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L’Être Parlant et L’Être Pensant : La Question de Langue Chez Montaigne, Pascal, Descartes et RousseauJean-pierre, Marky 01 January 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Le but de cet essai est d’interroger la questionne de la langue, en tant qu’outil privilégié dans la communication humaine, dans son rapport avec l’existence de l’être humain et de faire le point sur le débat, plutôt littéraire, se rapportant sur les aspects convergents et divergents entre les moyens d’expressions chez l’être humain et l’animal. La langue est l’un des éléments le plus manifeste dans la vie de l’être humain mais elle est tellement évidente qu’on a souvent tendance à l’écarter dans les débats concernant les phénomènes humains. De même, mis à part certains auteurs qui se sont penchés sur la question de la langue, ce sujet fait rarement objet de choix de ceux qui se donnent pour tâche d’approfondir les œuvres des hommes et femmes littéraires et les œuvres philosophiques françaises. En fait, on a beaucoup parlé de Montaigne, Pascal, Descartes, et Rousseau ; mais l’aspect de la langue dans les œuvres de ces auteurs est sous exploré. Néanmoins, c’est un sujet qui est encore à examiner et qui, en fait, joue un rôle prépondérant dans les œuvres de Montaigne, Pascal, Descartes et Rousseau. En entamant ce débat on n’est pas sans savoir que les archives littéraires et philosophiques françaises sont multiples et divers. Il serait donc utopique de vouloir entreprendre une revue exhaustive de la question de la langue dans les œuvres des auteurs français. Les discussions dans cet essai sont basées notamment sur une partie des œuvres de Montaigne, Descartes, Pascal et Rousseau. En particulier, ce dossier esquisse une revue critique des points de vue de Montaigne et Descartes sur l’animal et l’être humain par rapport à la communication, le duel entre Pascal et Montaigne et les points de vue exprimés par Rousseau concernant la langue. Ce dossier conclut avec un penchant sur Descartes qui établit une relation étroite entre la pensée, la langue et l’existence de l’être humain.
Abstract (English Version)
The purpose of this study is to interrogate the question of language as related to human existence and to delve into the literary debate with regard to the relationship between the ways human beings communicate among themselves and the way animals express themselves to each other. Language is one of the most important aspects in the life of human beings. It is so evident in our daily activities that one often has the tendency to neglect it in debates that surround the many phenomena that are influential in the existence of human beings. Likewise, scholars interested in the works of the French thinkers rarely examine the role that debates on language play in their writing. In fact, the works of the French authors Montaigne, Pascal, Descartes, and Rousseau are broadly known both in the milieu of French and Francophone Studies and other branches of knowledge such as the Humanities, the Social Sciences, and even the Mathematics. However, debates related to language in the work of these authors have not been explored sufficiently. Given what language represents for human beings, it is a subject that should continue to occupy an important place in the reflections of the academic community. The works of these authors i.e. Montaigne, Pascal, Descartes, and Rousseau offer grounds on which one can raise important debates related to language. This study draws on the works of Montaigne, Pascal, Descartes, and Rousseau to interrogate the issue of language as related to human existence and to discuss whether language is a phenomenon exclusive to human beings or if it is a shared attribution between human beings and animals. In particular, this study makes a critical review of the viewpoints expressed by Montaigne and Descartes on the relationship between human beings and animals with regard to communication, the conflicts between Pascal and Montaigne, and the viewpoints expressed by Rousseau with regard to language.
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[pt] DESIGUALDADE DE HARNACK GLOBAL PARA OPERADORES ELLÍPTICOS GERAIS NA FORMA DIVERGENTE COM APLICAÇÕES / [en] GLOBAL BOUNDARY WEAK HARNACK INEQUALITY FOR GENERAL UNIFORMLY ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS IN DIVERGENCE FORM AND APPLICATIONSFIORELLA MARIA RENDON GARCIA 02 June 2022 (has links)
[pt] Nesta tese estudamos a extensão da desigualdade fraca de Harnack
até o bordo para uma equação de segunda ordem elíptica geral na forma
divergência, assumindo pouca regularidade sobre o operador diferencial.
Assim, generalizamos e unificamos todos os resultados precedentes deste
tipo. Como aplicação, mostramos estimativas a priori para uma classe de problemas elípticos quasilineares com crescimento quadratico no gradiente e
investigamos, sob várias hipóteses, a multiplicidade das soluções obtidas
para este problema. / [en] This thesis focuses on global extension of the interior weak Harnack
inequality for a general class of divergence-type elliptic equations, under
very weak regularity assumptions on the differential operator. In this way
we generalize and unify all previous results of this type.
As an application, we prove a priori estimates for a class of quasilinear
elliptic problems with quadratic growth on the gradient and we investigate,
under various assumptions, the multiplicity of the solutions obtained for
this problem.
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[en] PRO-EXISTENCE: A KEY THEOLOGICAL TERM IN THE CHRISTOLOGY OF JOSEPH RATZINGER / [pt] PRÓ-EXISTÊNCIA: UMA CHAVE TEOLÓGICA NA CRISTOLOGIA DE JOSEPH RATZINGEREVERALDO BON ROBERT 25 March 2021 (has links)
[pt] Bento XVI, em sua obra Jesus de Nazaré: Desde a entrada em Jerusalém até a ressurreição , publicada em 2011, afirmou que a preposição por é a palavra-chave para se entender o mistério de Cristo e o significado do seu seguimento, pois introduz na teologia o conceito de pró-existência. A presente tese tem como finalidade estudar como aparece e que lugar ocupa o conceito de pró-existência na obra cristológica de Joseph Ratzinger. Ao desenvolver o presente estudo em quatro capítulos expositivos, o autor se propõe no primeiro capítulo diversas considerações preliminares. No segundo capítulo, a pesquisa expõe a manifestação de Deus como pró-existente no decurso da história. No terceiro, são apresentados os fundamentos da pró-existência: em Jesus, e, a partir de sua revelação, no mistério trinitário. No último capítulo se desenvolve a pró-existência no sacrifício oferecido por Jesus na cruz. O trajeto proposto fundamenta as afirmações de Jesus de Nazaré . O vocábulo bíblico por introduz na teologia o conceito de pró-existência: a vida de Jesus se caracterizou como uma existência toda voltada para o Pai e vivida para a salvação da humanidade. Da revelação de Jesus Cristo se é conduzido a conhecer a pró-existência
intratrinitária, e, ao mesmo tempo, a considerar a pró-existência do homem enquanto pessoa e cristão. O ápice da entrega de Cristo para o Pai e para a humanidade se deu no mistério da cruz. Sendo Cristo o constitutivo do ser-cristão, este, ao responder à oferta salvífica feita por Cristo na cruz, encontrará a si mesmo e a própria salvação. De modo concreto, o ser humano se descobrirá e será salvo, ao reproduzir em si a atitude fundamental que caracterizou a pessoa e o agir de Jesus: vivendo de forma pró-existente sua entrega confiante e obediente ao Pai, e, ao mesmo tempo, o amor solícito ao próximo. / [en] Benedict XVI, in his work Jesus of Nazareth: From the Entrance into
Jerusalem to the Resurrection , published in 2011, stated that the preposition for is
the key word to understand the mystery of Christ and the meaning of following him,
as it introduces the concept of pro-existence into theology. This present thesis aims
to study how it appears and what place the concept of pro-existence occupies in the
Christological work of Joseph Ratzinger. Structured in four explanatory chapters, this
research proposes several preliminary considerations in the First Chapter. In the
Second one, the survey exposes the manifestation of God as pro-existing throughout
history. In the Third Chapter, the foundations of pro-existence are summarized on
Jesus and his revelation, in the Trinitarian mystery. The Last Chapter presents the
pro-existence in the sacrifice offered by Jesus on the cross. The suggested path
underlies the claims of Jesus of Nazareth . The biblical term for leads the concept
of pro-existence into theology: Jesus life was distinguished as an existence all
engaged towards the Father and lived for the salvation of mankind. From the
revelation of Jesus Christ, one is led to know the intra-Trinitarian pro-existence, and,
at the same time, to consider the pro-existence of man as a person and a Christian.
The height of Christ s surrender to the Father and to humanity took place in the
mystery of the cross. Since Christ is the constituent element of the Christian being,
one will find oneself and one s own salvation in responding to Christ s saving offer
on the cross. In a concrete way, the human being will discover oneself and be saved
by reproducing in a fundamental attitude that characterized the person and behavior
of Jesus: living in a pro-existing way his confident and obedient surrender to the
Father, and, at the same time, a solicitous love towards others.
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[pt] FELICIDADE E TEOLOGIA: TRAÇOS PARA UMA RECONCILIAÇÃO / [en] HAPPINESS AND THEOLOGY: TRACES FOR RECONCILIATIONSERGIO ALBUQUERQUE DAMIAO 17 June 2021 (has links)
[pt] A Tese intitulada Felicidade e Teologia: traços para uma reconciliação busca fundamentar o diálogo entre o desejo de felicidade que atravessa o coração humano e a reflexão teológica. Para isto, a partir do advento da modernidade, delimita a construção e a influência do conceito de felicidade na sociedade, verificando suas possíveis implicações na vida do indivíduo contemporâneo e a consequente ruptura com o discurso religioso. Ao analisar a relação constituída entre o cristianismo e o anseio de felicidade, a pesquisa discorre sobre o influxo de uma determinada compreensão antropológica que, fundamentada por uma ótica negativa, determina certo distanciamento do discurso teológico acerca da possibilidade de uma vida feliz e incide na manutenção de uma constante desconfiança diante da realidade humana. No interior deste discurso torna-se perceptível a presença de uma leitura deturpada do pecado original e condicionada por um subterrâneo – e perigoso – dualismo. Para superar este cenário de desconfiança e sedimentar os traços que possibilitem a reconciliação entre a possibilidade de ser feliz e a reflexão teológica, a tese reflete sobre o anúncio do Reino de Deus realizado por Jesus de Nazaré e suas consequências para o pensamento teológico e, por conseguinte, para as relações humanas. Assim, a pesquisa procura demonstrar que o ser humano, constantemente situado sob a égide do infinito, descobre sua felicidade ao assumir os riscos que brotam de uma existência relacional, solidária e fecunda. / [en] The dissertation entitled Happiness and Theology: traces for reconciliation seeks to justify the dialogue between theology and the desire for happiness that pierces human hearts. To do so, the research delimits, from the advent of modernity, the construction and influence of the concept of happiness in our society, verifying its possible implications in the life of the contemporary individual and the consequent rupture with religious discourse. Analyzing the relationship established between Christianity and the desire for happiness, the research discusses the influence of a certain anthropological understanding that, based on a negative perspective, determines a certain distance from the theological discourse about the
possibility of a happy life and focuses on the maintenance of constant mistrust in the face of human reality. Within this discourse, the presence of an original sin interpretation that is distorted and conditioned by an underground - and dangerous - dualism becomes perceptible. To overcome this scenario of mistrust and to consolidate the traits that enable the reconciliation between the possibility of being happy and theological reflection, the dissertation reflects on the announcement of the Kingdom of God carried out by Jesus of Nazareth and its consequences for theological thought and, therefore, for human relations. Thus, the research seeks to demonstrate that the human being, constantly situated under the aegis of the infinite,
discovers his/her happiness by taking the risks that arise from a relational, solidary, and fruitful existence.
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Влияние смысла жизни и карьерной самореализации на развитие организационной среды: сравнительный анализ университетов России, Мексики, Латвии, Казахстана : магистерская диссертация / Influence of meaning of lifе and career self-realization 0n the development of organizational environment: comparative analysis of universities in Russia, Mexico, Latvia, KazakhstanСанчез Лара, М. Э., Sanchez Lara, M. E. January 2022 (has links)
Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из введения, трех частей, заключения, библиографического списка и приложений. В теоретической части представлены концепции смысла жизни, открытия смысла жизни или, иначе, экзистенциальной пустоты из-за его отсутствия, продуктивности, самореализации и мотивации. Практическая часть состоит из анализа ответов на 5 анкет: были поданы заявки на 31 преподавателя для 4 различных университетов Мексики, Россия, Латвия и Казахстан. На основе полученных данных были разработаны предложения по признанию того, что профессора, чувствуя себя преданными и вовлеченными в свою работу и компанию, создают это позитивное отношение, которое повлияет на устойчивый рост и развитие нашей страны, для которой именно это исследование вопросов мотивации-смысла жизни, будет играть фундаментальную роль. В заключение подводятся итоги в соответствии с поставленными задачами. / The final qualifying work consists of an introduction, three parts, a conclusion, a bibliographic list, and appendixes. The theoretical part presents the concepts of meaning in life, the discovery of meaning in life, or otherwise, the existential void due to the lack thereof, productivity, carreer self-realization and motivation. The practical part consists of the analysis for answers for 5 questionnaires: there were applied for 31 professors for 4 different universities in Mexico, Russia, Latvia and Kazajastan. Based on the data obtained, proposals have been developed on recognizing that who are professors, by feeling committed and involved with their work and company, generate this positive attitude that will impact the sustained growth and projection of our country, for which, precisely this study of the issues of motivation-sense of life, will play a fundamental role. In conclusion, the results are summed up in accordance with the tasks set.
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”... de dödas uppståndelse och ett evigt liv” : Vad handlar det kristna hoppet om? / “... the resurrection of the dead and eternal life” : What is Christian hope about?Arrebäck, Miriam January 2023 (has links)
Many Christians believe in a future with eternal life, some say it will be “in heaven”. What kind of existence do they imagine? Do they think that the risen Christian congregation will have physical bodies like we have here in our lives on Earth today? Or will it be a spiritualexistence? Bible scholar and former Anglican bishop NT Wright asserts that Christianity’s most distinctive idea is bodily resurrection and he also defense a literal resurrection of Jesus.1 He claims that most Christians don’t understand the meaning of the “Christian hope” – that of a bodily resurrection and a new creation. What is the theological statement on resurrection from bishops in the Swedish Lutheran Church? Which message about the Christian hope do they advise, especially when it comes to funerals? What kind of eschatological tracks are to be found in the main manual Kyrkohandbok för Svenska kyrkan? Is the afterlife to be seen as a spiritual existence or one with physical bodies? And does it really matter? The main purpose in this essay is to find out what kind of eschatological guidance there is for priests officiating funerals. With starting point in the theology of NT Wright, in comparison with the advice from Swedish bishops, the essay is studying which words and formulation could be used to talk truthfully about the Christian hope.
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Diving Deep for “The Ungraspable Phantom of Life”: Melville’s Philosophical and Aesthetic Inquiries into Human Possibilities in <i>Moby-Dick</i>Lee, Yonghwa 03 September 2009 (has links)
No description available.
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[en] REVELATION AND EXISTENCE: A STUDY ON THE PLACE OF THE SYMBOL FOR THE KNOWLEDGE OF GOD IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD / [pt] REVELAÇÃO E EXISTÊNCIA : UM ESTUDO SOBRE O LUGAR DO SÍMBOLO PARA O CONHECIMENTO DE DEUS NO MUNDO CONTEMPORÂNEOSILVANA GOMES VENANCIO CABRAL 15 December 2011 (has links)
[pt] O propósito desta pesquisa foi refletir sobre a revelação de um Deus transcendente e a sua relação com um ser humano finito a partir de Paul Tillich. Ao se perguntar sobre essa relação, a pesquisa se norteou pela a ideia de como é possível o conhecimento de Deus, condicionado pela finitude humana, e como esse conhecimento corre o risco de se tornar um conhecimento como outro qualquer. Pois a única maneira de o ser humano conhecer a realidade a sua volta é sempre através da estrutura sujeito-objeto. Porém, Deus não pode ser um objeto entre outros. Sendo assim, a pesquisa propôs a estudar a teologia de Paul Tillich, um teólogo que postula o conceito de símbolo como linguagem da fé, sendo um caminho para que a revelação de Deus seja acolhida, sem tornar Deus objeto de idolatria e fanatismos. Para responder a esses questionamentos, no primeiro momento a pesquisa perpassou os limites da razão humana, através da contribuição de alguns filosofos, fazendo uma relação entre finitude e existência humana. Num segundo momento a pesquisa se estabeleceu sobre a relação entre a revelação de um Deus transcendente e a experiência humana, no cotidiano. A experiência de uma revelação que exige aproximação, que não é algo fora, objetivo, mas existencial. Por último a pesquisa se deteve sobre a fé como uma dimensão inerente ao ser humano, uma fé que se comunica através de símbolos, mediada pela linguagem e que tenta fugir de todos os propósitos fundamentalistas de dominação e imposição. / [en] The purpose of this research was to reflect on the revelation of a transcendent God and his relation with a finite human being in Paul Tillich. When asked about this relationship, the research is lead by a the idea of how can the knowledge of God, conditioned by human finitude, and how that knowledge is in danger of becoming a knowledge like any other. For the only way of man to know the reality around you is always through the subject-object structure. But God can not be an object among others. Thus, research aimed at studying the theology of Paul Tillich, an existentialist theology, which posits the concept of language as a symbol of faith as a way for the revelation of God is welcomed, without making God an object of idolatry and fanaticism. To answer these questions, the first time the research pervaded the limits of human reason, through the contribution of philosophy, making a relationship between human existence and finitude. In a second time the research established the relationship between the revelation of a transcendent God and human experience in everyday life. The experience of a revelation which requires approximation, which is not something outside, objective, but existential. Finally the search was halted on faith as an inherent dimension of the human being, a faith that communicates through symbols, mediated by language and tries to escape all the purposes of fundamentalist domination and imposition.
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[pt] AS PROVAS DA EXISTÊNCIA DE DEUS NAS MEDITAÇÕES METAFÍSICAS DE RENÉ DESCARTES / [en] THE TESTS OF THE EXISTENCE OF GOD IN THE METAPHYSICAL MEDITATIONS OF RENÉ DESCARTESJOAO ANDRE FERNANDES DA SILVA 28 April 2005 (has links)
[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação foi o de analisar as três
demonstrações da
existência de Deus nas Meditações Metafísicas de René
Descartes. Ela contém
três capítulos. No primeiro, tratamos de forma geral do
método de Descartes,
tendo a intenção de mostrar que este mesmo método será
aplicado às Meditações
Metafísicas influenciando em grande medida as provas da
existência de Deus. No
segundo capítulo, já no interior das Meditações
Metafísicas, nos detemos na
análise da dúvida metódica e do cogito. Estes dois temas
são os antecedentes
fundamentais para as provas da existência de Deus, na
medida em que, através da
dúvida, é vedado o recurso ao conhecimento dos seres
materiais e à própria
Natureza e, através do cogito, é descoberta a única via
possível para se chegar a
Deus. No terceiro e último capítulo, apresentamos a
primeira, a segunda e a
terceira prova da existência de Deus. Em todas essas três
provas o nó da questão
foi a aplicação do principio de causalidade especificado na
forma da causalidade
eficiente. Na primeira prova, Deus é inferido como causa
eficiente de sua idéia
presente no intelecto humano. Na segunda, Deus é provado
como causa do
próprio intelecto que tem sua idéia. Por fim, na última
prova, Deus é concebido
como causa formal e eficiente de si mesmo. / [en] The objective of this dissertation was to analyze three
demonstrations of
the existence of God in the Metaphysical Meditations of
René Descartes. It
contains three chapters. In the first one, we deal with
general form of the method
of Descartes, having the intention to show that this method
will be applied to the
Metaphysical Meditations influencing significantly on the
tests of the existence of
God. In the second chapter, where we are already talking
about the Metaphysical
Meditations, we withhold them in the analysis of the
methodical doubt and
cogitation. These two subjects are the basic antecedents
for the tests of the
existence of God, while through the doubt the resource to
the knowledge of
material beings and to the proper Nature is forbidden, and
through the cogitation
is discovered the only possible way to reach the God. In
the third and last chapter,
we present the first one, the second and third test of the
existence of God. In all
these three tests the main question was the application of
beginning of specified
cause to the form of the efficient cause. In the first
test, God is inferred as the
efficient cause of its present idea in the human intellect.
In second, God is proven
as a cause of the proper intellect that has its idea.
Finally, in the last test, God is
conceived as a formal and efficient cause of itself.
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Le personnage entre agir, facticité et fatalité : La garçonnière de Mylène BouchardSaint-Yves, Myriam 20 April 2018 (has links)
Mettant en scène deux jeunes adultes vivant un amour impossible, le roman La garçonnière, de Mylène Bouchard, nous paraît marqué par une forte tension entre la prévisibilité d’une histoire d’amour typique suggérée par de nombreuses allusions intertextuelles – notamment à Roméo et Juliette de Shakespeare – et l’impulsion de ses personnages qui refusent de se soumettre à ces schémas bien connus. Notre hypothèse est que le roman représente un rapport problématique des personnages avec leur existence. En effet, par la mise en scène de protagonistes dont la vie semble soumise à des forces extérieures, le roman soulève des questions sur l’incidence de la fatalité sur leur parcours ainsi que sur la finalité de ce dernier. Pour réaliser cette représentation, le texte opère une série de « désamorçages » diégétiques et identitaires, questionnant le statut des personnages au sein du texte, la constitution de leur identité et la téléologie romanesque.
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