Dans un deuxième temps, Nous avons utilisé un modèle atomique qui prend en compte la frustration magnétique dans la couche AF et la présence de défauts structuraux tels que les joints de grains et l’interdiffusion. Nous avons trouvé que l’effet combiné de la frustration, des joints de grains et de la surface induit des configurations magnétiques non colinéaires complexes (présence de domaines magnétiques) dans la couche AF à l’interface. Nos résultats montrent que la non-colinéarité des moments AF à l’interface diminue le couplage effectif à l’interface F/AF et diminue la constante d’anisotropie effective de la couche AF. Nos résultats montrent également que la présence de joints de grains lorsqu’il y a de la frustration renforce la stabilité de la couche AF à 0K alors qu’elle la diminue à température non nulle. Enfin, nous avons trouvé que l’interdiffusion diminue fortement le champ d’échange et rend la couche AF plus stable, ce qui correspond à une diminution du couplage effectif à l’interface. Il est important de noter que les valeurs du champ d’échange simulé sont dans ce cas réalistes, ce qui met en évidence que l’interdiffusion est probablement un des facteurs essentiels pour lesquels les champs d’échange mesurés expérimentalement sont nettement plus faibles que ceux prévus par les modèles simples. / Our goal is to improve the comprehension of the exchange bias (EB) in nanodots in comparison with the continuous films and to study the effects of the interfacial magnetic disorder on the EB properties. Firstly, we use a granular model which considers disordered interfacial phases by considering less stable magnetic grains at the interface in the antiferromagnetic (AF) layer. We further model the effect of the nanofabrication process by considering less stable magnetic grains at the edges, due to grain cutting. Our results evidence two different mechanisms of the ferromagnetic (F) layer reversal depending on the magnitude of the coupling between F grains. In the weak coupling regime relative to the anisotropy, the exchange field is independent of the coupling. By contrast, in the strong coupling regime, the exchange field depends on the coupling. Our model also well explain some experimental features observed in NiFe/IrMn and Co/IrMn nanodots (for various lateral sizes) and continuous films, at various measurement temperatures and various AF thicknesses. More precisely, the simulated values of the exchange field in the continuous films, at room temperature, are larger than in the nanodots for small values of the AF thicknesses. However, it is the opposite when this thickness increases. Secondly, we use an atomic model which considers the magnetic frustration inside the AF layer and the presence of structural defects such as grain boundaries and interdiffusion. We found that the combination effect of grain boundaries, frustration and surface can result in complex magnetic configurations in the AF layer at the interface (magnetic domains). Our results show that the non-collinearity of the AF moments at the interface decreases the effective coupling at the interface and decreases the effective anisotropy constant of the AF layer. Our findings indicate that combination effect of grain boundaries and frustration make the AF layer more stable at 0 Kelvin and less stable at non-zero temperature. Our results show that the interdiffusion decrease the simulated values of the exchange field and make the AF more stable which corresponds to a decrease of the effective coupling at the interface. It is important to note that the simulated values of the exchange field are realistic values, which highlights that the interdiffusion is probably one of the essential factors which can give simulated values close to the experimental values.

No description available.

We are currently faced with the global challenge of conserving biological diversity while also increasing food production to meet the demands of a growing human population. Land-use change, primarily resulting from conversion to production land, is currently the leading cause of biodiversity loss. This occurs through habitat loss, fragmentation of remaining natural habitats, and resulting edge effects. Land-sparing and land-sharing approaches have been discussed as alternative ways to engineer landscapes to mitigate biodiversity loss while meeting production objectives. However, these represent extremes on a continuum of real-world landscapes, and it will be important to understand the mechanisms by which adjacent land use affects natural remnant ecosystems in order to make local land-management decisions that achieve conservation, as well as production, objectives. This thesis investigates the impact of juxtaposing production and natural forest on the community-wide interactions between lepidopteran herbivores and their parasitoids, as mediated by parasitoid spillover between habitats. The first and overarching objective was to determine whether herbivore productivity drives asymmetrical spillover of predators and parasitoids, primarily from managed to natural habitats, and whether this spillover alters trophic interactions in the recipient habitat. The study of trophic interactions at a community level requires understanding of both direct and indirect interactions. However, community-level indirect interactions are generally difficult to predict and measure, and these have therefore remained understudied. Apparent competition is an indirect interaction mechanism thought to be very important in structuring host-parasitoid assemblages. However, this is known primarily from studies of single species pairs, and its community-wide impacts are less clear. Therefore, my second objective was to determine whether apparent competition could be predicted for all species pairs within an herbivore assemblage, based on a measure of parasitoid overlap. My third objective was to determine whether certain host or parasitoid species traits can predict the involvement of those species in apparent competition. My key findings were that there is a net spillover of generalist predators and parasitoids from plantation to native forest, and that for generalists, this depends on herbivore abundance in the plantation forest. Herbivore populations across the edge were linked by shared parasitoids in apparent competition. Consequently, an experimental reduction of herbivore density in the plantation forest changed parasitism rates in the natural forest, as predicted based on parasitoid overlap. Finally, several host and parasitoid traits were identified that can predict the degree to which host or parasitoid species will be involved in apparent competition, a finding which may have extensive application in biological control, as well as in predicting spillover edge effects. Overall, this work suggests that asymmetrical spillover between production and natural habitats occurs in relation to productivity differences, with greater movement of predators and parasitoids in the managed-to-natural forest direction. The degree to which this affected species interactions has implications for landscape design to achieve conservation objectives in production landscapes.