The studies reported in this dissertation demonstrate that low-cost hardware is capable of detecting neural responses to stimuli in the user’s focus of attention, and that these responses increase in magnitude with training. Neurofeedback is a sub-category of biofeedback that is concerned with using brain signals as the source of training data in a feedback loop. The neurofeedback training procedures in this dissertation focused on the P300 component, a time-locked event-related potential (ERP) that reflects the cognitive processes of attention and context updating. The current work provides preliminary evidence that neurofeedback based on rewarding a P300-like ERP is effective in increasing the magnitude of this response. Three main questions were examined: 1. Is the Emotiv Epoc, as an example of a low-cost consumer EEG, capable of reliably detecting the P300 component? 2. Is there a training effect whereby the P300 response gets stronger with practice? 3. To what extent is the P300 response affected by cognitive factors such as memory load and self-generation of prompts? The studies employed an open source software framework—open source tools provide a transparent, crowd-supported means of conducting research, but are often difficult to initially use and the current dissertation provides a guide within this content domain. The Emotiv Epoc headset was capable of detecting P300-like ERP in a P3 speller task. The P3 speller is a well-studied paradigm in which users spell letters using only their thoughts as input, while the system determines the letter to be spelled by analyzing the strength and timing of the ERP. Although the analyzed ERP behaved functionally like a P300, and the timing was consistent, the spatial localization of the signal was more frontally dominant than a standard P300. In the training study, 12 participants completed five P3 spelling sessions. Although an ERP training effect was observed, participant motivation and fatigue modulated this effect. In an attempt to improve motivation and increase interest in the task, a novel card game task was introduced. In this task—a variant of the card game “Concentration,” where players turn cards face-up one at a time to match pairs—the participants used an attentional mechanism to select cards. This allowed for attentional training while offering a task whereby cognitive difficulty could be manipulated. In these studies, the P300-like ERP proved itself to be robust in regards to changes in cognitive difficulty, as well as internal versus external generation of prompts. This led to confidence in the separation of underlying cognitive and attentional processes and validated the focus of the P300 ERP on the attentional process. The results indicated that ERP-specific neurofeedback is effective in increasing ERP magnitude. This dissertation does not involve any clinical populations as study participants, but the long-term potential of this research is to directly train a brain response relevant to clinical conditions. The paradigm can be implemented using low-cost hardware as opposed to research-grade instruments, which increases the likelihood of further research by the clinical community and lowers the barrier of entry for future exploration of the techniques. / Graduate / 0633 / derekja@uvic.ca

Title: The use of biofeedback in physical therapy Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to summarize the accessible literary sources mapping the area of use of biofeedback in physical therapy and forms of its use. Furthermore, it aims to make a research and evaluate the effect of biofeedback therapy of woman urinary incontinence and neurofeedback therapy with children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD syndrome). Methods: This thesis is a descriptive analysis based on a literature review. The first part includes theoretical background dealing with the description, principle of operation and the possibilities of influence the therapy using biofeedback. The next chapter focuses on different areas of use of biofeedback in physical therapy and identifies the different forms of use. Subsequent research contains a presentation of studies, their comparison and critically evaluation of the effect of therapy using biofeedback for selected diagnoses. Results: Based on 69 found studies were clearly mapped using various forms of biofeedback in physical therapy. From the research findings which involved a total of 24 studies with the corresponding criteria, it was found that the method of biofeedback has a positive effect on the treatment of urinary incontinence in women. However, compared with...