Les juges non professionnels ne se résument pas à un concept dont l’unité est relative, ils forment également une catégorie de fait. Ils sont des tiers non-magistrats, rattachés directement ou indirectement à une juridiction, dotés d’une mission juridictionnelle non professionnelle parce qu’inhabituelle et dépourvue d’un objectif de rémunération. Cette définition préalablement posée ne permet cependant pas de postuler l’existence d’une catégorie juridique. La catégorisation suppose en effet de rechercher la commune nature des objets d’étude. La réussite de l’entreprise dépend par conséquent de la découverte d’une unité certaine entre les juges non professionnels et d’une opposition marquée vis-à-vis des juges de carrière. C’est précisément le propre d’une théorie générale du procès dédiée aux juges non professionnels que de répondre à ces questions. Quelles sont les particularités institutionnelles et procédurales des juges non professionnels ? Suffisent-elles pour conclure à l’existence d’une catégorie juridique ? Les juges non professionnels ne s’inscrivent-ils pas dans la lignée des juges professionnels formant ainsi une simple variante au sein d’une catégorie juridique plus large, celle des juges ? La recherche est scindée en deux temps, ordonnée autour d’une distinction fondamentale. Le premier volet d’ordre institutionnel est l’occasion d’étudier les rapports entre le droit au procès et les juges non professionnels, le second volet d’ordre procédural permet d’analyser les relations des juges non professionnels avec le droit du procès / Lay judges cannot be reduced to a single concept as the unity of this concept is relative. The definition of lay judges gather different features. They are non-magistrates third party directly or indirectly attached to a court with a jurisdictional function. Their task is unusual and they lack of compensation goals. This definition previously stated does not yet allow to postulate a legal category. The categorisation itself would imply the search of common grounds between the objects of study. The success of the project depends on the findings of unity between the lay judges themselves and on significant difference compared to the professional judges. The main function of a general theory of the trial dedicated to lay judges is to answer these following questions. What are the institutional and procedural features of lay judges? Are they sufficient to conclude that there is a legal category? Would the lay judges fit in the line of professional judges forming a simple variant in a broader legal category? The research will be divided into two stages, both organised around a fundamental distinction. The first part, of institutional order, will be an opportunity to study the relationship between the right to trial and the lay judges. The second part, of procedural order, will analyse the relationship of lay judges with a right for trial

The thesis "The justification of eternity in times" addresses the relationship of the entity whose existence is modally necessary to the times of the entities of contingent existence, whose existence is defined by creation and termination, i.e., by the two poles of existence. The solution of this relationship is the answer to Panneberg's question about the relationship of eternity to the space-time structure of the universe. The approach to solving this problem is analyzed in the introductory chapter. Entities of contingent existence - beings - can be considered from the point of view of existence as polar entities, while the modally necessary one, which neither comes into existence nor ceases to exist, spans in its existence the poles of existence of all beings - it is therefore supra-polar in this sense. Time is needed to express the impermanence of the existence of beings. The fact that entities of contingent existence must exist in time raises the question of the relation of the modally necessary entity to time. The formal-logical expression of the relation of modally necessary entities to the times of modally contingent entities is discussed in second chapter. Sufficient conditions are given here for such an existence of a modally necessary entity which can be said to be of unbounded duration...

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des propriétés qualitatives des solutions des équations des ondes et de la chaleur semi-linéaires. Les résultats qui y sont décrits sont les suivants. Les deux premiers concernent l’existence et la description de dynamiques explosives de concentration en temps fini de l’état stationnaire à symétrie radiale dans le régime dit énergie surcritique ; en outre, pour l’équation des ondes la stabilité de ces phénomènes est étudiée dans le cas radial, et pour l’équation de la chaleur le cas plus général d’un domaine borné avec conditions de Dirichlet au bord est considéré. Le troisième porte sur la classification des dynamiques possibles près de l’état stationnaire radial pour l’équation de la chaleur dans le régime dit énergie critique, trois scénarios ayant lieu : la stabilisation, l’instabilité par explosion auto-similaire à profil explosif constant en espace, et l’instabilité par dissipation vers la solution nulle. Enfin, le quatrième a pour objet l’existence et la stabilité de profils explosifs auto-similaires non constants en espace pour l’équation de la chaleur dans le cas énergie surcritique / This thesis is devoted to the study of qualitative properties for solutions to the semilinear heat and wave equations. The results that are described are the following. The first two concern the existence and description of blow-up dynamics in which the radially symmetric stationary state is concentrated in finite time in the so-called energy supercritical regime; in addition, for the wave equation the stability of these phenomena is studied in the radial case, and for the heat equation the more general case of a bounded domain with Dirichlet condition at the boundary is considered. The third one deals with the classification of the possible dynamics near the radial stationary state for the heat equation in the so-called energy critical regime, where three scenarii occur: stabilization, instability by blow-up with the constant in space blow-up profile, and instability by dissipation to the null solution. Eventually, in the forth result we investigate the existence and the stability of self-similar blow-up profiles that are not constant in space, for the heat equation in the energy supercritical case

Ce mémoire de thèse est consacré à l’équation de Fokker-Planckpartial_ f=∆f+div(Ef).Il est subdivisé en deux parties :une partie linéaire et une partie non linéaire. Dans la partie linéaire on considère un champ de vecteur E(x) dépendant seulement de x. Cette partie est constituée des chapitres 3, 4 et 5. Dans le chapitre 3 on montre que l’opérateur linéaire Lf :=∆ f + div(E f ) est le générateur d’un semi-groupe fortement continu (SL(t))_{t≥0} dans tous les espaces L^p. On y établit également que le semi-groupe (SL(t))_{t≥0} est positif et ultracontractif. Dans le chapitre 4 nous montrons comment est qu’une décomposition adéquate de l’opérateur L permet d’établir certaines propriétés du semi-groupe (SL(t))_{t≥0} notamment sa bornitude. Le chapitre 5 est consacré à l’existence d’un état d’équilibre. De plus on y montre que cet état d’équi- libre est asymptotiquement stable. Dans la partie non linéaire on considère un champ de vecteur de la forme E(x,f) := x+nabla (a*f) ou a et f sont des fonctions assez régulières et * est l’opérateur de convolution. Cette parties est contituée des chapitre 6 et 7. Dans le chapitre 6 nous établissons que poura appartenant à W^{2,infini}_locl’équation de Fokker-Planck non linéaire admet une unique solution locale dans l’espace L^2_{K_alpha} (R^d). Dans le dernier chapitre nous montrons que le problème non linéaire admet une solution globale. De plus cette solution dépend continument des données. / This thesis is devoted to the Fokker-Planck équation partial_t f =∆f + div(E f).It is divided into two parts. The rst part deals with the linear problem. In this part we consider a vector E(x) depending only on x. It is composed of chapters 3, 4 and 5. In chapter 3 we prove that the linear operator Lf :=∆f + div(Ef ) is an in nitesimal generator of a strong continuous semigroup (SL(t))_{t≥0}. We establish also that (SL(t))_{t≥0} is positive and ultracontractive. In chapter 4 we show how an adequate decomposition of the linear operator L allows us to deduce interesting properties for the semigroup (SL(t))_{t≥0}. Indeed using this decomposition we prove that (SL(t))_{t≥0} is a bounded semigroup. In the last chapter of this part we establish that the linear Fokker-Planck admits a unique steady state. Moreover this stationary solution is asymptotically stable.In the nonlinear part we consider a vector eld of the form E(x, f ) := x +nabla (a *f ), where a and f are regular functions. It is composed of two chapters. In chapter 6 we establish that fora in W^{2,infini}_locthe nonlinear problem has a unique local solution in L^2_{K_alpha}(R^d); . To end this part we prove in chapter 7 that the nonlinear problem has a unique global solution in L^2_k(R^d). This solution depends continuously on the data.

Dans le chapitre du Contrat social consacré à la mort du corps politique, Rousseau rappelle que cette mort est « la pente naturelle et inévitable des Gouvernements les mieux constitués ». En effet, poursuit-il, « si Sparte et Rome ont péri, quel État peut espérer de durer toujours ? Si nous voulons former un établissement durable, ne songeons donc point à le rendre éternel ». Malgré l’avertissement de Rousseau, la tendance à rendre l’ordre politique éternel semble être un phénomène constant, jusqu’à nos jours. En témoigne l’idée d’une « fin de l’histoire » résultant de l’alliance du capitalisme et de la démocratie libérale, ou d’un modèle occidental se comprenant comme la réalisation du seul but de l’histoire, à laquelle ne s’opposeraient que des puissances « retardatrices ». À travers ces phénomènes se manifeste une « politique du temps », un discours de légitimation de l’ordre politique donnant un sens politique à sa dimension temporelle.Compris de cette manière, le problème que pose la « politique du temps » ne peut être abordé par une critique limitée à ses derniers avatars, telle la thèse de la fin de l’histoire. Il est au contraire nécessaire de remonter à la racine du problème, c’est-à-dire à la place qu’occupe cette question au sein du rapport entre temps et politique. Si la politique du temps s’avère aussi tenace, c’est en effet parce qu’elle s’inscrit dans un questionnement intrinsèquement lié à l’ordre politique, confronté à la nécessité d’assurer son « être-dans-le-temps ». La politique du temps répond à cette nécessité par une politisation du temps et de l’histoire pouvant conduire, dans sa forme extrême, à une éternisation de l’ordre politique, qui prétend alors englober la totalité du temps, du passé au futur.Compte tenu de la persistance de cette conception temporelle de l’ordre politique, de même qu’il ne suffit pas de limiter la critique à ses avatars actuels, de même serait-il impropre de la diriger contre sa seule forme extrême, dans la mesure où ce sont précisément certains discours proclamant la fin des idéologies qui tendent à reproduire aujourd’hui les structures de la politique du temps. Par conséquent, ce n’est qu’en abordant dans son ensemble le problème formé par la atemporalisation du politique et la politisation du temps qu’il est possible d’attaquer à la racine ce type de discours de légitimation, sous toutes ses formes.Pour mener à bien ce projet, deux objectifs complémentaires, correspondant aux deux fils directeurs de l’analyse, sont traités en parallèle. D’une part, nous proposons de systématiser la question du temps politique afin de montrer les grands traits communs aux phénomènes qui s’y rattachent et quelles directions s’ouvrent à la critique. Le second axe de lecture met l’accent sur les œuvres d’Eric Voegelin et de Karl Löwith en tant qu’elles apportent une contribution décisive tant à la systématisation du problème que, surtout, à son dépassement.Notre hypothèse de départ est que Löwith et Voegelin eux-mêmes sont conscients de la relation problématique entre temps et politique et cherchent, par l’intermédiaire de la dimension temporelle, à aborder un problème politique dont l’importance s’explique non seulement par la situation historique à laquelle ils sont directement confrontés, mais aussi par sa valeur systématique intrinsèque, en tant qu’il représente une évolution de la conception du politique. Tous deux sont convaincus de la nécessité de surmonter le nihilisme et l’absence de toute fondation durable en tant que tels, c’est-à-dire de surmonter la temporalisation radicale de l’ordre politique, mais également les tentatives visant à l’éterniser. C’est dans ce cadre que prennent sens leurs projets, qui cherchent à dissocier le politique et le temps et, en repensant leur relation, à éviter que tout point de référence permanent ne soit dissout par le cours du temps sans toutefois produire une éternité artificielle et absolue. / In the chapter of the Social Contract on the death of the body politic, Rousseau emphasizes that its death is “the natural and inevitable propensity even of the best constituted governments”. Indeed, he continues, “if Sparta and Rome have perished, what state can hope to last for ever? If we want the constitution we have established to endure, let us not seek, therefore, to make it eternal”. Despite Rousseau’s warning, the tendency to make the political order eternal seems to be a pervasive phenomenon even in our time, as can be seen in the idea of an “end of history” that results from the combination of capitalism and liberal democracy, or in a Western model conceived as the realisation of the sole aim of history that only “delaying” powers would resist. These are examples of a “politics of time”, a concept that refers to a type of discourse contributing to the legitimization of the political order by giving a political meaning to its temporal dimension. Understood in this way, the problem of the “politics of time” cannot be addressed by focusing only on its recent developments, such as the “end of history” thesis, it is also crucial to understand these developments in the broader context of the relation between time and politics. Consequently, only a fundamental critique can put an end to the “politics of time”. The origin of the persistence of the “politics of time” has to be traced back to an essential problem that the political order is facing, namely the necessity to ensure its existence in time. The “politics of time” answers this problem by politicizing time and history, which can lead, in its most extreme form, to an eternisation of the political order that pretends to last for all time.Considering that this temporal conception of the political order is still widely present in many contemporary discourses, it would be insufficient to limit the critique to contemporary phenomena or to the extreme forms of the politics of time in modern ideologies, since precisely some proclamations of the end of ideologies tend to repeat the structure of the politics of time. It is therefore necessary to tackle the problem of the temporalisation of politics and politicisation of time as a whole. This is the only way to question the different occurrences of this kind of legitimising discourse.To achieve this, this study has two parallel aims. First, I begin by reconstructing a systematic account of the question of political time in order to highlight the main characteristics of the phenomena that are related to it. My second aim is to analyse Eric Voegelin’s and Karl Löwith’s works regarding their contribution to the systematisation of the problem, but first and foremost insofar as they offer an answer to it.Central to this work is the claim that Löwith and Voegelin not only develop a theory of the problematic relation between time and politics, but also defend a solution to tackle this problem. This problem, as they see it, is not restricted to their particular historical situation but remains of interest as an evolution of the concept of the political itself. Both Löwith and Voegelin are convinced that nihilism and the lack of any durable foundation must be overcome as such or, in other words, that it is necessary to overcome not only the temporalisation of the political order but also the attempts to “eternalise” it. The meaning and significance of Löwith’s and Voegelin’s projects appear clearly in this framework, as they can be seen as two attempts to dissociate the political from the temporal and, by reworking this relation, to prevent the relativisation of any durable foundation in the flow of time without, however, creating an artificial and absolute eternity.

[pt] Esta tese tem o intuito do estudo da existência, não existência e estimativas a priori de soluções não negativas de alguns tipos de problemas elípticos degenerados coercivos e não coercivos com um termo adicional dependendo do gradiente. Dentre outras coisas, obtemos condições integrais generalizadas tipo Keller-Osserman para a existência e não existência de soluções. Também mostramos que condições adicionais e diferentes são necessárias quando p é maior ou igual à 2 ou p é menor ou igual à 2, devido ao caráter degenerado do operador. As estimativas a priori são obtidas para super-soluções e soluções de EDPs elípticas superlineares o sistemas de tais tipos de equações em forma divergente com diferentes operadores e não linearidades. Além do mais, obtemos extensões até a fronteira de algumas desigualdades de Harnack fracas e lemas quantitativos de Hopf para operadores elípticos como o p-Laplaciano. / [en] This thesis concerns the study of existence, nonexistence and a priori estimates of nonnegative solutions of some types of degenerate coercive and non coercive elliptic problems involving an additional term which depends on the gradient. Among other things, we obtain generalized integral conditions of Keller-Osserman type for the existence and nonexistence of solutions. Also, we show that different conditions are needed when p is higher or equal to 2 or p is less than or equal to 2, due to the degeneracy of the operator. The uniform a priori estimates are obtained for supersolutions and solutions of superlinear elliptic PDE or systems of such PDE in divergence form that can contain different operators and nonlinearities. We also give full boundary extensions to some half Harnack inequalities and quantitative Hopf lemmas, for degenerate elliptic operators like the p-Laplacian.

Text in Afrikaans / Because of the variety of relationships which exist between transitive verbs and their objects, all direct objects are not comparable with one another. One class of object, however, which stands by itself and which is of considerable interest, is the OBJECT OF RESULT. Because of the particular relation which exists between object and transitive verb in resulting constructions, we have here an unique class of direct object. The resulting construction is therefore, in the first instance a relation construction. This specific relation between transitive verb and object is mainly determined by the presence of or absence of certain inherent distinctive characteristics by transitive verbs and which play a determining role in identifying OBJECTS OF RESULT. From this study it is also clear that there is a semantic value present in transitive verbs (that can combine with objects of result) which has not been observed or distinguished by lexicographers and grammarians until recently. / Omdat voorwerpe van sinne in 'n verskeidenheid van betrekkinge met (oorganklike) werkwoorde kan staan, is alle direkte voorwerpe nie almal in alle opsigte vergelykbaar met mekaar nie. Waarskynlik die interessantste voorwerp in hierdie verskeidenheid is die RESULTATIEWE VOORWERP. As gevolg van die besondere verhouding wat daar bestaan tussen hierdie voorwerp en die HW, het ans hier te make met 'n unieke tipe direkte voorwerp wat kan aanspraak maak op 'n eie bestaansreg as 'n subkategorie van die hoofkategorie: Direkte Voorwerpe. Die resulterende konstruksie is dus, in die eerste plek, 'n verhoudingskonstruksie. Hierdie spesifieke verhouding tussen die HW en die voorwerp word grootliks bepaal deur die aan- of afwesigheid van sekere inherente distinktiewe kenmerke wat by oorganklike werkwoorde voorkom en wat 'n bepalende rol speel by die ontstaan van en identifisering van RESUL TATIEWE VOORWERPE. Uit hierdie ondersoek sal verder blyk dat daar 'n semantiese waarde by oorganklike werkwoorde is wat tot dusver nag nie deur taalkundiges/woordeboekmakers of woordverklaarders onderskep en onderskei is nie. Oorganklike werkwoorde kan dus fyner gedefinieer word ten opsigte van hul verbindbaarheid, al dan nie, met resultatiewe voorwerpe. / Language Education, Arts and Culture / M.A. (Afrikaans)

This philosophical, anthropological study within a fundamental agogic perspective, employed an existential phenomenological approach to find out what adulthood is, fundamentally. Adulthood as being-ethical, is a more adequate description than chronological, biological, psychological and sociological descriptions of adulthood. Finding out what being-ethical is, required investigating what it means to be human. Only humans exist, and must participate effectively in agogic-dialogic relationships to alleviate existential yearning and experience dignifiedness. A code of effective agogy is presented. This code is the basis for a universal, fundamental code of ethics which transcends particular moral codes and professional codes of ethics. The words "ethicals", "ethicalness" and "ethicality" are employed to name, respectively, individual requirements in the code; acting according to the code; and the inescapable interrelatedness of experiencing dignifiedness and adhering to ethicals. Detailed explanations are given of what it means to respond fundamentally ethically. Adultness, humanness and ethicalness are different perceptions of the same continuum. All humans, whether aware of it or not, have an unattainable ideal of perfect humanness, to which they must perennially progress in order to experience dignifiedness, and humanness entails perennially becoming more human. Since no human can become perfectly human, the ideal of perfect humanness can be called "God". This means that the code of humanness is also the code of Godliness and the word "spiritual" is used to distinguish fundamental God from religious Gods. Spiritual responsibility is the interrelatedness of being-questioning and being-questioned. Ultimately, a person's humanness is assessed against the ideal of perfect humanness, by his or her own spiritual conscience. Humanity is the interrelatedness of the realities of existentiality, agogicality, ethicality, and spirituality and humanness is the inseparability of the continua of existentialness, ethicalness, agogicalness and spiritualness. A detailed existential-ethical description of education is given. The thesis ends with a post-scientific view of what essentially agogic orientated (educative) teaching is, and four recommendations are offered to enhance the effectiveness of agogy in teaching and learning institutions. Despite an extensive and radical study, it is acknowledged that the mystery that is humanity, can never be totally revealed. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Philosophy of Education)

在這篇論文中，我們將考慮2個具有初值及邊界值的非線性波方程。首先，考慮一個具有某種阻尼項 (強阻尼、 線性阻尼及非線性阻尼) 的積分--微分方程。我們利用 Fadeo-Galerkin及 Contraction Mapping Principle的方法來建立局部存在性和唯一性，並且使用 Nako 的不等式 ([40]) 來討論解的長時間存在 (global existence) 及漸進行為( asymptotic behavior) 。至於在解的有限時間爆增 (finite time blow-up) 方面，我們使用直接方法 ([33]) 來探討具有強阻尼及線性阻尼的問題。另一方面，我們利用能量法 (energy method) 來討論非線性阻尼問題的有限時間爆增現象。其次，我們考慮一個具有特殊邊界值的 Kirchhoff方程， 我們利用擾動的能量法 (perturbed energy method) ([56]) 來研究解的漸進行為，並且使用直接方法 ([33]) 來探討解的有限時間暴增問題。最後，我們提出一些與本文相關的有趣問題以作為未來的研究。 / In this thesis, we shall consider two initial-boundary value problems for nonlinear wave equations. First, we consider a nonlinear integro- differential equation with some kind of damping terms - the strong damping term or the linear damping term or the nonlinear damping term. We establish the existence and uniqueness of local solutions by using Faedo-Galerkin method and Contraction Mapping Principle. We shall discuss the asymptotic behavior of global solutions by using Nako’s inequality ([40]). Moreover, the blow-up properties of local solutions with non-positive initial energy and small positive initial energy for strong or linear damping case are obtained by using direct method ([33]). On the other hand, for the nonlinear damping case, we apply the energy method to deduce the blow-up of local solutions with negative initial energy, vanishing initial energy and small positive initial energy. The estimates of lifespan of solutions are also given in each case. Secondly, we shall consider an initial-boundary value problem for a wave equation of Kirchhoff type with a linear boundary damping term. The asymptotic behavior of global solutions is investigated by using perturbed energy method ([56]). Moreover, the blow-up phenomena with the initial energy being non-positive and positive and the estimates for the blow-up time are obtained by direct approach ([33]). Finally, a list of some interesting problems related to our model is posed for further research.

早期馬克思的思想，尤其是對人的存在與問題，受到黑格爾與費爾巴哈很大的影響。但是馬克思並不侷限於兩位先哲的理論框架，而是將自己的理論深深紮根在人這個實際的個體上，馬克思真正關注的是人在現實社會中的處境，並致力於將理論化為實際行動。 身處在資本主義社會與現代性的洪流裡，「異化」的感受深深地衝擊我們，馬克思從異化的角度，試圖去建構一個沒有異化的自由人聯合體。自由人聯合體是馬克思運用啟蒙以來的主體理性與分析資本主義的歷史走向，所建構出來的理想社會。針對資本主義中異化人的處境，馬克思企圖將資本主義社會中的原子式個人轉為聯合起來的自由人，並且打造一個聯合勞動、彼此互助的自由人聯合體。雖然許多人對他的理論有褒有貶，但是卻不能否認，馬克思理論的啟發性與影響力。 關鍵字：馬克思、費爾巴哈、黑格爾、異化、類存在、自由人聯合體 / In the early thoughts of Marx, especially for human existence and problems, are effected by Hegel and Feuerbach very much. However, Marx didn’t limit himself to the theory frame of these two philosophers but rooted his theory in human being individual deeply. Marx real concerned about the situation of people in the real society and he was devoted himself to turn his theory to action. Being in the mighty torrent of capitalism society and modernity, the feeling of “ alienation” strikes us heavily. Marx tried to establish an unity of freedom without alienation from the point of alienation. The unity of freedom is an ideal society which Marx used reason of subject from the Enlightenment Age and analyzed the historical trend of capitalism. For the situation of alienated being in the capitalism, Marx tended to change atomic individual to united free people and made an unity of freedom which people work and help each other. Though many guys disagree with his theory, they still can’t deny that the enlightenment and effect of theory of Marx. Key words: Marx, Feuerbach, Hegel, alienation, being existence, unity of freedom