abstract: CD8+ T-lymphocytes (CTLs) are central to the immunologic control of infections and are currently at the forefront of strategies that enhance immune based treatment of a variety of tumors. Effective T-cell based vaccines and immunotherapies fundamentally rely on the interaction of CTLs with peptide-human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) complexes on the infected/malignant cell surface. However, how CTLs are able to respond to antigenic peptides with high specificity is largely unknown. Also unknown, are the different mechanisms underlying tumor immune evasion from CTL-mediated cytotoxicity. In this dissertation, I investigate the immunogenicity and dysfunction of CTLs for the development of novel T-cell therapies. Project 1 explores the biochemical hallmarks associated with HLA-I binding peptides that result in a CTL-immune response. The results reveal amino acid hydrophobicity of T-cell receptor (TCR) contact residues within immunogenic CTL-epitopes as a critical parameter for CTL-self/nonself discrimination. Project 2 develops a bioinformatic and experimental methodology for the identification of CTL-epitopes from low frequency T-cells against tumor antigens and chronic viruses. This methodology is employed in Project 3 to identify novel immunogenic CTL-epitopes from human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck cancer patients. In Project 3, I further study the mechanisms of HPV-specific T-cell dysfunction, and I demonstrate that combination inhibition of Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) and programmed cell death protein (PD-1) can be a potential immunotherapy against HPV+ head and neck cancers. Lastly, in Project 4, I develop a single-cell assay for high-throughput identification of antigens targeted by CTLs from whole pathogenome libraries. Thus, this dissertation contributes to fundamental T-cell immunobiology by identifying rules of T-cell immunogenicity and dysfunction, as well as to translational immunology by identifying novel CTL-epitopes, and therapeutic targets for T-cell immunotherapy. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biological Design 2017

On an everyday basis, employees may be subjected to low intensity negative behaviours from those they work with. Uncivil behaviours may cumulatively add up over time to have detrimental effects on employees’ wellbeing and commitment to stay with their organisation. Since most of the research has been cross-sectional, capturing a snapshot in time, knowledge regarding the day-to-day effects of experiencing workplace incivility is limited The broad aim of the present research was to develop a new data collection tool in the form of a digital diary Smartphone app, to explore these day-to-day effects, measuring face-to-face and online workplace incivility. Three studies were conducted to develop and test the app. The first pilot study sought to test the proposed measures for use in the app. In particular, the commonly used Workplace Incivility Scale (WIS) was adapted to apply to online as well as face-to-face interactions. Statistical analysis of this pilot confirmed that both the face-to-face and online versions of the WIS were reliable and valid, and determined that experiencing workplace incivility via both modes was significantly associated with emotional exhaustion, and intentions to quit. On the basis of the first pilot, the app was developed and its feasibility tested in a second pilot focusing on the usability of the new app, which resulted in minor design changes being implemented prior to the final launch. The main research study sought to validate the new app and test a series of hypotheses about the day-to-day effects of workplace incivility. Participants completed an initial web-based survey and were then instructed to complete the questions on the app for one month. Multilevel analyses revealed that employees experienced higher levels of emotional exhaustion, and intention to quit on days when they were exposed to face-to-face or online incivility. The amount of incivility that participants experience on a day-to-day basis (Level 1) predicts emotional exhaustion, and intention to quit on a daily basis, and the average amount of incivility (Level 2) that participants experience also predicts their emotional exhaustion, and intention to quit when not considering other factors. Anger and fear were found to mediate the relationship between both forms of incivility and intention to quit. For the rumination-mediated models, the relationship between both forms of workplace incivility and emotional exhaustion is significantly mediated by rumination. Theoretically, this research contributes by providing insight into workplace incivility and its effects on a daily basis. Methodologically, this research advances the field by providing a new reliable and valid repeated measures data collection tool that other researchers may share to overcome and build upon the limitations inherent in cross-sectional studies.

Neste trabalho é analisada a sustentabilidade sob a dimensão ambiental (ecológica) dos Sistemas de Abastecimento de Água (SAA) e Esgotamento Sanitário (SES) da cidade de Uberaba, MG. Nessa análise é feita a Avaliação de Sustentabilidade Ambiental (ASA) desses sistemas por meio de indicadores de sustentabilidade específicos, propostos para Uberaba, mas que podem servir de base para sistemas de saneamento de outras cidades similares. Para a caracterização dos sistemas foram feitas visitas às suas principais unidades e elaborado um levantamento documental. A definição do nível ou estágio de sustentabilidade através dos indicadores foi feita com base em pesquisa de literatura, em entrevistas com os técnicos e gestores dos sistemas e na caracterização e observação da realidade destes, atribuindo-se a seguinte classificação: Não Sustentável, Baixa Sustentabilidade, Média Sustentabilidade e Alta Sustentabilidade. Verifica-se que os indicadores que proporcionam menor compatibilidade com o processo de sustentabilidade para os sistemas estudados são aqueles relacionados às perdas físicas de água, ao consumo de água per capita, ao consumo de energia elétrica e ao lançamento do lodo das estações de tratamento de água sem tratamento em corpo d‟água, para o SAA; e os relacionados ao atendimento com tratamento de esgoto, ao consumo de energia elétrica e à utilização do esgoto tratado, para o SES, todos com a classificação Não Sustentável. / This paper analyses the sustainability under the environmental (ecological) perspective of Water Supply and Sanitary Sewers Systems from Uberaba city, MG. It was accomplished in this analysis, An Environmental Sustainability Assessment of those systems, by the means of specific sustainability indicators proposed for Uberaba, but which may be used for other simi-lar cities. To the characterization of the systems, visitations were made to the main units as well as a documental was elaborated. The definition of the level or stage of the sustainability by the indicators was made based on a literature review, on interviews with the technicians and managers of the systems and based on the characterization and observation of the system reality, being attributed to them the following classification: Non Sustainable, Low Sustaina-bility, Medium Sustainability and High Sustainability. It was verified that the indicators that have lower compatibility to the process of sustainability to the studied systems are those rela-ted to the water physical losses, to the water per capita consumption, to the electricity con-sumption and to the sludge from the water treatment plants disposal untreated into a water body, for the Water Supply System. And those ones related to the attendance with sewage treatment, to the electricity consumption and to the usage of the treated sewage, for the Sani-tary Sewers, all of them classified as Non Sustainable. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

A análise das variáveis associadas à fadiga muscular durante protocolos de ciclismo até a exaustão (incremental e carga constante), ou mesmo simulados (contrarrelógio), e suas implicações em parâmetros cinéticos e cinemáticos, têm sido descritas na literatura em modelos experimentais. Alterações encontradas nas articulações do quadril, joelho e tornozelo, associadas a mudanças no direcionamento das forças aplicadas ao pedal (melhora da técnica de pedalada) durante testes de ciclismo incrementais e/ou constantes, parecem estar relacionados a estratégias musculares intrínsecas para manutenção do trabalho e postergar os efeitos da fadiga. Entretanto, evidências suportam que a aplicação de Laserterapia de Baixa Potência (LBP) reduz os efeitos da fadiga muscular sobre o desempenho, principalmente em modalidades esportivas com um grande componente aeróbico, tal como o ciclismo. Entretanto, ainda não está claro na literatura qual a dosagem ideal de LBP a ser utilizada nessas atividades. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de diferentes dosagens de LBP sobre o desempenho em teste de tempo de exaustão em ciclistas. Além disso, foi analisado os efeitos do LBP sobre o conteúdo de frequências dos sinais de EMG e a cinética de VO2 durante os testes de exaustão. Vinte ciclistas competitivos do sexo masculino participaram de um estudo, randomizado, duplocego e placebo-controlado. Os atletas realizaram teste incremental de ciclismo até a exaustão (dia 1) para determinar o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2MÁX) e a potência máxima (POMÁX), seguido de outros quatro testes até a exaustão (dias 2 a 5) na POMÁX do teste incremental. Antes de cada teste de exaustão, diferentes dosagens de LBP (3, 6 e 9 J/diodo, ou 135, 270 e 405 J/coxa, respectivamente) ou placebo. Aumento do desempenho nos testes de exaustão foi observado com a LBP-3J (~22 s; p < 0,01), LBP-6J (~13 s; p = 0,03) e LBP- 9J (~13 s; p = 0,02), comparado com o placebo (149 ± 23 s). Embora LBP-6J e LBP-9J não aumentaram a ativação muscular em comparação com o placebo, a LBP-3J, aumentou a ativação das bandas de alta frequência em comparação com o placebo no final do teste de exaustão, em ambos os membros inferiores (p ≤ 0,03). Os resultados na cinética de VO2, resultaram e redução do constante de tempo (Tau) e déficit de O2 com a aplicação de LBP comparado ao placebo (p < 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças (p > 0,05) entre as condições experimentais para amplitude de VO2 e tempo de atraso do VO2. Em conclusão, nosso estudo demonstrou que a fototerapia pode ser um agente ergogênico eficaz para aumentar o desempenho de ciclistas (independente da dose utilizada), e isto se deve ao aumento da ativação das bandas de alta frequência (LBP-3J), bem como da redução do Tau e déficit de O2 (LBP-3 6 e 9J), durante testes máximos de ciclismo até a exaustão. / The analysis of muscle fatigue variables during cycling protocols to exhaustion (incremental and constant load) or simulated (time trial), and its implications on kinetic and kinematic parameters, has been described in the literature for experimental models. Changes in hip, knee and ankle joints (such as increased range of motion and reduced ankle contribution to the total joint torque), associated with changes in the direction of the forces applied to the pedal (improved pedaling technique) during cycling tests, seems to be related to strategies for maintaining muscle work in order to postpone fatigue effects. However, evidences supports that application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) minimizes fatigue effects on muscle performance. However, the ideal LLLT dosage to improve athletes’ performance during sports activities, such as cycling, is still unclear. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of different LLLT dosages on cyclists’ performance during a time-to-exhaustion test. In addition, we looked at the effects of LLLT on the frequency content of the EMG signals and kinetics of VO2 to assess fatigue mechanisms. Twenty male competitive cyclists participated in a crossover, randomized, double-blind and placebo controlled trial. They performed an incremental cycling test to exhaustion (day 1) determine maximal oxygen output (VO2MAX) and maximal power output (POMAX) followed by four time-to-exhaustion tests (days 2 to 5) at their individual POMAX. Before each time to exhaustion test, different LLLT dosages (3, 6 and 9 J/diode; or 135, 270 and 405 J/thigh, respectively) or placebo were applied at the quadriceps muscle bilaterally. Power output and muscle activation from both lower limbs were acquired throughout the tests. Increased performance at the exhaustion tests was observed with the LLLT-3J (~22 s; p < 0.01), LLLT-6J (~13 s; p = 0.03) and LLLT-9J (~13 s; p = 0.02) compared to placebo (149 ± 23 s). Although LLLT-6J and LLLT-9J did not show significant differences in muscle activation compared to placebo, LLLT-3J led to an increased high frequency content compared to placebo in both limbs at the end of the exhaustion test (p ≤ 0.03). The results in kinetics VO2, resulting in reduction of time constant (Tau) and deficit O2 with LLLT applications compared to the placebo condition (p < 0.05). No differences (p > 0.05) were found between the experimental conditions for VO2 amplitude and VO2 delay time. In conclusion, this study has shown that the phototherapy can be an effective ergogenic agent to increase cycling performance (regardless of the dose used), and this is due to increased activation of the high frequency bands (LLLT-3J) as well as the reduction of Tau and deficit of O2 (LLLT-3, 6 and 9J), during maximum cycling exhaustion test.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi Identificar os efeitos do treinamento e destreinamento de Hidroginástica no perfil lipídico na remodelação óssea em mulheres pré-menopáusicas. As variáveis colesterol total (CT), lipoproteínas de alta densidade ligadas ao colesterol (HDL-C), lipoproteínas de baixa densidade ligadas ao colesterol (LDL-C), triglicerídeos (TG), força de extensores do joelho (F.EXT.J), extensores e flexores horizontais do ombro (F.EXT.HO e F.FLEX.HO), tempo de exaustão em teste de esteira (TE), osteocalcina (OST) e hidroxiprolina (HID) para remodelação óssea foram medidas em três períodos de tempo (avaliações 1, 2 e 3) em trinta e cinco mulheres divididas em dois grupos: grupo 1 (G1) e grupo 2 (G2). Na fase 1 do programa tanto o G1 como o G2 realizaram um treinamento concorrente (TC) periodizado, o treinamento teve uma duração de 20 semanas, com duas sessões semanais. Na fase 2 do programa o G1 realizou um destreinamento com duração de 20 semanas, que caracterizou-se pela ausência de atividade física regular, e o G2, realizou um treinamento de hidroginástica tradicional (THT) não-periodizado também por 20 semanas. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada estatística descritiva, ANOVA para medidas repetidas com um fator (grupo) e post-hoc de Bonferroni, com nível de significância de µ=0,05. Ao analisar o perfil lipídico, foram observadas mudanças significativas da avaliação 1 para a avaliação 2 em todas as variáveis (CT, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG), retornando aos valores iniciais após a avaliação 3 tanto para o G1 que destreinou sem atividade física regular como para o G2 que executou nesse mesmo período o treinamento em hidroginástica tradicional. Para a variável força os aumentos foram significativamente altos, comprovando que a hidroginástica é uma eficiente modalidade no desenvolvimento desse parâmetro. Sobre o tempo de exaustão os resultados encontrados foram estatisticamente diferentes na avaliação 3 quando comparamos os grupos. Para a remodelação óssea, foram encontradas diferenças significativas somente na hidroxiprolina (HID). Esses resultados sugerem que um período de treinamento periodizado necessita ser mantido, pois as respostas tanto do destreinamento quanto do THT não periodizado foram similares proporcionando um processo de descondicionamento que afetou o desempenho porque diminui a capacidade fisiológica, possivelmente pelo fato de que após a realização de um treinamento adequadamente planejado um período de destreinamento ou a execução de um treinamento em hidroginástica tradicional de forma não periodizada foram insuficientes para manutenção dos parâmetros adquiridos. Palavras-chave: treinamento concorrente em água, perfil lipídico, força, tempo de exaustão em teste de esteira, remodelação óssea. / The objective of the present study was to identify the effects of training and detraining of aquatic gymnastics in the lipidic profile and in the bone remodelation in pre menopausal women. The variables total cholesterol (CT), lipoproteins of high density linked to the cholesterol (HDL-C), lipoproteins of low density linked to the cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), strength of knee extensors; (SEK), in shoulder horizontal extensors and flexors (SHES and SHFS), time of exhaustion in test treadmill (TTE), osteocalcin (OST) and hydroxiprolin (HID) for bone remodelation were measured in three periods of time (evaluations 1, 2 and 3) in thirty five women were divided into two groups: group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2). In the phase 1 of the program as much G1 as G2 accomplished a concurrent periodized training (TC), the training had a duration of 20 weeks, with two weekly sessions. In the phase 2 of the program G1 had an detraining period with duration of 20 weeks, that was characterized by the absence of regular physical activity, and G2, accomplished a training of traditional aquactc gymnastics (TTAG) not periodized also for 20 weeks. For the analysis of the data it was used the descriptive statistics, ANOVA for repeated measures with a factor (group) and posthoc of Bonferroni, with significance level of. =0,05. When analyzing the lipidic profile, significant changes of the evaluation 1 were observed for the evaluation 2 in all the variables (CT, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG), returning to the initial values after the evaluation 3 for G1 that detraining without activity as for G2 that executed in that same period the training in traditional aquatics gymnastics. For the variable strength the increases were significantly high, proving that the aquatics gymnastics is an efficient modality in the development of that parameter. For time of exhaustion in test treadmill (TTE) the results found were statistically different in the evaluation 3 when we compared the groups. For bone remodelation significant differences were found only in the hidroxiprolina (HID). Those results suggest that a period of training periodized needs to be maintained, therefore the answers as much of the detraining as of THT not periodized were similar providing a process of unconditioning that affected the acting because it reduces the physiologic capacity, possibly because that after the accomplishment of a appropriately planned training, an detraining period or the execution of a training in traditional aquatics gymnastics in not periodized way were insufficient for maintenance of the acquired parameters.

Orientador: André Fattori / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T02:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_ZeliaVieirade_M.pdf: 2183425 bytes, checksum: 4404a3b0fb6ea373f7f9f5b2941e39b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Objetivos: Investigar relações entre indicadores de fragilidade, anemia e parâmetros hematimétricos (HGB, HTC, VCM, RDW, RETabs) em idosos de 65 anos e mais, recrutados na comunidade, segmentados por gênero e idade. Métodos: Os idosos foram recrutados em domicilio, em 35 setores censitários urbanos de Campinas selecionados por critério de conveniência dentre os 88 que integraram a amostra casualizada de um estudo populacional sobre fragilidade Em sessão única realizada em local publico, realizada coleta de sangue (hemograma e reticulocitos) e levantados dados sócio-demográficos, antropométricos, de saúde entre eles medidas de fragilidade, de acordo com os critérios definidos por Fried e col.(2001). Resultados: Participaram 255 idosos (68% mulheres), idade media = 73,12 anos (±5,98), escolaridade media = 4,39 anos ±4,21 anos; 25% analfabetos), e renda familiar media = 2,23 salários mínimos mensais ±2,74. A prevalência de fragilidade foi de 7,06% e de anemia, 9,8%. As mulheres frágeis apresentaram valores menores de HGB (p: 0,017/12,46 ±1,09) e maiores de RDW (p: 0,24/14,24 ± 1,43); menores valores de HGB associaram-se significativamente com baixa forca preensão e lentidão da marcha. Na amostra total, anemia (HGB <12g/dL para mulheres e < 13 g/dL para homens) associou-se com fragilidade e com perda de peso não intencional; RETabs e HGB associaram-se com idade; os valores de HGB e RETabs correlacionaram-se positiva e significativamente. Conclusões: Embora tenham sido atingidos valores no limite inferior da normalidade, em nenhum deles a média de HGB foi inferior a 12g/dL. As alterações hematimétricas estiveram mais correlacionadas com fragilidade entre as mulheres que entre os homens. Os dados sugerem a oportunidade de se buscar ativamente critérios diagnósticos mais exigentes para anemia e de empreender o rastreio sistemático dessa condição e de seus precursores na população idosa / Abstract: Objectives: To investigate relationships between indicators of fragility, anemia, and hematological parameters (HGB, HTC, MCV, RDW, RetAbs) in the elderly age 65 and over, recruited from the community, segmented by gender and age. Methods: Subjects were recruited at home, in 35 urban census tracts of Campinas selected by criteria of convenience among the 88 that made up the random sample of a population study on frailty in a single session held in a public place, was collected blood sample (blood count and reticulocytes) and collected sociodemographic, anthropometric, health, including measures of fragility, according to the criteria defined by Fried et al. (2001). Results: Participants were 255 elderly (68% women), mean age = 73.12 years ( ± .5,98), educational mean = 4.39 years ± 4.21 years, 25% illiterate), and median family income = 2 , 23 ± 2.74 times the minimum wage. The prevalence of frailty was 7.06% and anemia, 9.8%. Women showed lower values of fragile HGB (p: 0.017 / 12.46 ± 1.09) and higher RDW (p: 0.24 / 14.24 ± 1.43), lower values of HGB were significantly associated with low grip strength and slowness of gait. In the total sample, anemia (HGB <12 g / dL for women and <13 g / dL for men) was associated with frailty and with weight loss; RetAbs and HGB were associated with age, the values of HGB and RetAbs correlated positively and significantly. Conclusions: Although values have been reached at the lower limit of normal, none of them the average of HGB was less than 12 g / dL. Hematological alterations most closely correlated with weakness among women than among men. The data suggest the opportunity to actively seek more stringent diagnostic criteria for anemia and to undertake systematic screening of this condition and its precursors in the elderly / Mestrado / Mestre em Gerontologia

A passagem do tempo sempre foi objeto de estudo, em todos os ramos do conhecimento humano. E é inegável que, em muitos deles o tempo é considerado irreversível1, por mais que a ciência a médica é um exemplo tente, por vezes driblá-lo; mas, no campo do Direito tal irreversibilidade pode vir em certos casos a ser afastada, como exemplo cite-se a possibilidade de retroatividade das leis. O mundo jurídico dá ao tempo compreendido em um sentido mais amplo um tratamento peculiar, o que não significa o desprezo pelo tempo natural, mas exatamente o oposto. Institutos como a prescrição visam dar a segurança jurídica necessária a uma sociedade na qual foram criadas relações jurídicas que após determinado lapso temporal serão mantidas, com fulcro na paz social. Neste trabalho procura-se demonstrar que muito embora esteja consagrado o princípio da supremacia do interesse público sobre o particular, a Administração Pública também se sujeita à inexorável passagem do tempo e a ela não apenas é adequada, como importante à aplicação da prescrição; mormente em seus processos administrativos disciplinares. O ordenamento jurídico não tem razão de existir, se não para organizar a sociedade e, diante disso, o estudo pretende demonstrar que a imprescritibilidade dos atos para quem quer que seja deve ser a exceção em uma estrutura social na qual se busca a paz e a tranquilidade, que virão necessariamente acompanhadas da segurança das relações jurídicas; e esta está umbilicalmente ligada ao fenômeno da prescrição. Se o bem comum é o sentido maior da existência do Estado, deve ser a todo tempo buscado, e para que seja alcançado mostra-se fundamental a segurança jurídica fundamento maior de existência da prescrição; em sentido inverso, sem a prescrição não há segurança jurídica, sem segurança jurídica não se pode estruturar um Estado Democrático. / The passage of time has always been the object of study in all branches of human knowledge. And it is undeniable that in many time is considered irreversible, whatever the science - the medical is an example - try sometimes dribble it, but in the field of Law that irreversibility may - in some cases - the be rejected, for example cite the possibility of retroactivity of laws. The legal world gives to the time - understood in a broader sense - a unique treatment, which does not mean contempt for the natural time, but exactly the opposite. Institutes such as the requirement to seek the necessary legal certainty to a society in which legal relations that have been established - after certain time period - will be maintained, with focus on peace. This work seeks to demonstrate that - but is enshrined the principle of supremacy of public interest on the individual, the government is also subject to the inexorable passage of time and it is not only appropriate, as an important application of the exhaustion; especially in its administrative disciplinary proceedings. The legal system has no reason to exist, if not for coordinating the people and, before that, the study seeks to show that the no exhaustion acts - to whoever - should be the exception in a social structure which seeks peace and tranquility, which will necessarily accompanied by security of legal relations, and this is in a very close way linked to the phenomenon of exhaustion. If the common good is the greatest sense of the existence of the State, should be sought at any time, and that is achieved it is essential to legal security - higher ground of existence of the exhaustion; in the other way, without exhaustion we wont have a secure legal system and certainty, without that will be impossible to build a real Democracy.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-17T13:13:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 edgardantoniocarvalhofaria.pdf: 1973989 bytes, checksum: d3bab54ddaedb3568a6072e8ef842752 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-08-19T12:20:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 edgardantoniocarvalhofaria.pdf: 1973989 bytes, checksum: d3bab54ddaedb3568a6072e8ef842752 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-08-19T12:24:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 edgardantoniocarvalhofaria.pdf: 1973989 bytes, checksum: d3bab54ddaedb3568a6072e8ef842752 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 edgardantoniocarvalhofaria.pdf: 1973989 bytes, checksum: d3bab54ddaedb3568a6072e8ef842752 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-15 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar uma fórmula para o cálculo de volume dos mais variados sólidos geométricos estudados no ensino médio e outros mais, a chamada Fórmula dos Três Níveis. A intenção é fornecer aos alunos do ensino médio uma única forma para calcular o volume de sólidos geométricos, desde que estes satisfaçam a uma certa propriedade, proporcionando aos alunos autonomia no estudo desse assunto. A prova do resultado é baseada no método de exaustão e, portanto, o professor que optar por fazer tal demonstração introduzirá ao aluno conceitos primitivos do Cálculo Diferencial e Integral. / This study aims to present a new formula for the calculation of volume of various geometrical solids studied in high school, as well as others, the so-called Three-Level Formula. The goal is to provide high schoolers with a single formula to calculate the volume of geometrical solids, as longs as they satisfy a certain property, allowing pupils autonomy in the study of this subject. The proof of this study is based on the method of exhaustion, and, therefore, the teacher who chooses to demonstrate this will introduce students to primitive concepts of differential and integral calculus.

The purpose of this thesis is to provide an overview of the development, concept and rules of the exhaustion doctrine on the international and EU level. The issue of the exhaustion doctrine and its application in a digital age became topical after the unexpected judgement of the CJEU in case UsedSoft v Oracle, in which was for the first time broken the conventional link between the exhaustion doctrine and the distribution of works in a tangible form. Although this decision has been widely criticized by legal experts, some thoughts of CJEU highlight imperfection of current legal regulation in a context of an internet age. The first chapter defines basic terms the intellectual property and the copyright including its historical evolution. The second chapter describes the origins of the exhaustion doctrine in the judicature of the national courts as a clue for balancing ownership and intellectual property rights. The extensive third chapter deals with formation of the exhaustion doctrine in judicature of the CJEU. Concrete cases are used to describe basic elements of the exhaustion doctrine. In the fourth chapter is a brief overview of the legal regulation concerning the exhaustion of copyright on the international, EU and Czech level. The next chapter describes an adaptation of the copyright to...

The thesis is based on a multi disciplinary study involving both particulars regarding military history and certain psychological theories. In order to be able to discuss the psychological experiences of Boers during the guerrilla phase of the Anglo-Boer War, the first chapters of the thesis strive to provide the required background. Firstly an overview of the initial conventional phase of the war is furnished, followed by a discussion of certain psychological issues relevant to stress and methods of coping with stress. Subsequently, guerrilla warfare as a global concern is examined. A number of important events during the transitional stage, in other words, the period between conventional warfare and total guerrilla warfare, are considered followed by the regional details concerning the Boers’ plans for guerrilla warfare. These details include the ecological features, the socio-economic issues of that time and military information about the regions illustrating the dissimilarity and variety involved. In the chapters that follow the focus is concentrated on the psychological impact of the guerrilla war on the Boers. The wide range of stressors (factors inducing stress) are arranged according to certain topics: stress caused by military situations; stress caused by the loss of infrastructure in the republics; stress caused by environmental factors; stress arising from daily hardships; stress caused by anguish and finally stressors prompted by an individuals disposition. Then the psychological theories regarding an individual’s resistance resources (or general resistance resources ─ GRRs) and the means of using these resources to cope with stress are applied to the actual circumstances that the Boers were faced with. This discourse is arranged according to material resources, motivational issues and intrapersonal resources. Subsequently the complete guerrilla warfare phase is considered, the accent being placed on the psychological effect that the Boers’ strategies, as well as the British counter strategies, had on the republican forces. The phase is subdivided into four stages according to the course of the war, while still furnishing an overall account of the guerrilla phase ─ ranging from the initial successes on Boer side, the gradual decline in Boer initiatives to the final months, when the few successful encounters that the Boers launched, came too late to change matters. In the final chapter the impact of the guerrilla warfare on a selected group of Boers is examined in the form of case studies. The group includes President M.T. Steyn, whose health failed him in the end and Generals C.R. de Wet and J.C. Smuts, where their positive conduct is considered from a psychological perspective. The result of the continuous pressure on the young Commandant G.J. Scheepers is examined and the stress related experiences of Chief Field Cornet H.S. van der Walt, Burghers P.J. du Toit and R.W. Schikkerling are analysed. / Thesis (DPhil(History))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Jurisprudence / unrestricted