Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58).

Το ολοένα και μεγαλύτερο πρόβλημα, της ολοκληρωτικής εξάντλησης των αποθεμάτων του πετρελαίου το οποίο παρουσιάζεται στην βιομηχανία τα τελευταία χρόνια όλο και περισσότερο, έχει σοβαρό αντίκτυπο όπως είναι λογικό και στα παράγωγα αυτού και στην βιομηχανία που τα χρησιμοποιεί σαν πρώτο υλικό. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, στα Δίκτυα Υψηλής Τάσης Εναλλασσόμενου Ρεύματος η μόνωση του εξοπλισμού και των εγκαταστάσεων υψηλής τάσης είναι απαραίτητη προκειμένου να διατηρηθεί η διαφορά δυναμικού μεταξύ των υπό υψηλή τάση αγώγιμων μερών, η μηχανική στήριξη των αγωγών, η ανταλλαγή θερμότητας, κ.ά. Στον τομέα των ηλεκτροτεχνικών υγρών που χρησιμοποιούνται για αυτό τον σκοπό, βασική μας μελέτη ήταν η αντικατάσταση των όποιων μονωτικών υγρών χρησιμοποιούνταν μέχρι τώρα (συνήθως ορυκτελαίων κ.ά.) με έλαια φυτικής προέλευσης τα οποία προφανώς δεν επηρεάζονται από την εξάντληση του πετρελαίου που προ αναφέραμε αλλά και παρουσιάζουν κάποια βασικά πλεονεκτήματα τα οποία παρουσιάζονται στην παρούσα εργασία. Βασική μας ενασχόληση ήταν να περιγραφεί η συμπεριφορά των μονωτικών υγρών μέσω του επιστημονικού κλάδου της αναγνώρισης προτύπων. Πιο συγκεκριμένα , μέσω πειραματικών διαδικασιών που πραγματοποιήθηκαν στο Εργαστήριο Υψηλής Τάσης , έγινε η διάσπαση των υγρών υπό την επίδραση Υψηλής Τάσης και στη συνέχεια η μάθηση και η Εκπαίδευση Τεχνητού Νευρωνικού Δικτύου. Τα τεχνητά νευρωνικά δίκτυα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία καθώς μπορούν να περιγράψουν μη γραμμικές σχέσεις μεταξύ εισόδου και εξόδου κάτι το οποίο συμβαίνει στην διάσπαση υγρών διηλεκτρικών υπό υψηλή τάση καθώς και γενικεύοντας μπορούμε να μελετάμε την συμπεριφορά των υγρών υπό την έκθεση πολύ υψηλών τάσεων , όπου στο εργαστήριο θα είναι αδύνατη η εφαρμογή τους. Eκτενέστερα στο 1ο Κεφάλαιο , της διπλωματικής εργασίας ασχολούμαστε με τα μονωτικά υγρά και τις ιδιότητες αυτών. Η χρήση τους είναι απαραίτητη στους μετασχηματιστές ,πυκνωτές , καλώδια , μονωτήρες διέλευσης κ.α. Επίσης , όσον αφορά τα μονωτικά υγρά που χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως,τα ορυκτέλαια, αναφέρονται οι φυσικές και χημικές ιδιότητες τους και αναλύονται οι ηλεκτρικές τους ιδιότητες. Επιπλέον αναλύονται και οι ιδιότητες των φυσικών εστέρων ως μονωτικό μέσο σε μετασχηματιστές ισχύος και η γενική συμπεριφορά των υγρών υπό την επίδραση υψηλού ηλεκτρικού πεδίου. Στο 2ο Κεφάλαιο αναλύουμε τα τεχνητά νευρωνικά δίκτυα. Η αναγνώριση προτύπων σαν επιστημονικός κλάδος και οι τεχνικές του, όπως αυτή των νευρωνικών δικτύων μας εισάγουν στην δημιουργία συστημάτων τα οποία μπορούμε να δημιουργήσουμε, να εκπαιδεύσουμε και στην συνέχεια ελέγχοντας την αξιοπιστία τους μέσω της στατιστικής, να εργαστούμε πάνω σε αυτά. Η απαρχή των τεχνητών νευρωνικών δικτύων, οι βιολογικοί νευρώνες δηλαδή του εγκεφάλου, είναι η βάση όλων των συστημάτων και εν συνεχεία αφού περιγράφεται η ιστορική αναδρομή των τεχνητών δικτύων αναλύουμε την φύση των δικτύων οπισθοδρόμησης (Back Propagation) όπου είναι και τα δίκτυα που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία . Στο 3ο Κεφάλαιο εισάγουμε την δημιουργία τεχνητών νευρωνικών δικτύων στο περιβάλλον Μatlab. Αφού δημιουργήσαμε το κατάλληλο νευρωνικό δίκτυο, και το εκπαιδεύσαμε μελετήσαμε την καταλληλότητα του δικτύου και κατά πόσο αυτό θα μπορεί να μας δώσει αξιόπιστα αποτελέσματα προσομοιώνοντας την πειραματική διαδικασία του εργαστηρίου σε συνθήκες κατάλληλες και ακατάλληλες , εξετάζοντας δηλαδή τα πειραματικά δεδομένα με εισαγωγή στοιχείων κατάλληλα για το εργαστήριο, αλλά και στοιχείων που δεν είναι δυνατή η πραγματοποίηση τους στο εργαστήριο . Στο Κεφάλαιο Συμπεράσματα , εν τέλει αναλύουμε και συνοψίζουμε την καταλληλότητα του πειράματος που πραγματοποιήσαμε καθώς και κατά πόσο το νευρωνικό δίκτυο είναι αξιόπιστο, καθώς και οι λόγοι που το καθιστούν . / The growing problem of complete exhaustion of oil reserves, which occurred in the industry in recent years increasingly has a serious impact as is reasonable to derivatives and in industry as they are used as first material. More specifically, networks Ac high-voltage insulation of equipment and installations of high voltage is necessary in order to maintain the potential difference between the high voltage conductive parts, mechanical support of pipelines, heat exchange.In the volume of liquids used for this purpose, our main study was the replacement of any insulating liquids used so far with vegetable oils which apparently are not affected by the depletion of oil before mentioned but also show some key advantages that occur in this task. Our main preoccupation was to describe the behaviour of insulation liquids through the scientific branch of pattern recognition. More specifically, through experimental procedures carried out in high-voltage Laboratory, became the Division of fluid under the influence of high voltage and then learning and education of artificial Neural Network. Artificial neural networks used in the present study together can describe nonlinear relationships between input and output something that happens in breaking liquid dielectrics under high voltage and whilst generally applying to studying the behavior of liquids in the report very high voltages in the laboratory, where it will be impossible to implement them. Furthermore in 1st Chapter of study we occupate with insulating fluids and properties. Their use is indispensable to transformers, capacitors, cables, insulators, transit etc. Also as regards insulating liquids that are widely used, mineral oils, referred to the physical and chemical properties and the electrical properties. Additional analyses and properties of natural esters as insulating power and instrument transformers in the General behaviour of liquids under high electric field. In the 2nd Chapter analyze the artificial neural networks. The recognition of standards as a scientific discipline and techniques, such as neural networks we introduce in creating systems that we can create, to educate them and then checking the reliability of statistics, to work on them. The beginnings of artificial neural networks, biological neurons of the brain, is the basis of all systems and subsequently after describes the history of artificial networks analyse the nature of networks backwards (Back Propagation) and networks where they are used in this thesis. In the 3rd Chapter introduce the creation of artificial neural networks in Matlab environment. After you have created the appropriate neural network, and then by training have judged the appropriateness of the network and whether it can give reliable results by simulating the experimental procedure of laboratory conditions appropriate and inappropriate, considering that the experimental data with input suitable for laboratory but also items that cannot be made in the laboratory. In chapter Conclusions, ultimately analysing and concluding the suitability of the experiment held and whether the neural network is reliable, and the reasons that make it.

The Canadian military and veterans have a long history of dealing with psychological trauma caused by war and peacekeeping. Over the past century views about trauma among physicians, military leaders, society, and veterans’ themselves have been shaped by medical theories, predominant views about the ideal soldier and man, and the nation’s role in international affairs. Since the First World War, major conflicts and peacekeeping operations have been responsible for distinct shifts in how trauma is conceptualized, named, and experienced by Canadian soldiers and the public. Canadian historians have examined this subject by looking at particular wars, most notably the First World War, but no attempt has been made to provide a monograph-length study of military trauma over the past century. This thesis utilizes several lenses – medical, social, and cultural – to explore how conceptions of trauma changed from 1914 to 2014, how such changes affected veterans in their civilian life, and the interactions between medical and popular knowledge, military culture, and veterans’ lived experiences. With a particular emphasis on the latter, it uses oral interviews with veterans of the post-Cold War, government reports, medical literature, and national newspapers to track shifts in consciousness about trauma and its social and medical treatment. It argues that despite numerous changes in medical thought and popular understandings of trauma, stigmas about psychological illness persisted, and that masculine ideals inherent in 1914 were still present, albeit in an altered form, one-hundred years later. It also argues that the Canadian veteran’s experience demonstrates that from 1914 to 2014, trauma consistently oscillated between being a medical entity and a metaphorical representation of war, peacekeeping, veterans’ socio-economic struggles, and national identity. This thesis takes advantage of a historically unique openness in the Canadian military since the year 2000 to contribute to a growing literature about trauma in Canadian military history and society.

Uppsatsen syftade till att belysa kuratorers erfarenheter av arbete med individer som har utmattningssyndrom. Sju kuratorer inom primärvården intervjuades i en kvalitativ intervjustudie. Resultatet visade att kuratorernas erfarenheter av orsaker till utmattningssyndrom kunde relateras till både inre och yttre krav. Utmattningssyndromets ökning i samhället beskrevs bero på samhällsförändringar samt att många vill att allting i livet ständigt ska vara på topp. För att identifiera patientens behov beskrevs skattningsinstrument, diagnostisering, alliansbygge och kartläggning som viktiga delar. Avgörande för vilken metod och tillvägagångssätt som används var individens behov, kuratorns bakgrund och personliga egenskaper, den egna organisationen samt utvärdering av behandlingens effekt. Empowerment, KBT, mindfulness och samverkan med andra professionella beskrevs som användbara metoder och tillvägagångssätt i kuratorns arbete med patienter som har utmattningssyndrom. Informanterna beskrev att det tar lång tid för patienter med utmattningssyndrom att återhämta sig och att rutinen 8-10 samtal med patienten ofta inte är tillräckligt. / The aim of this study was to illustrate counselors’ experiences of working with individuals experiencing exhaustion disorder. Seven counselors working in primary health care were interviewed in a qualitative study. The results showed that the counselors’ experiences of causes to exhaustion disorder could be related to both external and internal factors. The increase of exhaustion disorder within society was ascribed to societal change and the demand to always be on top of things. To identify the patients’ needs questionnaires, diagnosis, alliance building and mapping were used. The method and approach used was determined by the patients’ needs, the counselors’ background, personal traits, organizational guidelines and evaluation of treatment results. Empowerment, CBT, mindfulness and cooperation with other professionals were described as useful counseling methods and approaches. Counselors described that the recovery for patients with exhaustion disorder takes time, and the routine of 8-10 meetings with the patient is often not enough.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi Identificar os efeitos do treinamento e destreinamento de Hidroginástica no perfil lipídico na remodelação óssea em mulheres pré-menopáusicas. As variáveis colesterol total (CT), lipoproteínas de alta densidade ligadas ao colesterol (HDL-C), lipoproteínas de baixa densidade ligadas ao colesterol (LDL-C), triglicerídeos (TG), força de extensores do joelho (F.EXT.J), extensores e flexores horizontais do ombro (F.EXT.HO e F.FLEX.HO), tempo de exaustão em teste de esteira (TE), osteocalcina (OST) e hidroxiprolina (HID) para remodelação óssea foram medidas em três períodos de tempo (avaliações 1, 2 e 3) em trinta e cinco mulheres divididas em dois grupos: grupo 1 (G1) e grupo 2 (G2). Na fase 1 do programa tanto o G1 como o G2 realizaram um treinamento concorrente (TC) periodizado, o treinamento teve uma duração de 20 semanas, com duas sessões semanais. Na fase 2 do programa o G1 realizou um destreinamento com duração de 20 semanas, que caracterizou-se pela ausência de atividade física regular, e o G2, realizou um treinamento de hidroginástica tradicional (THT) não-periodizado também por 20 semanas. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada estatística descritiva, ANOVA para medidas repetidas com um fator (grupo) e post-hoc de Bonferroni, com nível de significância de µ=0,05. Ao analisar o perfil lipídico, foram observadas mudanças significativas da avaliação 1 para a avaliação 2 em todas as variáveis (CT, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG), retornando aos valores iniciais após a avaliação 3 tanto para o G1 que destreinou sem atividade física regular como para o G2 que executou nesse mesmo período o treinamento em hidroginástica tradicional. Para a variável força os aumentos foram significativamente altos, comprovando que a hidroginástica é uma eficiente modalidade no desenvolvimento desse parâmetro. Sobre o tempo de exaustão os resultados encontrados foram estatisticamente diferentes na avaliação 3 quando comparamos os grupos. Para a remodelação óssea, foram encontradas diferenças significativas somente na hidroxiprolina (HID). Esses resultados sugerem que um período de treinamento periodizado necessita ser mantido, pois as respostas tanto do destreinamento quanto do THT não periodizado foram similares proporcionando um processo de descondicionamento que afetou o desempenho porque diminui a capacidade fisiológica, possivelmente pelo fato de que após a realização de um treinamento adequadamente planejado um período de destreinamento ou a execução de um treinamento em hidroginástica tradicional de forma não periodizada foram insuficientes para manutenção dos parâmetros adquiridos. Palavras-chave: treinamento concorrente em água, perfil lipídico, força, tempo de exaustão em teste de esteira, remodelação óssea. / The objective of the present study was to identify the effects of training and detraining of aquatic gymnastics in the lipidic profile and in the bone remodelation in pre menopausal women. The variables total cholesterol (CT), lipoproteins of high density linked to the cholesterol (HDL-C), lipoproteins of low density linked to the cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), strength of knee extensors; (SEK), in shoulder horizontal extensors and flexors (SHES and SHFS), time of exhaustion in test treadmill (TTE), osteocalcin (OST) and hydroxiprolin (HID) for bone remodelation were measured in three periods of time (evaluations 1, 2 and 3) in thirty five women were divided into two groups: group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2). In the phase 1 of the program as much G1 as G2 accomplished a concurrent periodized training (TC), the training had a duration of 20 weeks, with two weekly sessions. In the phase 2 of the program G1 had an detraining period with duration of 20 weeks, that was characterized by the absence of regular physical activity, and G2, accomplished a training of traditional aquactc gymnastics (TTAG) not periodized also for 20 weeks. For the analysis of the data it was used the descriptive statistics, ANOVA for repeated measures with a factor (group) and posthoc of Bonferroni, with significance level of. =0,05. When analyzing the lipidic profile, significant changes of the evaluation 1 were observed for the evaluation 2 in all the variables (CT, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG), returning to the initial values after the evaluation 3 for G1 that detraining without activity as for G2 that executed in that same period the training in traditional aquatics gymnastics. For the variable strength the increases were significantly high, proving that the aquatics gymnastics is an efficient modality in the development of that parameter. For time of exhaustion in test treadmill (TTE) the results found were statistically different in the evaluation 3 when we compared the groups. For bone remodelation significant differences were found only in the hidroxiprolina (HID). Those results suggest that a period of training periodized needs to be maintained, therefore the answers as much of the detraining as of THT not periodized were similar providing a process of unconditioning that affected the acting because it reduces the physiologic capacity, possibly because that after the accomplishment of a appropriately planned training, an detraining period or the execution of a training in traditional aquatics gymnastics in not periodized way were insufficient for maintenance of the acquired parameters.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi Identificar os efeitos do treinamento e destreinamento de Hidroginástica no perfil lipídico na remodelação óssea em mulheres pré-menopáusicas. As variáveis colesterol total (CT), lipoproteínas de alta densidade ligadas ao colesterol (HDL-C), lipoproteínas de baixa densidade ligadas ao colesterol (LDL-C), triglicerídeos (TG), força de extensores do joelho (F.EXT.J), extensores e flexores horizontais do ombro (F.EXT.HO e F.FLEX.HO), tempo de exaustão em teste de esteira (TE), osteocalcina (OST) e hidroxiprolina (HID) para remodelação óssea foram medidas em três períodos de tempo (avaliações 1, 2 e 3) em trinta e cinco mulheres divididas em dois grupos: grupo 1 (G1) e grupo 2 (G2). Na fase 1 do programa tanto o G1 como o G2 realizaram um treinamento concorrente (TC) periodizado, o treinamento teve uma duração de 20 semanas, com duas sessões semanais. Na fase 2 do programa o G1 realizou um destreinamento com duração de 20 semanas, que caracterizou-se pela ausência de atividade física regular, e o G2, realizou um treinamento de hidroginástica tradicional (THT) não-periodizado também por 20 semanas. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada estatística descritiva, ANOVA para medidas repetidas com um fator (grupo) e post-hoc de Bonferroni, com nível de significância de µ=0,05. Ao analisar o perfil lipídico, foram observadas mudanças significativas da avaliação 1 para a avaliação 2 em todas as variáveis (CT, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG), retornando aos valores iniciais após a avaliação 3 tanto para o G1 que destreinou sem atividade física regular como para o G2 que executou nesse mesmo período o treinamento em hidroginástica tradicional. Para a variável força os aumentos foram significativamente altos, comprovando que a hidroginástica é uma eficiente modalidade no desenvolvimento desse parâmetro. Sobre o tempo de exaustão os resultados encontrados foram estatisticamente diferentes na avaliação 3 quando comparamos os grupos. Para a remodelação óssea, foram encontradas diferenças significativas somente na hidroxiprolina (HID). Esses resultados sugerem que um período de treinamento periodizado necessita ser mantido, pois as respostas tanto do destreinamento quanto do THT não periodizado foram similares proporcionando um processo de descondicionamento que afetou o desempenho porque diminui a capacidade fisiológica, possivelmente pelo fato de que após a realização de um treinamento adequadamente planejado um período de destreinamento ou a execução de um treinamento em hidroginástica tradicional de forma não periodizada foram insuficientes para manutenção dos parâmetros adquiridos. Palavras-chave: treinamento concorrente em água, perfil lipídico, força, tempo de exaustão em teste de esteira, remodelação óssea. / The objective of the present study was to identify the effects of training and detraining of aquatic gymnastics in the lipidic profile and in the bone remodelation in pre menopausal women. The variables total cholesterol (CT), lipoproteins of high density linked to the cholesterol (HDL-C), lipoproteins of low density linked to the cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), strength of knee extensors; (SEK), in shoulder horizontal extensors and flexors (SHES and SHFS), time of exhaustion in test treadmill (TTE), osteocalcin (OST) and hydroxiprolin (HID) for bone remodelation were measured in three periods of time (evaluations 1, 2 and 3) in thirty five women were divided into two groups: group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2). In the phase 1 of the program as much G1 as G2 accomplished a concurrent periodized training (TC), the training had a duration of 20 weeks, with two weekly sessions. In the phase 2 of the program G1 had an detraining period with duration of 20 weeks, that was characterized by the absence of regular physical activity, and G2, accomplished a training of traditional aquactc gymnastics (TTAG) not periodized also for 20 weeks. For the analysis of the data it was used the descriptive statistics, ANOVA for repeated measures with a factor (group) and posthoc of Bonferroni, with significance level of. =0,05. When analyzing the lipidic profile, significant changes of the evaluation 1 were observed for the evaluation 2 in all the variables (CT, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG), returning to the initial values after the evaluation 3 for G1 that detraining without activity as for G2 that executed in that same period the training in traditional aquatics gymnastics. For the variable strength the increases were significantly high, proving that the aquatics gymnastics is an efficient modality in the development of that parameter. For time of exhaustion in test treadmill (TTE) the results found were statistically different in the evaluation 3 when we compared the groups. For bone remodelation significant differences were found only in the hidroxiprolina (HID). Those results suggest that a period of training periodized needs to be maintained, therefore the answers as much of the detraining as of THT not periodized were similar providing a process of unconditioning that affected the acting because it reduces the physiologic capacity, possibly because that after the accomplishment of a appropriately planned training, an detraining period or the execution of a training in traditional aquatics gymnastics in not periodized way were insufficient for maintenance of the acquired parameters.

The purpose of this study was to explore how women leaders within the consulting industry experience emotional labour in South Africa. I followed a qualitative research approach informed by the hermeneutic phenomenological paradigm, making use of a case study approach and in-depth semi-structured interviews with eight women leaders with a minimum of eight years’ experience within the consulting industry, all of whom resided in the Gauteng region. The questions posed to participants aimed to understand the various emotions experienced during pre-set scenarios. The empirical findings suggest that women leaders naturally adopt a transformational leadership style. The empirical research exposes that women leaders within the consulting industry do not have any form of work-life balance. Furthermore, the empirical research reveals that most of the women experience both negative and positive emotions due to the ups and downs exposed to at work, there is no organisational support to overcome these emotions / Colleges of Economic and Management Sciences / M.Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

A análise das variáveis associadas à fadiga muscular durante protocolos de ciclismo até a exaustão (incremental e carga constante), ou mesmo simulados (contrarrelógio), e suas implicações em parâmetros cinéticos e cinemáticos, têm sido descritas na literatura em modelos experimentais. Alterações encontradas nas articulações do quadril, joelho e tornozelo, associadas a mudanças no direcionamento das forças aplicadas ao pedal (melhora da técnica de pedalada) durante testes de ciclismo incrementais e/ou constantes, parecem estar relacionados a estratégias musculares intrínsecas para manutenção do trabalho e postergar os efeitos da fadiga. Entretanto, evidências suportam que a aplicação de Laserterapia de Baixa Potência (LBP) reduz os efeitos da fadiga muscular sobre o desempenho, principalmente em modalidades esportivas com um grande componente aeróbico, tal como o ciclismo. Entretanto, ainda não está claro na literatura qual a dosagem ideal de LBP a ser utilizada nessas atividades. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de diferentes dosagens de LBP sobre o desempenho em teste de tempo de exaustão em ciclistas. Além disso, foi analisado os efeitos do LBP sobre o conteúdo de frequências dos sinais de EMG e a cinética de VO2 durante os testes de exaustão. Vinte ciclistas competitivos do sexo masculino participaram de um estudo, randomizado, duplocego e placebo-controlado. Os atletas realizaram teste incremental de ciclismo até a exaustão (dia 1) para determinar o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2MÁX) e a potência máxima (POMÁX), seguido de outros quatro testes até a exaustão (dias 2 a 5) na POMÁX do teste incremental. Antes de cada teste de exaustão, diferentes dosagens de LBP (3, 6 e 9 J/diodo, ou 135, 270 e 405 J/coxa, respectivamente) ou placebo. Aumento do desempenho nos testes de exaustão foi observado com a LBP-3J (~22 s; p < 0,01), LBP-6J (~13 s; p = 0,03) e LBP- 9J (~13 s; p = 0,02), comparado com o placebo (149 ± 23 s). Embora LBP-6J e LBP-9J não aumentaram a ativação muscular em comparação com o placebo, a LBP-3J, aumentou a ativação das bandas de alta frequência em comparação com o placebo no final do teste de exaustão, em ambos os membros inferiores (p ≤ 0,03). Os resultados na cinética de VO2, resultaram e redução do constante de tempo (Tau) e déficit de O2 com a aplicação de LBP comparado ao placebo (p < 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças (p > 0,05) entre as condições experimentais para amplitude de VO2 e tempo de atraso do VO2. Em conclusão, nosso estudo demonstrou que a fototerapia pode ser um agente ergogênico eficaz para aumentar o desempenho de ciclistas (independente da dose utilizada), e isto se deve ao aumento da ativação das bandas de alta frequência (LBP-3J), bem como da redução do Tau e déficit de O2 (LBP-3 6 e 9J), durante testes máximos de ciclismo até a exaustão. / The analysis of muscle fatigue variables during cycling protocols to exhaustion (incremental and constant load) or simulated (time trial), and its implications on kinetic and kinematic parameters, has been described in the literature for experimental models. Changes in hip, knee and ankle joints (such as increased range of motion and reduced ankle contribution to the total joint torque), associated with changes in the direction of the forces applied to the pedal (improved pedaling technique) during cycling tests, seems to be related to strategies for maintaining muscle work in order to postpone fatigue effects. However, evidences supports that application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) minimizes fatigue effects on muscle performance. However, the ideal LLLT dosage to improve athletes’ performance during sports activities, such as cycling, is still unclear. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of different LLLT dosages on cyclists’ performance during a time-to-exhaustion test. In addition, we looked at the effects of LLLT on the frequency content of the EMG signals and kinetics of VO2 to assess fatigue mechanisms. Twenty male competitive cyclists participated in a crossover, randomized, double-blind and placebo controlled trial. They performed an incremental cycling test to exhaustion (day 1) determine maximal oxygen output (VO2MAX) and maximal power output (POMAX) followed by four time-to-exhaustion tests (days 2 to 5) at their individual POMAX. Before each time to exhaustion test, different LLLT dosages (3, 6 and 9 J/diode; or 135, 270 and 405 J/thigh, respectively) or placebo were applied at the quadriceps muscle bilaterally. Power output and muscle activation from both lower limbs were acquired throughout the tests. Increased performance at the exhaustion tests was observed with the LLLT-3J (~22 s; p < 0.01), LLLT-6J (~13 s; p = 0.03) and LLLT-9J (~13 s; p = 0.02) compared to placebo (149 ± 23 s). Although LLLT-6J and LLLT-9J did not show significant differences in muscle activation compared to placebo, LLLT-3J led to an increased high frequency content compared to placebo in both limbs at the end of the exhaustion test (p ≤ 0.03). The results in kinetics VO2, resulting in reduction of time constant (Tau) and deficit O2 with LLLT applications compared to the placebo condition (p < 0.05). No differences (p > 0.05) were found between the experimental conditions for VO2 amplitude and VO2 delay time. In conclusion, this study has shown that the phototherapy can be an effective ergogenic agent to increase cycling performance (regardless of the dose used), and this is due to increased activation of the high frequency bands (LLLT-3J) as well as the reduction of Tau and deficit of O2 (LLLT-3, 6 and 9J), during maximum cycling exhaustion test.

This diploma thesis is theoretically-empirical. The theoretical part provides us with information about stress and burnout syndrome obtained on the basis of study of relevant literature. It defines the basic concepts of stress and burnout syndrome and introduces us to their basic characteristics. In the second empirical part is the rate and frequency of burnout staff is determined on the basis of a questionnaire survey in the sample of pedagogical staff. As a partical part targeted interviews with selected teachers are used as a complementary method.

abstract: Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer in children and adolescents. Patients with metastatic osteosarcoma are typically refractory to treatment. Numerous lines of evidence suggest that cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) limit the development of metastatic osteosarcoma. I have investigated the role of Programmed Death Receptor-1 (PD-1) in limiting the efficacy of immune mediated control of metastatic osteosarcoma. I show that human metastatic, but not primary, osteosarcoma tumors express the ligand for PD-1 (PD-L1) and that tumor infiltrating CTL express PD-1, suggesting this pathway may limit CTL control of metastatic osteosarcoma in patients. PD-L1 is also expressed on the K7M2 osteosarcoma tumor cell line that establishes metastases in mice, and PD-1 is expressed on tumor infiltrating CTL during disease progression. Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions dramatically improves the function of osteosarcoma-reactive CTL in vitro and in vivo, and results in decreased tumor burden and increased survival in the K7M2 mouse model of metastatic osteosarcoma. My results suggest that blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions in patients with metastatic osteosarcoma should be pursued as a therapeutic strategy. However, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade treated mice still succumb to disease due to selection of PD-L1 mAb resistant tumor cells via up-regulation of other co-inhibitory T cell receptors. Combinational &#945;-CTLA-4 and &#945;-PD-L1 blockade treated mice were able to completely eradicate metastatic osteosarcoma, and generate immunity to disease. These results suggest that blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions in patients with metastatic osteosarcoma, although improves survival, may lead to tumor resistance, requiring combinational immunotherapies to combat and eradicate disease. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Molecular and Cellular Biology 2015