Bakgrund: Patienter som har genomgått kirurgi i tarmen har ofta svårt att komma igång att äta den första postoperativa tiden, trots att tarmfunktionen har återkommit. Ett malnutritionstillstånd med negativ påverkan för kroppen att motstå sjukdom och komplikationer kan uppstå och leda till fördröjd återhämtning och förlängd vårdtid. Det finns sparsamt med studier av patienters perspektiv på sin egen nutrition vid inneliggande vård på sjukhus och här har en kunskapslucka uppmärksammats. Syfte: Syftet var att utforska hur måltidssituationen genomfördes på två kirurgiska vårdavdelningar för patienter som genomgått ett tarmkirurgiskt ingrepp, med specifikt fokus på patientens perspektiv, samt att belysa de hinder och möjligheter som fanns för patienterna till att påverka sitt näringsintag. Metod: Fokuserad etnografisk observationsstudie med efterföljande intervjuer. Etnografisk dataanalys med öppen kodning av handlingsmönster som växte fram till kategorier. Resultat: Patienterna hade en god medvetenhet om sitt sjukdomstillstånd och vad som krävdes för deras tillfrisknande. De hade förståelse för betydelsen av ett gott näringsintag och därmed utfördes också egenvårdshandlingar för att tillgodose dessa behov. De hinder som resultatet visade har indelats i kategorierna kunskapsbrist, fysiska hinder, yttre omständigheter samt personliga förutsättningar. Slutsats: Patienternas personliga förutsättningar behöver tas till vara mer genom en fördjupad dialog mellan patient och sjuksköterska. Utökad patientinformation och patientdelaktighet ses som möjligheter till att förbättra patienternas näringsintag under vårdtiden. Däremot finns yttre omständigheter som inte kan påverkas av sjuksköterskan, som de täta måltiderna, och dessa behöver lyftas i verksamheterna. Den övergripande miljön och rutiner vid måltider kan förbättras med fokus på estetik och platsen för måltiden. / Background: Patients who have undergone intestinal surgery often have difficulties starting to eat during the first postoperative days, despite the fact that the bowel function has returned. As a result, the threat of malnutrition, and its negative effect on the body to resist illness can create complications which may result in delayed recovery and consequently longer stay in hospital. There are sparse studies of patients’ perspectives on their own nutrition in hospital care and a knowledge gap has been noted. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore how mealtime situations were performed in two surgical wards for patients having intestinal surgery, with a specific focus on the patient's perspective, and to identify barriers and opportunities affecting the patients nutritional intake. Method: A focused ethnography observation study with following interviews. Ethnographic data analysis with open coding of patterns of action which developed into categories was used. Result: The patients showed a high awareness about their state of illness and what was needed for their recovery. They understood the importance of a good nutritional intake and therefore self-care actions were performed to satisfy those needs. The obstacles that were shown in the results have been divided into the categories lack of knowledge, physical obstacles, external circumstances and personal conditions. Conclusion: The patients´personal conditions needs to be taken into consideration through a deepened dialogue between the patient and the nurse. Extended patient information and patient participation are seen as opportunities to improve the patients´ nutritional intake during the hospital stay. There are external circumstances that can not be influenced by the nurse, for example the close mealtimes, which needs to be lifted in the hospital organization. The overall environment and hospital routines concerning mealtimes can be improved, focusing on esthetics and the place for the meal intake.

Robert Louis Stevenson s The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) is the starting point for my practice-led research project. Stevenson's Victorian novella enables me to identify core themes which are pertinent to a discussion of the construction of contemporary identities in Korean youth culture. These identities are exemplified in the creation of avatars the virtual characters of animated online games such as massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). My animation practice is developed by addressing how Jekyll and Hyde provides useful critical and creative tools, such as gothic imagery and detective thrillers, for looking at the double . This concept is used to investigate the case of a young Korean boy, addicted to online gaming, who committed violent acts. My animated drama-documentary draws on research into the real and virtual Korean worlds and employs a visual ethnographic methodology to test my research question: in what ways can the construction of 'identity' (based on concepts drawn from 'Jekyll and Hyde') be identified in contemporary 'virtual' media (i.e. 'MMORPGs'/the 'animated' documentary), and how does this facilitate an address of the specific case of 'Korea' and 'Korean-ness'? The thesis is structured into five chapters: The Idea of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Theorising Identities in a Korean Context, Theorising Visual Ethnography, Theorising Animated Drama-Documentary, and A Film Practice as Animated Drama-Documentary in Visual Ethnography. Evidence of the research process and findings is located in a series of appendices. Theories about the construction of identity are discussed from three different perspectives: sociology, psychoanalysis and bio-culturalism. In my film practice, I look for the connection between the anxious self and Korean social issues, such as modernisation and the 1997 IMF economic crisis, to account for Korean youth s identity formation through online gaming. My research shows that many South Korean MMORPG users construct identity within contemporary virtual media and that this contributes to a very complex Korean-ness amongst Korean youth. Online gaming has both positive and negative consequences. Immersion in the virtual world can lead to addiction and to the violence which is at the core of my film narrative. It can also result in close online friendships, offering kinship not available in many broken families, or families inhibited in their communication by social roles and expectations, or the effect of economic failure and loss. My practice criticises young Korean people's narrow and limited social environment and proves that they desire liberal expression and decision-making for themselves, which can be experienced through the embodiment of animated avatars in MMORPGs. Hence, the online Hyde , though assumed to be a negative or destructive force, is actually a vehicle for varied and numerous social identities for youth culture preferable to those available in real Korean society. The research mounts a critique of the meaning of the online Hyde , not as a misrepresentative and negative representation of Korean-ness, but as a revelation of its contemporary meaning which can be articulated though animation, a tool which has applications within visual ethnography.

When the Swedish National IT Strategy for Health and Social Care was introduced in 2006, intensive work started in implementing Information Systems (IS) in Swedish healthcare organizations. To follow up on the requests for more research with a combined socio-technical focus on challenges, the overall aim of this thesis was to identify social challenges when implementing IS in a Swedish healthcare organization. Furthermore, the aim was to understand the impact of identified social challenges when implementing IS in this context by putting them in an interdisciplinary Applied Health Technology theoretical framework. Institutional ethnography and phenomenological hermeneutics influenced the study design. Study 1 aimed to investigate different meanings of accessibility when implementing Health Information Technology in everyday work practice. The results indicate that accessibility depends on working routines, social structures and patient relationship. When an IT strategy and interaction in everyday work use the same word in different ways there will be consequences. Study 2 sets out to describe experience-based reflections on discharge planning as narrated by nursing staff in primary healthcare, along with their concerns about how the introduction of video conferencing might influence the discharge planning situation. It was found that there is a need for improvement in communication and understanding between nursing staff at the hospital and in primary healthcare. The aim of study 3 was to explore social challenges when implementing IS in everyday work in a nursing context. Power (changing the existing hierarchy, alienation), Professional identity (calling on hold, expert becomes novice, changed routines), and Encounter (ignorant introductions, preconceived notions) were categories presented in the findings. The aim of study 4 was to explore and obtain a deeper understanding of how identified social challenges have an influence on the implementation process of IS, based on healthcare staff’s experiences on micro, meso and macro levels of Swedish Healthcare organizations. It was found that the challenges were related to the steps of putting into practice, making IS a part of everyday work routine and establishing an identity in the implementation process. In the thesis’s discussion, social challenges when implementing IS in Swedish healthcare organizations and how they might be met and dealt with constructively are further reflected upon in relation to the interdisciplinary theoretical framework and as possible consequences of the modernity-era. This thesis contributes to the starting up of a discussion of how ingrained professional characteristics are important to feel secure of being part of an established profession. If the characteristics are questioned, the whole professional performance is threatened. One consequence of this insight is the reinforcement of the realization that a basic understanding of IS and IS implementation processes in healthcare organizations needs to be integrated in to the construction of professional identity of nurses already from the start in nursing education.

The general intention of recent Swedish legislation concerning adults with intellectual disabilities has been to provide care and support for this group in small settings in the community. It has been shown that adults with intellectual disabilities are better equipped to exert influence over their own care and support when living in group homes in the community and other forms of independent living as opposed to large institutional settings. Recent research on this group has to a great extent concerned the study of how life is in small group homes for this group and has highlighted obstacles preventing them from participating in society. Previous research has indicated that living in institutional settings makes it difficult for them to exert influence on their lives. A small number of large institutional care settings still exist, however, in Sweden and there is a dearth of research that focuses on how adults with intellectual disabilities experience everyday life in such settings. In addition, little research has been carried out on the role of the care workers who work in such settings. The aim of this research has thus been to describe the experiences of adults with intellectual disabilities and care workers of living and working in an institutional care setting in Sweden.   An ethnographic approach including participant observation and in-depth interviews was used to gain a deeper understanding of how adults with intellectual disabilities and staff experience their everyday life in an institutional care setting. The result showed that the residents experienced;  I) a sense of belonging, which was connected to having access to a private sphere and being part of social togetherness;  II) a feeling of insecurity in relation to other residents and care workers;  III) a longing for independence and a desire to get away. The study of the staff revealed three main themes that represent their approach; I) creating a family-like atmosphere; II) making the everyday life ordered and structured; III) being exposed to stress factors.   The results revealed the importance of paying close attention to what adults with intellectual disabilities and their care workers have to say about their everyday lives when living and working in an institutional care setting. It may be concluded that adults living in an institutional care setting experience their everyday lives in existential terms such as belonging, insecurity and longing. For caring science and in caring practices of people with intellectual disabilities, it is not satisfactory that residents experience such an insecure existence in a care setting. In order to provide individual care and support, staff need to be more open and vigilant as to the residents’ vulnerability and be able to guide them in matters  concerning emotional aspects. It was seen that care workers in their everyday work with residents in an institutional care setting used experiences from their personal lives in situations where they lacked formal care training. Such experiences may have helped to create meaningfulness but at the same time risked preserving inequality and gender stereotyping. In order to avoid these risks care workers should receive clear directives from the management about the care objectives, and guidelines about how best to care for adults with intellectual disabilities and offer them individualized care. Furthermore, it also became evident that care workers need additional support, training and opportunities for reflection to cope with their complex work situation. The results of this research can contribute to a greater insight and deeper knowledge of what adults with intellectual disabilities experience in an institutional care setting in the 2000’s , enabling the staff and management to further enhance the well-being for this group of individuals. The findings can provide feedback to staff, managers and researchers working in the intellectual disabilities field.   Keywords: adults with intellectual disabilities, care, care workers, ethnography, institutional care setting, Sweden

By exploring how my/a tattooed body functions as becoming through the concept of bodies without organs (BwO), this work pushes the edges of qualitative inquiry. Following St. Pierre’s call to deconstruct the concepts on which qualitative research is built, this inquiry troubles the I/we of authorship and linear meaning making as it examines the tattooed body functioning as becoming a BwO. The nodal ethnography is a Deleuzo-Guattarian-based methodological inquiry in which interruptions and layers of narrative are used to create spaces for conversation between my multinodes. The tattoos on my semipermeable corporeal flesh tell multilayered stories that are constantly moving and shifting, and I (re)make meaning of these stories within, amongst, and between the nodes that constitute this disorganized body while approaching the limits of a BwO, always in progress, becoming. There is no beginning or end, only a middle, made up of lines that can be read in any order, as linearity does not live here. The Laminar Express iPhone/iPad photography application allowed for the layering of images, text, and color to rupture and even to distort the lines of ink on my body as a plane of representation adds yet another collaborative space to have dialogue(s); thus offering endless possibilities for the nodes of my ethnography to be (re)connected and (re)produced. My tattooed body evokes response from my multiselves as well as from others; ergo, I invite the reader to become a co-collaborator of this nodal ethnography, and to take lines of flight with/in this experimental space of what may appear when tattoos/images/multinodes/selves and storied lines of inked/textured text collide with Deleuzo-Guattarian theory in exploring my tattooed skin as becoming a BwO.

Les trois millions immigrés afghans en Iran vivent temporairement ou non, légalement ou clandestinement, en situation d’isolement, de groupe, de famille et dans des zones permises. Ce problème migratoire nous amène à nous poser les questions suivantes: 1.Quels sont ces facteurs attractifs en Iran qui provoquent donc l’un des plus grands mouvements migratoires contemporains, malgré des difficultés du voyage et des restrictions existantes sur la terre d’accueil? 2.A quels changements aspirent-t-ils dans leur déplacement ? Comment parviennent-ils à réaliser leurs rêves? 3.Et quelles étapes concrètes et mentales ont-ils traversées pour réaliser leur but ? C’est pour répondre à toutes ces questions que nous avons mené une enquête anthropologique à la suite d’une étude ethnographique pour ensuite en tirer des conclusions. Le premier volet de cette enquête concerne les quatre histoires de vie dont une intégrale. Ainsi, cette partie descriptive va porter sur la migration des Afghans. La deuxième partie va traiter du mode de vie matérielle, au travers de cinq chapitres : L’espace de vie, De l'hygiène corporelle au bien-être psychologique, L’alimentation, L’habillement, L’emploi. Et une troisième partie qui au travers de quatre chapitres va couvrir les liens socio-culturels de cette population : La langue, l’identité et la hiérarchie sociale, Les relations de parenté, Faire des études, Les activités du temps libre. En effet, ces deux parties, vont porter sur les deux volets principaux de la vie de toute immigration où qu’elle ait lieu : à savoir d’une part, les problèmes de « survie » et d’autre part, les aspects relationnels et communicationnels de la « vie ». / Afghan immigrants in Iran represent about 4 % of the population, live temporarily or not, legally or illegally, in isolation, group, family and allowable and more urban than rural areas.This migration problem leads us to ask the following questions:1. What are these pull factors in Iran thus cause one of the biggest contemporary migratory movements, despite the difficulties of travel and existing restrictions on home soil?2. What changes do they aspire in their movement? How do they manage to achieve their dreams?3. And what concrete steps have mental and they crossed to reach their goal?To answer to these questions we have to conduct an anthropological investigation following by an ethnographic study of long then draw conclusions. The first part concerns the life story of four with an integral. Thus, the descriptive part will focus on the migration of Afghans.The second part will deal with the mode of material life of immigrants, through five chapters : The living space, From personal hygiene to the psychological well-being, Food, The cleverly, Employment.And a third party through four chapters will cover the socio- cultural ties of the population: Language, identity and the social hierarchy, Kinship, Studying, The activities of free time.Indeed, both parties will be focused on two main aspects of the life of any immigration where it takes place: namely the one hand, the problems of "survival" and secondly, the relational aspects communicational and "life.”

” You don’t talk about politics or football around the dining table” is a Chilean expression that well describes how the dictatorship (1973–1990) is attached to the societal soul, with people’s diversifiedrelationships to its legacy. For the outside world, Chile is a thriving democracy that got out of Pinochet’s iron grip, but for many Chileans, the transition to democracy has excluded demands for justice and a real influence. How is it to be born into democracy and grow up in a society where the struggle for memory is a struggle for the future? Where you did not live the terrible years but live with its consequences? This study is interested in how the younger generation breaks a generational silence and actively participates in politicizing memory. With a political-ethnographic approach and a customized discourse analytical tool, these processes are captured through an extensive case study of the memory site Londres 38, espacio de memorias. In conversations about impunity with the memory site’s young representatives and the school and university class’s diversified reflections on the subject during participating visits, present research shows how the place becomes a democratic deliberative platform, in contrast to prevailing power relations, giving voice and perspective to a new generation.

[pt] Este trabalho adentra o universo da etnografia, mapeando suas implicações no modo de pesquisar do Design. Imergindo nas técnicas de pesquisa etnográfica, desde a sua preparação, imersão, registro e documentação, são extraídos os requisitos fundamentais que podem ser aplicados no universo da pesquisa em Design. O trabalho expõe as necessidades técnicas para que a etapa de imersão do Design Thinking possa atingir sua amplitude. Através de um exemplo, ilustra-se a adaptação sofrida pela etnografia quando um projeto de Design de serviços utiliza as técnicas adaptando para as restrições de briefing, tempo e escopo de trabalho. Conclui-se o trabalho com uma avaliação das etapas do processo de etnografia aplicados em projetos de Design. / [en] This work dives into the Ethnographic universe, mapping the implications on the way Design do research. Imerging on the Ethnografic research techniques, since preparation, immersion, record and documentation, is it possible to extract the fundamental requisites that can be applied into the Design Research. The work exposes the technical needs that the immersion step from Design Thinking needs to achieve its full potential. The adaptations that ethnographic research suffers is illustrated through a example on service design that uses ethnographic techniques, with the briefing, time and workflow requirements. The work concludes with a evaluation of ethnographic process when it is used on Design field.

Syftet med studien är att uppmärksamma, förstå samt öka kunskapen om funktionen och meningen med skolans rast. På så vis bidrar studien till ökad kunskap kring såväl barns perspektiv och vilket handlingsutrymme de såväl skapar som nämner som meningsskapande. Genom att använda etnografi som vetenskaplig teknik avser studien belysa rasten utifrån aktiviteter och handlingar som sker.   Utifrån 50 timmars deltagande observation under en skolas förmiddags- och lunchraster består empirin av fältanteckningar, inspelade intervjuer och samtalspromenader . Data har från studiens början producerats under bearbetning, tolkning och analys av materialet. Utifrån denna har tre områden synliggjorts i såväl observationer, intervjuer och samtalspromenader. I studien redogörs detta för under följande rubriker: Skillnader i handlingsutrymme mellan flickor och pojkar,  Utemiljöns betydelse  för barns aktörskap och Vuxnas normer versus barns normer.   Studiens resultat lyfter fram viktiga aspekter av hur barnen själva uppfattar sitt aktörskap och handlingsutrymme utifrån rastens kontext genom sina berättelser och de observationer som genomförts. Resultatet visar skillnader i agerande och handlingsutrymme utifrån kön, där flickor uttrycker ett tydligt behov i att få förhandla kring vad som ska göras under rasten. Naturliga inslag i utemiljön som träd och buskar får en större betydelse och påverkan för barns meningsskapande än rastaktiviteter. Vuxnas normer versus barnens normer skapar hinder för det handlingsutrymme som barnen har behov av, framförallt när det gäller vissa former av lek och regelsättande men resultatet visar även skillnader i hur vuxna förhåller sig till skolans rast kontra hur barnen vill att de vuxna ska agera. / The purpose of the study is to pay attention to, understand and increase the knowledge of the school's recess. In this way, the study contributes to increased knowledge about both children´s perspective and what room of action they feel they have and need in order to create meaning. By being inspired and by using ethnography as a method, the study aims to highlight the recess based on activities and actions that take place  Based on 50 hours of participant observation during one school's morning and lunch breaks, the empiricism consists of field notes, interviews and walk-and-talk sessions. Data has since the beginning of the study been produced during processing, interpretation and analysis of the material. The process has made three areas visible in both observations, interviews and conversation walks. The study describes this under the following headings:  Differences in space of action between girls and boys, Environmental importance for the children’s agency and Adult norms versus children's standards.  The findings of the study highlight important aspects of how the children themselves perceive their agency and room of action, based on the context of the recess through their own stories and the observations made. The result shows differences in behavior and space of action based on gender, where girls express a clear need to negotiate what to do during the recess. Natural elements in the outdoor environment such as trees and shrubs have a greater significance and impact on children's meaning creation than adult controlled recess activities. Adult norms versus children's standards create barriers to the room for maneuver that the children need, especially when it comes to certain forms of play and regulation, but findings also show differences in how adults relate to the school's recess versus how the children want the adults to act.

Ce travail est le résultat d’une enquête ethnographique menée entre 2007 et 2012 auprès de migrants bamakois et diplômés résidant à Paris. En mêlant récits d’observation et entretiens, j’ai cherché à saisir la manière dont mes interlocuteurs organisent et se représentent leur expérience migratoire. La migration marque une scission entre le passé bamakois des enquêtés et leur présent parisien, un changement de condition sociale et économique qui leur impose un intense travail d’adaptation. Quelle est la nature de ce travail ? Quelles ressources développent-ils pour faire face aux contraintes qui sont les leurs ? À quelle catégorie de l'entendement font-ils appel pour expliquer et s'expliquer qui ils sont et ce qu'ils font ? À travers cette série de questions, je me suis intéressé aux mécanismes par lesquels mes interlocuteurs prennent place dans l’espace social parisien. Pour en rendre compte, j’ai suivi trois axes de recherche qui ont structuré l’investigation : le capital pré-migratoire, les conditions d’immigration et la relation des bamakois diplômés aux «accueillants». « Le capital pré-migratoire » désigne l’ensemble des ressources dont dispose un individu et qui sont le résultat de sa socialisation avant son émigration. Pour le définir, plusieurs critères peuvent être pris en considération : l’origine sociale et familiale, l’origine géographique, le genre, l’origine ethnique, le degré de scolarité ou encore la religion. Et c'est parce que les enquêtés partagent des dispositions sociales similaires que j'ai choisi de les nommer « bamakois diplômés » : ils sont très majoritairement des hommes issus de la petite bourgeoisie urbaine, ils maîtrisent le français (tant à l’écrit qu’à l’oral) et tous ont obtenu leurs diplômes au Mali (du baccalauréat au doctorat). Par ailleurs, je précise que l’étude du capital pré-migratoire - et de son impact en situation d’immigration - a rapidement révélé la nécessité d’un travail de terrain à Bamako. Effectué entre octobre 2007 et janvier 2008, le séjour au Mali a été motivé par trois objectifs : déterminer avec plus de précision les origines sociales de mes interlocuteurs, appréhender les mécanismes de socialisation familiale et scolaire en milieu urbain (Bamako), mieux comprendre les raisons de leur immigration en France. « Les conditions d’immigration » qu’offrent Paris et sa banlieue aux étrangers demeurent marginales : occupations d'emplois peu ou pas qualifiés dans des secteurs d'activité souvent marginaux, ségrégation résidentielle durable, précarité du statut économique et juridique. Fragilisés dans des domaines essentiels de l’existence, il leur faut malgré tout « tenir ». Ici, je me suis intéressé aux conditions socioéconomiques de vie des enquêtés et aux moyens qu’ils mettent pour agir sur ces conditions. J’ai donc mené l’investigation à l’intérieur des lieux effectifs de leurs activités familiales, professionnelles et de loisirs. Ces lieux forment le cadre global au sein duquel l’expérience d’immigration est vécue et interprétée par mes interlocuteurs. C’est donc dans ce cadre que peuvent être compris les modes d’être et de pensée des bamakois diplômés rencontrés durant l’enquête. « La relation “aux accueillants“ » vise à analyser les façons dont les enquêtés construisent le réel à partir des relations sociales de leur vie quotidienne à Paris. En effet, l’étude du capital pré-migratoire et des conditions d’immigration ne doit pas faire oublier que mes interlocuteurs sont pris dans un réseau de relations sociales. C’est dans et par l’interaction avec les autres qu’ils se forgent leur vision du monde et s’approprient les normes et les valeurs de la société française. Capital pré-migratoire, conditions d’immigration et relation aux « accueillants », ces trois axes de recherche sont considérés comme interdépendants. Ils forment le système d’interprétation construit durant l’enquête pour appréhender l’expérience migratoire des bamakois diplômés de Paris. / Pas de résumé en anglais