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<p> The estrogen receptor (ER) plays an integral role in the proliferation of hormone dependent breast cancer. Recently a number of organometallic compounds and closocarboranes, which demonstrate affinity for the estrogen receptor, were prepared as novel types of anti-estrogens. This thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of a new class ofinorganic anti-estrogens derived from Re-metallocarboranes. </p> <p> Chapter 2 describes the first series of targets which include three monoarylated Re-metallocarboranes. Two different synthetic routes were used to complex the [Re(C0)3t core to carborane ligands, one of which involves microwave irradiation of a one pot mixture that produces the desired complexes in almost complete conversion ratios. One compound, 2.10, contains a single phenol substituents, which is predicted to show ER binding affinity based on previous reports ofthe closo-carborane analogue. </p> <p> Chapter 3 describes the synthesis and characterization of diarylated Remetallocarboranes. Two of the compounds, 3.7 and 3.8, are expected to show high binding affinity for the ER because they are inorganic analogues of the well known antiestrogen Tamoxifen. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

4 Abstract Estrogens are considered to belong to chemicals that negatively affect the endocrine system, even if present at very low concentrations. They are discharged into environment as a result of an increasing application of drugs etc. This work is focused on the separation and quantification of five estrogens, namely estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (βE2), 17α-estradiol (αE2), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and estriol (E3) in natural water samples by HPLC-UV method. The chromatographic system consisted of a C18 stationary phase (SunFire® C18, 150 x 4.6 mm, octadecyl bounded to silica gel, particle size 5 µm) and binary mobile phase of acetonitrile/water in various ratios in isocratic separation mode. The effect of acetonitrile content in the mobile phase and flow rate of the mobile phase on retention and separation parameters was tested. Under the optimized separation conditions (acetonitrile/water 40/60 (v/v), 1.3 ml/min), all the compounds were baseline resolved and eluted within 15 min. These experimental conditions were applied to the calibration measurements which were carried out within the concentration range from 0.001 to 1 mg/ml. Limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for the individual estrogens and their mixture (standards dissolved in methanol) were determinated. The detection...

Le cancer de la prostate (CaP) est le cancer le plus fréquent chez l'homme et représente la deuxième cause de mortalité par cancer. Cette pathologie est sensible aux androgènes des stades localisés aux stades métastatiques. Après le traitement des formes avancés de ce cIl est admit aujourd'hui que les androgènes seuls ne sont pas suffisants pour déclencher le cancer de la prostate. En effet, le rôle des œstrogènes dans la carcinogenèse prostatique est suggéré par plusieurs études. L'activation de la voie de signalisation Hedgehog (Hh) joue un rôle important dans le développement de plusieurs cancers, y compris le CaP. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes qui régulent l'activation de cette voie dans le CaP est nécessaire afin de définir de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques plus efficaces.Dans ce travail, nous mettons en évidence l'interaction entre la voie Hh et les hormones stéroïdiennes dans les cellules prostatiques. Nous avons observé : i) une activation de la voie Hh par l'œstrogène (sulfate d'œstrone (SE1)), atténuée par l'anti-œstrogène (ICI) et par l'inhibiteur de la voie Hh (KAAD-cyclopamine), ii) une régulation négative de la voie Hh par l'androgène (dihydrotestostérone (DHT)) et l'œstrogène (17β-œstradiol (E2)). Nous avons démontré que l'inhibition de la voie Hh induite par DHT et E2 est dépendante des récepteurs des androgènes (RA). Cependant, l'effet de SE1 sur la voie Hh pourrait être dépendante des récepteurs des œstrogènes (ER). Enfin, nous avons observé une inhibition de l'activité des RA par KAAD-cyclopamine. Les dérivés de cyclopamine pourraient donc représenter une nouvelle classe d'agents thérapeutiques ciblant le RA dans le cancer de la prostate. Une meilleure caractérisation des cibles potentielles de ces molécules semble être intéressante. / Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent male malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer-related death in men. This cancer is androgen sensitive in its development and progression to metastatic disease. Despite this, increasing evidence suggest that androgens alone are not able to induce PCa and estrogen signaling has a key role in prostate cancer progression. Hedgehog (Hh) pathway activation is important in the growth and development of various carcinomas including PCa. A better understanding of Hh pathway regulating mechanisms in PCa is important in order to identify new therapeutic strategies for this pathology. In this study we investigate the interaction between Hh pathway and steroid hormones in prostate cells. We showed: i) Hh pathway activation by the estrogen (estrone sulfate E1S), attenuated by the anti-estrogen (ICI) and by the Hh pathway inhibitor (KAAD-cyclopamine) ii) Hh pathway negative regulation by the androgen (dihydrotestostérone (DHT)) and the estrogen (17β-estradiol (E2)). Moreover, we showed that Hh pathway inhibition is androgen receptor (AR) dependent. However, E1S effect on this pathway might be estrogen receptor (ER) dependent. Finally, our results suggest that targeting AR signaling by cyclopamine derivatives could be promising therapeutic alternative in prostate cancer, which needs a further investigation.

O letrozol é usado como terapêutico em desordens reprodutivas provocadas pelos altos níveis de estrógenos. A enzima citocromo P450 aromatase biossintetiza estrógenos a partir dos andrógenos em tecidos com capacidade esteroidogênica, como o cérebro, testículo e ovário. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar se o letrozol afeta o desenvolvimento das principais vias de controle reprodutivo de preás machos e fêmeas. Para tanto, consideramos o ganho de peso corporal, do testículo, do ovário e do cérebro, a progressão morfológica da espermatogênese e da foliculogênese, bem como a atividade enzimática da citocromo P450 aromatase nesses tecidos, comparado-os entre os grupos experimentais de machos e fêmeas. Os preás receberam 0,01 g/kg-1 de letrozol diluído, via oral, semanalmente, até as idades de 30, 45, 90 e 120 dias. O letrozol aumentou o ganho de peso corporal, das gônadas e do cérebro. Também, prejudicou a formação do epitélio germinativo testicular e estratificou o epitélio de revestimento do ovário. Ainda, o inibidor pode alterar os campos neurais relacionados às zonas de aromatização. E alterou os sítios de atuação da aromatase nas gônadas. Concluímos que o uso prolongado do letrozol pode ocasionar efeito anabólico, infertilidade de machos, induzir a displasia ovariana em fêmeas e alterar os sítios de atuação da aromatase. / Letrozole is used as a therapeutic in reproductive disorders caused by high estrogen levels. The enzyme cytochrome P450 aromatase biosynthesizes estrogens from androgens on tissues with steroidogenic capacity such as brain, testis and ovary. The objective of our study was to evaluate whether letrozole affects the development of the main reproductive control pathway of male and female spixs yellow-toothed cavy. For this, we considered body weight, testis, ovary and brain gain, spermatogenesis and folliculogenesis, as well as the enzymatic activity of cytochrome P450 aromatase in these tissues compared to experimental groups of males and females. The cavies received dilute letrozole orally (0,01 g/kg-1), once a week, until 30, 45, 90 and 120 days. Letrozole increased body weight, gonad and brain gain. Also, it impaired the formation of the testicular germinal epithelium and epithelium of ovary. Furthermore, the inhibitor may alter the neural fields related to the aromatization zones and changed the sites of aromatase in the gonads. We concluded that prolonged use of letrozole may result in an anabolic effect, male infertility, induce ovarian dysplasia in females, and alter the sites of aromatase activity.

O rio Itapecuru foi investigado quanto a sua atividade estrogênica por meio das técnicas de ecotoxicologia aquática e de cromatografia líquida. No município de Bacabeira, amostras de água do rio Itapecuru foram coletadas no ponto de captação do sistema de abastecimento público de água que atende cerca da metade da população de São Luís, capital do Maranhão. Elas foram utilizadas na realização de ensaios ecotoxicológicos crônicos de 21 dias com Danio rerio e Oreochromis niloticus. A VTG nestes organismos-teste foi quantificada por meio do ensaio imunoenzimático ELISA, cujos resultados indicaram a indução de VTG em machos de ambas as espécies. Portanto, a água do rio Itapecuru continha substâncias em concentração suficiente para causar alterações endócrinas no sistema sexual reprodutivo de Danio rerio e de Oreochromis niloticus. Para investigação da ocorrência de 17 &beta;-estradiol (E2) e 17 &alpha;-etinilestradiol (EE2), foi desenvolvido um método analítico que utilizou a extração em fase sólida seguida da análise cromatográfica líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a um detector de fluorescência. O método foi validado e demonstrou-se ser seletivo, preciso (E2 = 3,08% e EE2 = 2,26%), exato (E2 = 78,05% e EE2 = 92,26%) e com recuperação adequada (E2 = 99,24% e EE2 = 99,71%). Apresentou também LD de 6,96 e 20,78 ng.L-1 e LQ de 10,36 e 29,33 ng.L-1, respectivamente para E2 e EE2. A robustez, avaliada por meio do teste de Youden, mostrou os pontos robustos e os críticos do método de análise. Nas amostras de água do rio Itapecuru coletadas posteriormente aos testes ecotoxicológicos, encontrou-se EE2, sendo 13,48 ng.L-1 em uma e abaixo do LQ na outra. O estrógeno E2 não foi encontrado em quaisquer das amostras. / The Itapecuru river (Maranhão, Brazil) was investigated regarding its estrogenic activity by means of aquatic ecotoxicology and liquid chromatography. At Bacabeira, water samples were collected at the river Itapecuru uptake point of the public water supply system that serves about half the population of Sao Luis, Brazil. Using them, we performed 21 days chronic ecotoxicological tests using Danio rerio and Oreochromis niloticus. In these test organisms, VTG was quantified by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA, whose results indicated the induction of VTG in males of both species. Therefore, the Itapecuru river water had substances in concentration sufficient to cause endocrine disruption in the reproductive system of Danio rerio and Oreochromis niloticus. To investigate the occurrence of 17&beta;-estradiol (E2) and 17&alpha;-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in that same river, we developed an analytical method using solid phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorescence detector. The method was validated and shown to be selective, precise (E2 = 3.08% and EE2 = 2.26%), exact (E2 = 78.05% and EE2 = 92.26%) and with suitable recovery (E2 = 99.24% and EE2 = 99.71%). LOD of 6.96 and 20.78 ng.L-1 and LOQ of 10.36 and 29.33 ng.L-1 were found, respectively to E2 and EE2. The robustness was assessed by Youden test and highlighted the robust and the critical points of the chromatographic method. In two of the water samples analyzed from Itapecuru River, EE2 was found, one of it with 13.48 ng.L-1 and the another below the LOQ. E2 was not detected in any of the samples.

Os efeitos vasculares da associação de estrogênios e testosterona, utilizada para tratamento do distúrbio de desejo sexual hipoativo na pós-menopausa ainda não estão elucidados. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as respostas vasculares ao tratamento de ratas espontaneamente hipertensas ovariectomizadas (SHR-OVX) com o conjugado estrogênio equino (CEE) associado ou não a cipionato de testosterona (CEE+T). O tratamento de SHR-OVX com CEE promove melhora da função endotelial na aorta por mecanismos que envolvem a redução da geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e aumento da expressão proteica de enzimas antioxidantes. O tratamento com CEE+T inibe os efeitos vasculoprotetores do CEE sobre o endotélio, aumentando a geração de EROs e diminuindo a expressão da enzima óxido nítrico sintase. A maior geração de EROs na aorta do grupo CEE+T parece depender da ativação de receptores AT1 de angiotensina II, da maior ação de fator inflamatório o 20-HETE e da ativação da enzima NADPH oxidase. / The vascular effects of estrogens and testosterone association, used for hypoactive sexual desire disorder treatment in postmenopausal women, have not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the vascular effects of female ovariectomized (OVX) SHR treatment with conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) associated or not with testosterone cypionate (CEE+T). Our data shows that treatment of OVX-SHR with CEE improved endothelial function reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and increasing some antioxidant cellular mechanisms. Treatment with CEE+T blunted the vascular effects of CEE, increasing ROS generation and reducing eNOS expression. The increased ROS in CEE+T rats aorta seems to involve in angiotensin II-AT1 activation, 20-HETE action and NADPH oxidase activation.