Στην εργασία αυτή μελετούνται ζητήματα που αφορούν την εφαρμογή των δικτύων αισθητήρων και του διαδικτύου των αντικειμένων σε κτίρια, με στόχο την εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας. Αρχικά, γίνεται μία επισκόπηση για τα πράσινα και τα έξυπνα κτίρια, τόσο για τα χαρακτηριστικά τους όσο και για τις τεχνικές κατασκευής τους. Η μελέτη επικεντρώνεται όμως στον τομέα της εξοικονόμησης ενέργειας παρουσιάζοντας τις πιο διαδεδομένες εμπορικές λύσεις αλλά και την πρόοδο σε επίπεδο έρευνας, παρουσιάζοντας τα αποτελέσματα από τα πιο πρόσφατα ερευνητικά προγράμματα. Στη συνέχεια, παρουσιάζεται το σύστημα και οι αυτοματισμοί που αναπτύχθηκαν προκειμένου να μπορέσουν να ελεγχθούν τα ηλεκτρομηχανολογικά συστήματα του κτιρίου. Πρώτα, αναλύεται η αρχιτεκτονική του συστήματος και των αυτοματισμών. Έπειτα, περιγράφεται η ασύρματη δικτύωση των αυτοματισμών χρησιμοποιώντας ενσωματωμένες IPv6 τεχνολογίες. Τέλος, παρουσιάζονται οι τρόποι διασύνδεσης του αυτοματισμού με την κάθε συσκευή και ο τρόπος που ελέγχονται μέσα από τις εντολές που δίνει ο χρήστης και τα σενάρια που έχει ορίσει. Τέλος, περιγράφονται οι εφαρμογές του συστήματος, τα σενάρια που εφαρμόστηκαν, οι μετρήσεις και η εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας που επετεύχθη στην κάθε περίπτωση. Η κύρια εφαρμογή που αναλύεται είναι στο εργαστήριο δικτύων αισθητήρων του τμήματος Μηχανικών Ηλεκτρονικών Υπολογιστών και Πληροφορικής στο πανεπιστήμιο της Πάτρας ενώ επίσης γίνεται αναφορά στις εφαρμογές που έγιναν στις αίθουσες ενός Γυμνασίου της Πάτρας, στο σύστημα ποτίσματος ενός θερμοκηπίου φράουλας και στο σύστημα πρόληψης βλαβών σε ηλεκτρολογικούς πίνακες στο εργοστάσιο της Αθηναϊκής Ζυθοποιίας στην Πάτρα. / In this work are studied issues relating to the application of sensor networks and the internet of things in buildings, in order to save energy. Firstly, there is an overview of green and smart buildings, both for their features and techniques for their construction. The study, however, focuses on energy saving, indicating the most common commercial solutions and progress at the research level, presenting the results of the latest research programs. Then, occurs the system and automations that developed to be able to control the electro-mechanical systems of the building. First, is analyzed the system architecture and the structure of automations. Then, is described the wireless networking of the automations using embedded IPv6 technologies. Finally, is shown how the automations are interface with each device and the way they controlled through commands given by the user and the scenarios that are designated. Finally, is described the applications of the system, the scenarios that were applied, the measurements and the energy savings that achieved in each case. The main application that is analyzed took place in the sensor networks laboratory of Computer Engineering and Informatics Department at the University of Patras. There are also references to applications that were made in the classrooms of a high school of Patras, in the irrigation system of a greenhouse with strawberries and in the early notification system to prevent damage in the electrical panels of Heineken's factory in Patras.

This paper presents the energy saving curtains, in order to make the consumers be more aware of the energy efficiency of the energy saving curtains, the paper gave related analysis and conclusions. The work was performed by using the Parasol Program, developed by Lunds University, Sweden. The Program is used for quantifying the influence of window size, glass type, textile type, wall thermal insulation and sun shading on annual energy use and indoor thermal comfort. The results which are obtained from the calculations are applicable to similar climatic and environment conditions. Calculations were performed to investigate the potential for using sunshade devices to reduce annual energy demand for cooling and heating. Different materials and dimensions of the energy saving curtain are used as variables in the analysis. The results indicated that for the current climatic conditions and other related factors, the total reduction rate of the annual energy consumption of office used buildings in Stockholm is estimated generally 20% -30% lower comparing to those buildings without energy saving curtain system. That means at least 20% of energy cost can be saved by the energy saving curtain system.

Den här rapporten har skrivits som en del av ett examensarbete på energiingenjörsprogrammet på Högskolan i Halmstad under våren 2014. Examensarbetet har genomförts i samarbete med AB Färdig Betong samt ÅF Infrastructure AB i Göteborg. Syftet med projektet är att undersöka energibesparingspotentialen hos AB Färdig Betongs produktionsanläggning på Ringön i Göteborg. Projektet har inneburit en energikartläggning av en industriell produktionsanläggning för lösbetong. Utgångspunkt för energikartläggningen har varit energiledningssystemet ISO 50001, med målsättningen att ta fram en teknisk energikartläggningsrapport i enlighet med standarden. Anläggningen har analyserats ur ett energibesparingsperspektiv. Data- och informationsinsamling samt mätningar har genomförts för att ta fram indata som beräkningsunderlag. Genom beräkningar har sedan möjliga energibesparingspotentialer och åtgärdsförslag tagits fram. Den totala energibesparingspotentialen för anläggningen innebär en besparing på 223 MWh av anläggningens totala energianvändning på 857 MWh år 2013, vilket motsvarar en minskning med omkring 26 %. Allmänna slutsatser är bland annat att all produktionsutrustning bör placeras inom klimatskalet, att all uppvärmning bör vara temperaturreglerad samt att ett mer långsiktigt energiperspektiv behövs i anläggningen. Energibesparingsmöjligheterna för anläggningen är mycket goda och investeringskostnaderna är i allmänhet låga. / This report has been written as part of a degree project at the Bachelor’s programme in energy engineering at Halmstad University in the spring of 2014. The project was made in collaboration with AB Färdig Betong and ÅF Infrastructure AB in Gothenburg. The project aims to investigate the potential energy savings of AB Färdig Betong’s production plant at Ringön in Gothenburg. The project was to make an energy audit of an industrial production plant for concrete. The starting point for the energy audit has been the ISO 50001 energy management system with the aim to develop a technical energy audit report in accordance with the standard. The plant has been analyzed from an energy perspective. Measurements, collection of data and information has been carried out to develop the input data basis. Through calculations, potential energy savings and proposals for actions were developed. Among the four largest energy saving potentials, there are two that have no investment cost at all. The total of all potentials represent a saving of 26 % of the total plant energy consumption of 857 MWh in 2013. General conclusions include that all production should be located within the building, that all heating should be temperature regulated and that a long term perspective on energy use is needed.

Energy is consumed every day at home as we perform simple tasks, such as watching television, washing dishes and heating/cooling home spaces during season of extreme weather conditions, using appliances, or turning on lights. Most often, the energy resources used in residential systems are obtained from natural gas, coal and oil. Moreover, climate change has increased awareness of a need for expendable, energy resources. As a result, carbon dioxide emissions are increasing and creating a negative effect on our environment and on our health. In fact, growing energy demands and limited natural resource might have negative impacts on our future. Therefore, saving energy is becoming an important issue in our society and it is receiving more attention from the research community. This thesis introduces a intelligent energy controller algorithm based on software agent approach that reduce the energy consumption at home for both heating and cooling spaces by considering the user’s occupancy, outdoor temperature and user’s preferences as input to the system. Thus the proposed approach takes into consideration the occupant’s preferred temperature, the occupied and unoccupied spaces, as well as the time spent in each area of the home. A Java based simulator has been implemented to simulate the algorithm for saving energy in heating and cooling systems. The results from the simulator are compared to the results of using HOT2000, which is Canada’s leading residential energy analysis and rating software developed by CanmetENERGY’s Housing, Buildings, Communities and Simulation (HBCS) group. We have calculated how much energy a home modelled will use under emulated conditions. The results showed that the implementation of the proposed energy controller algorithm can save up to 50% in energy consumption in homes dedicated to heating and cooling systems compared to the results obtained by using HOT2000.

In this study, the energy conservation potential of selected retrofitting interventions on an office building were investigated, on the basis of which some rational strategies for the improvement of building envelopes in terms of energy, environment and comfort design were proposed. Examined were various measures on envelope constructions that can be retrofitted to existing buildings. By using simulation techniques, the effectiveness of such measures in reducing energy consumption and environmental threat were also assessed. Effects of glazing types, effect of insulation and thermal mass were analyzed as energy efficient retrofit measures to the Engineering Building (MM building) situated on Middle East Technical University Campus, Ankara. The Energy-10 computer program was used for the modeling and simulation of the energy flows through the envelope to examine measures for reducing thermal load. Within this framework, the energy conservation potential of single and combined retrofitting actions was investigated. Based on results from the evaluation model, it was found that a saving of 161.20 MWh in the annual heating load could result, depending on the glazing type. The evaluation showed that thermal insulation is the most effective factor in thermal performance when placed as an exterior layer on walls. The study showed thermal mass has significant impact on increasing the duration, where highest temperatures were achieved, under passive mode. The study also revealed that applying a combination of retrofitting measures which responded to the challenges and opportunities presented by different fa&ccedil / ade orientations, a saving of 52.41% can be achieved in annual heating energy use in case study building.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται το σχεδιασμό και την κατασκευή διάταξης για τον έλεγχο κινητήρα ενός ηλεκτροκίνητου οχήματος με στόχο την εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Κύριος σκοπός της διπλωματικής αυτής εργασίας είναι η κατασκευή ηλεκτρονικών μετατροπέων ισχύος που θα μας επιτρέψουν τον έλεγχο της τάσης διέγερσης και της τάσης τυμπάνου σε μια μηχανή Συνεχούς Ρεύματος ξένης διέγερσης. Απώτερος στόχος είναι η πειραματική επιβεβαίωση της θεωρίας που αναπτύχθηκε στη διδακτορική διατριβή του Ε. Ρίκου, «Μέθοδοι Εξοικονόμησης Ενέργειας σε Ηλεκτροκίνητα Οχήματα», Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών, Τμήμα Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών, Πάτρα 2005. Αρχικά εξετάζονται οι σχέσεις που περιγράφουν τις απώλειες ισχύος που παράγονται κατά τη λειτουργία του ηλεκτροκίνητου οχήματος, καθώς και το πώς μεταβάλλονται αυτές συναρτήσει δύο μεγεθών: του λόγου μετάδοσης του κιβωτίου ταχυτήτων λ και της μαγνητικής ροής στον κινητήρα CΦ. Όπως αναφέρθηκε, ο κινητήρας με τον οποίο γίνεται η μελέτη είναι κινητήρας συνεχούς ρεύματος, τα αποτελέσματα όμως μπορούν να επεκταθούν και για άλλα είδη κινητήρα, όπως σε τριφασικό ασύγχρονο τροφοδοτούμενο από αντιστροφέα τάσης ελεγχόμενο μέσω της μεθόδου του διανυσματικού ελέγχου. Στη συνέχεια προσδιορίζεται νόμος ελέγχου της μαγνητικής ροής και του λόγου μετάδοσης στο κιβώτιο έτσι ώστε να πετυχαίνουμε τη μέγιστη δυνατή εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας. Οι βέλτιστες τιμές της μαγνητικής ροής και του λόγου μετάδοσης στο κιβώτιο είναι συναρτήσεις της ταχύτητας του οχήματος και της δύναμης που αυτό δέχεται. Το επόμενο βήμα είναι η επιβεβαίωση της θεωρητικής μελέτης μέσω προσομοίωσης, η οποία γίνεται σε περιβάλλον Matlab/Simulink. Τέλος, μελετάται και κατασκευάζεται στο εργαστήριο η πειραματική διάταξη, με τη χρήση της οποίας διεξάγονται μετρήσεις για την επιβεβαίωση και αξιολόγηση της θεωρητικής μελέτης. / This degree thesis the design discourse the analysis and manufacture of a device for controlling an electric vehicle motor in order to save energy. The work was conducted in the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Patras. The main purpose of this work is the construction of power electronic converters that will allow us to control the excitation voltage and the armature voltage of a separate excitation Direct Current Machine. The ultimate goal is the experimental confirmation of the theory developed in the doctoral thesis of E. Ricos, “Methods of Energy Saving in Electric Vehicles”, University of Patras, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Patras 2005. Initially, we consider the relations describing the power losses generated during the operation of an electric vehicle, and how they vary according to two sizes: the gear ratio λ, and the magnetic flux CΦ of the motor. As mentioned, the engine of making this study is a DC motor, but the results can be extended to other types of motors such as asynchronous three-phase voltage supplied from inverter controlled by the method of vector control. Then, we determine control laws for the magnetic flux and the transmission ratio in the gearbox so that we achieve maximum energy savings. The best values of magnetic flux and the transmission ratio in the box are expected to be functions of the vehicle speed and the force under which the vehicle is subjected. The next step is to confirm the theory by computer simulation, which takes place in an environment of Matlab/Simulink environment. Finally, the design and manufacturing of the laboratory experimental set-up is being studied, in order to carry out the measurements required to confirm and evaluate the theory.

This paper discusses the average energy savings of various smart devices in connection with their average price. By calculating the devices' payback times, a ranking of the tools can be given. The whole study focuses on the average household within the EU-28 in terms of climate as well as in terms of user behaviour. The purpose of the research was to provide a win-win situation for users' wallets and the environment by showing the device which suits both players best. As a result of the research, it was found that the greatest reduction in energy consumption can be reached by an interaction of the smart device and the inhabitants of a smart home. By giving users feedback on their energy consumption through smart meters, average savings of 7.5% are reached. As a smart meter is available for about Euro 80, it has a payback time of only 4.24 months.

abstract: With the rapid rise of distributed generation, Internet of Things, and mobile Internet, both U.S. and European smart home manufacturers have developed energy management solutions for individual usage. These applications help people manage their energy consumption more efficiently. Domestic manufacturers have also launched similar products. This paper focuses on the factors influencing Energy Management Behaviour (EMB) at the individual level. By reviewing academic literature, conducting surveys in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, the author builds an integrated behavioural energy management model of the Chinese energy consumers. This paper takes the vague term of EMB and redefines it as a function of two separate behavioural concepts: Energy Management Intention (EMI), and the traditional Energy Saving Intention (ESI). Secondly, the author conducts statistical analyses on these two behavioural concepts. EMI is the main driver behind an individual’s EMB. EMI is affected by Behavioural Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC). Among these three key factors, PBC exerts the strongest influence. This implies that the promotion of the energy management concept is mainly driven by good application user experience (UX). The traditional ESI also demonstrates positive influence on EMB, but its impact is weaker than the impacts arising under EMI’s three factors. In other words, the government and manufacturers may not be able to change an individual's energy management behaviour if they rely solely on their traditional promotion strategies. In addition, the study finds that the government may achieve better promotional results by launching subsidies to the manufacturers of these kinds of applications and smart appliances. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2016

En France, les études sur les déterminants des investissements économiseurs d’énergie dans le résidentiel sont encore relativement rares même si ce secteur représente un gisement important d’économies d’énergie.Dans cette thèse, l’objectif est d’isoler les déterminants de l’investissement en efficacité énergétique dans le secteur résidentiel afin de fournir des recommandations de politiques publiques. Nous souhaitons étudier l’effet des politiques actuelles mais aussi potentielles qui visent à stimuler l’adoption d’équipements économiseurs d’énergie. Cette thèse est divisée en quatre chapitres. Dans un premier chapitre, l’objectif principal est d’analyser les dépenses en rénovation des ménages en faisant une distinction entre les travaux en efficacité énergétiques (d’isolation et de remplacement deséquipements) et les travaux en réparation en utilisant une approche économétrique. Dans un deuxième chapitre, nous cherchons à comprendre la décision d’investir en efficacité énergétique lorsqu’il existe des incitations divergentes (cas du propriétaire / locataire). Dans un troisième chapitre, nous étudions la décision d’investir dans des équipements économiseurs d’énergie dans un équilibre général en tenant compte de l’irréversibilité et de l’incertitude sur les prix de l’énergie et sur le rendement du revenu. Finalement, le quatrième chapitre évalue, à l’aide d’un modèle de simulation, l’effet des politiques publiques sur la décision d’investir. Nous modélisons la consommation d’énergie et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, la décision d’investir dans des rénovations en efficacité énergétique et la dynamique du parc de logements. / In France, studies on energy-saving investments for residential buildings are still relatively rare even if this sector exhibits a high potential for energy-savings. In this PhD dissertation, the aim is to isolate the determinants of energy efficient investments in the residential sector in France in order to provide some policy recommendations. We also want to study the effect of current and potential public policies designed to trigger retrofit investments.The dissertation consists in four chapters. In the first essay, our main objective is to analyze household’s expenditures in renovation works by distinguishing energy efficiency works (insulation works and equipment replacement works) and reparation works using an econometric approach. In the second essay, we seek to understand the home renovation decision of households in a theoretical model in which there exist split incentives (landlord/tenant case). In the third essay, we study the decision to invest in energy efficiency by taking into account irreversibility and uncertainties on energy prices and on income return in a general equilibrium framework. Finally, the fourth essay assesses the effect of public policy on the decision to invest using an empirical approach.We model energy consumption and GHG emissions, the decision to invest in energy-saving renovations and the dynamics of the housing stock.

Na escala evolutiva dos processos de polpação de alto rendimento (PAR), a mais recente promessa é a biopolpação, ou seja, o pré-tratamento microbiológico do cavaco de madeira utilizado na polpação. Esse pré-tratamento tem o potencial de reduzir o consumo de energia necessária ao refino em até 38%, e ainda, ou consequentemente, melhorar importantes propriedades mecânicas deficientes nas PAR, como rasgo, estouro, e tração. Enorme atenção foi dispensada ao assunto nos últimos 20 anos com importantes avanços na compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos, e ainda, com a condução de testes em escala piloto (50 ton de cavacos) por inoculação direta do fungo. Entretanto, esses testes foram conduzidos e se mostraram eficazes num clima temperado, com madeira típica da América do Norte. O presente trabalho detalha o desenvolvimento, implantação e operação de uma planta piloto para biotratamento de cavacos (inoculação e incubação) de Eucalyptus grandis, usados num processo de escala industrial de polpação termimecânica (TMP) e quimiotermomecânico (CTMP). Também estão detalhados nessa tese os esforços para se alcançar a eficácia desejada desse biotratamento. Vários testes em diferentes escalas - incluindo 40-50 ton - foram conduzidos em diferentes épocas do ano, sob as condições normalmente encontradas nos pátios de cavacos da indústria de celulose. Diferentes fungos (Ceriporiopsis subvermispora e Phanerochaete chrysosporium) e sistemas de inoculação (inoculação por aspersão e inoculação por semente) foram testados, e o escalonamento de um processo anteriormente factível apenas em nível laboratorial foi desenvolvido. Os resultados mostram que os sistemas de inoculação de C. subvermispora por aspersão com micélio suspenso em água e um auxiliar de crescimento foram sujeitos à contaminação dos cultivos por bolores primários, de ocorrência natural no ambiente de pátios de cavacos de indústrias de celulose. Por outro lado, o sistema de inoculação com cavacos pré-cultivados (inoculação por semente) mostrou-se eficaz na escala piloto, pois não esteve sujeito a ocorrência de contaminantes durante a incubação dos cavacos. Esse sistema de inoculação gerou resultados condizentes com a literatura em termos de economia de energia de refino que foram de 18% e 27% nos processos TMP e CTMP, respectivamente. No caso da inoculação por aspersão com P. chrysosporium, os cultivos não apresentaram contaminação por bolores primários, provavelmente devido à temperatura de incubação que nesse caso foi de 38 oC. Nesse experimento foi possível reduzir o consumo de energia em 18,5% no processo CTMP. Uma avaliação da viabilidade financeira do processo é apresentada e simulações de benefícios econômicos foram feitas para diferentes cenários de custo de energia elétrica e níveis de redução no consumo de energia. As simulações mostraram que benefícios econômicos da ordem de R$10/ton de polpa produzida podem ser obtidos para uma redução no consumo de energia da ordem de 20% advinda do biotratamento. Embora esperados, ganhos de propriedades mecânicas das biopolpas quando comparadas às polpas convencionais não foram observados, fato que limitou a extensão da análise econômica de considerar um processo integrado com máquina de papel na substituição de polpa kraft por polpas bio-CTMP ou bio-TMP. / In the evolution of the high yield pulping processes (HYP) biopulping have been considered the latest promise. Biopulping, defined as the microbiological pretreatment of wood chips prior to the pulping process, have the potential to reduce the refining energy consumption in 38%. Besides this benefit, or consequently, it can also enhance important mechanical properties usually poor in HYP pulps like tear, burst and tensile strength. Considerable efforts have been deposited in this issue during the last 20 years with important advances on understanding the involved mechanisms. Between these efforts trials were conducted in a pilot scale (50 ton of wood chips) by the direct spraying of the fungus. However such successful tests were conducted in a region of temperate climate, with a wood typically found in North America. The present work details the development, installation and operation of a pilot plant to biotreat (inoculation and incubation) Eucalyptus grandis wood chips used in an industrial thermomechanical (TMP) and chemithermomechanical (CTMP) mill. The efforts spent to reach the desired efficacy of this biotreatment are also presented. Several trials with different scales - including 40-50 ton trials - were conducted in different seasons, under the conditions normally found in woodyards of a tropical pulp mill. Different fungi (Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Phanerochaete chrysosporium) and different inoculation systems (by direct spraying and by seed introduction) were tested, and one of them developed at the first time in this pilot scale. The results show that when C. subvermispora was used with the direct spraying systems of the mycelium suspended in water with corn steep liquor the pile was strongly contaminated by primary molds of natural occurrence at an industrial woodyard tropical environment. On the other hand, the inoculation using pre-cultivated wood chips (seed system) was successfully conducted in pilot scale since it does not showed expressive contamination during the incubation period. The refining of the wood chips prepared by seed inoculation resulted in energy savings of 18% and 27% for the TMP and CTMP processes, respectively. By using the P. chrysosporium the pile was not contaminated by primary molds either, probably due to the higher incubation temperature, around 38 oC. The CTMP processing of the wood chips incubated in this experiment refining energy saving of 18.5% was observed. An economic evaluation of the biopulping process is presented and saving of R$10/ton was simulated for a 20% reduction in refining energy saving. The enhancement of the mechanical properties of the biopulp compared to the reference was not observed, regardless being expected. This fact limited the extension of the economical simulation, since the replacement of kraft pulp by bio-TMP or bio-CTMP is usually considered in an integrated paper mill.