Nástroje k ochraně životního prostředí ? porovnání, výhody a nevýhody. Kritéria volby nástrojového mixu. Negativní externality a jejich náprava. Definice ekologické daně, princip ekologických daňových reforem. Problémy při implementaci ekologických daní. Historie a současný stav ekologického zdanění v Evropské unii s důrazem na energetické daně. Směrnice o zdanění energetických produktů a elektřiny. Situace v České republice, plánovaná reforma.

Fiscal externalities bring benefits or costs to more units of public governments and they are caused by the activity of just one of them. Externalities are generally described in the first part of the thesis as well as the fiscal and tax externalities. The theoretical part of the thesis deals also with tax exporting and the tax competition. The end of this part is comprised by the relation among the municipalities, fiscal externalities and the property tax. The second part of the thesis is more analytical and includes own research using data primarily collected then the analysis and finally evaluation are made. The final chapter of the thesis is more focused on the individual tax bases of the property tax and possible tax exporting relating to these tax bases. This chapter also includes the foreign studies where the issue of tax exporting is discussed.

This thesis studies technological progress in the energy sector and the transition path from fossil fuels to renewable energy, with a particular emphasis on the conse- quences to the whole economy. Currently, there is an active discussion regarding sub- sidizing renewable energy sources, which are often portrayed as the sole future source of energy and the driver of signi cant employment and economic growth. However, innovation in the fossil fuel sector and its continuing development can also be a game changer and should not be ignored. In the rst chapter, we use a dynamic general equilibrium model with endogenous technological progress in energy production to study the optimal transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy in a neoclassical growth economy. We emphasize the importance of modeling technology innovation in the fossil fuel sector, as well as in the renewable energy industry. Advancements in the development of shale oil and gas increase the supply of fossil fuel. This implies that the \parity cost target" for renewables is a moving one. We believe that this important observation is often neglected in policy discussions. Our quantitative analysis nds that these advancements allow fossil fuels to remain competitive for a longer period of time. While technological breakthroughs in the fossil fuel sector have postponed the full transition to renewable energy, they have also created many jobs and stimulated local economies. In the third chapter, we use an econometric analysis to compare job creation in the shale gas and oil sectors with that in the wind power sector in Texas. The results show that shale development and well drilling activities have brought strong employment and wage growth to Texas, while the impact of wind industry development on employment and wages statewide has been either not statistically signi cant or quite small. The rst and third chapters question the current enthusiasm in policy circles for only focusing on alternative energy. Chapter 2 provides some theoretical support for subsidizing renewable energy development. Here we develop a decentralized ver- sion of the model in Chapter 1 and allow for technological externalities. We analyze the e ciency of the competitive equilibrium solution and discuss in particular dif- ferent scenarios whereby externalities can result in an ine cient outcome. We show that the decentralized economy with externalities leads to under-investment in R&D, lower investment and consumption, and delayed transition to the renewable economy. This may provide an opportunity for government action to improve private sector outcomes.

The essence of the getting popular online group-buying activities in the Internet age is that the price of products depends on the quantity of orders. The more the orders are gathered, the lower prices we can get. In addition, the price is always a major concern of consumers in shopping. Thus, the accumulated number of orders is of concern to the initiator and all consumers. In the past, some scholars also found the phenomenon of demand externalities. It indicates that the larger the existing orders are, the more consumers will join the group-buying. On the contrary, it is not easy to attract consumers to join the group-buying. So, if the number of orders increases fast and therefore generates the effect of demand externalities, the performance of group-buying will be improved. Therefore, this research, based the concept of free-options price promotion, explored if the quantity-based price promotion will affect the consumers¡¦ perceived value and intention to join the group-buying. Besides, the research also explored if the product preservation will moderate the effect of quantity-based price promotion on the consumers¡¦ perceived value. In this research, the quantity-based price promotion was manipulated as ¡§Buy five and get one free¡¨ in the experiment. A field experiment was done on NeGoGo group-buying website first. Then, based on the observation of the field experiment, an online experiment was designed and implemented. The result found that consumers have greater perceived value on price and emotion in a group-buying with quantity-based price promotion, but there is no interference effect of product preservation. Furthermore, when consumers have greater perceived value on price and emotion, their intention to join group-buying will be higher. Finally, compared to a group-buying with no price promotion, the average consumers¡¦ purchased quantity of group-buying with quantity-based price promotion is significantly higher. In other words, the quantity-based price promotion can improve the performance of group-buying transaction.

WiMAX與3G是目前無線行動寬頻接取技術中，最有可能成為主流的兩種技術。3G進入市場的時間較早，優勢在於具備強大的移動性。但是與其配合的終端裝置大部分為無法執行太多任務的手機，因此在內容服務上並無法獲得良好的發展。另一方面，WiMAX以低成本、高傳輸速率、良好行動性為訴求，緊隨著WiFi的成功之後開始進入無線行動寬頻接取服務的市場。不過一般預期WiMAX早期的應用終端裝置以行動性不高的筆記型電腦為主，並逐漸往高行動性的手持裝置發展。本研究主要探討的主題在於，當WiMAX以新進者的形態進入3G已存在的無線行動寬頻市場時，這兩種相近的技術產生何種競爭與合作的關係。 本研究以產業資料及文獻回顧整合出的探討角度來探討WiMAX與3G可能的競合狀況。另外，本研究也採取專家意見法來獲得實務業界對WiMAX與3G競合狀況的看法，以補足僅以文獻與次級資料探討本研究主題的不足。本研究檢視與整理WiMAX與3G在技術上的表現後發現，WiMAX在技術上的表現在目前及未來的兩三年之間都優於3G的相關技術標準。而藉由系統產品的特性與網路外部性、標準競爭與數位匯流的角度來探討WiMAX與3G可能的市場表現特性與競爭合作關係後也發現，WiMAX相對於3G具有低成本的特性，但3G在安裝基礎、線路普及率、全球工作頻段的一致性上，則有WiMAX未能具備的絕對優勢。因此何者能成為市場上主流的無線行動寬頻接取技術，尚未能有明確的定論。 WiMAX與3G在一開始的關係是合作大於競爭，而隨著WiMAX進入市場的時間越長，兩者之間的關係也由合作慢慢轉為競爭。而主要影響WiMAX與3G競爭關係的關鍵變數有四個：政府對WiMAX發展的態度、快速建立消費者期望的能力及對終端裝置產品發展趨勢的掌握、無線行動寬頻服務需求的成長狀況。WiMAX與3G 何者能確實影響或掌握四項關鍵變數的變化，將能真正成為市場上無線行動寬頻接取技術的主流。 / Among all kinds of broadband wireless access technologies, WiMAX and 3G are the 2 most potential candidates to dominate the future broadband mobile date service marrket. On the one hand, 3G moves into the market earlier and has the advantage of high mobility and popular existed 2G, 2.5G subscribers as bases. However, the content service on 3G doesn’t get prospered due to the complemental terminal devices comprise mostly handheld phones which aren’t capable of performing complicated tasks. On the other hand, WiMAX tries to follow the success of WiFi, and positions as the low cost, high data rate, and metropolitan area mobile solution in the broadband mobile data service. The most possible complemental terminal devices for WiMAX in early stage are notebooks which don’t provide high mobility, and will gradually migrate to handsets with high mobility then. This study tried to figure out the competition and cooperation between WiMAX and 3G when WiMAX as a new comer move into the broadband mobile data service market with 3G already existed in it. This study discussed the possible competition and cooperation between WiMAX and 3G based on the industrial data and related literatures. Professions interviews were also included to supplement with the practical viewpoint of telecom operators. From the technical perspective, WiMAX has better performance and will lead 3G for next 2 to 3 years. From the perspective of systematic product, network externalities, standard competition, and digital convergence, WiMAX surpasses 3G in lower cost, and 3G is superior to WiMAX in larger installed base, potential subscribers and consistent international radio band. As a result, there is no clear conclusion can be made which of WiMAX and 3G can dominate the broadband mobie datea service market in the future. WiMAX will cooperate more than compete with 3G in telecom operators at its early movement into the market. As the time pass by, WiMAX will compete more than cooperate with 3G. The four critical variables to influence the competition between WiMAX and 3G are: the government attitude to WiMAX development, the ability to establish the consumers’ expectation, response to mobile terminal devices trend, and the growth of the wireless mobile broadband demand. Either WiMAX or 3G has the potential to be the mainstream in the wireless mobile broadband market provided that which can influence or respond to the four variables above better.

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This thesis consists of three essays on the regulation of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and trade in open economies. The rst chapter investigates the di erences in Intellectual Property Rights between countries. The analysis of a cross-country panel reveals that the protection of IPRs is higher in countries that are (i) richer, (ii) more productive in R&D and (iii) more open to trade. It is then shown that the rst two facts can be explained in a model where innovations are a global public good and where demand for innovations is non-homothetic in income. The second chapter addresses the third observation. If trade is driven by large di erences in productivities across countries and sectors then having strong IPR protection can become more bene cial for the individual country, since a part of the associated costs are passed onto the trading partners. The third chapter aims to explain why and when countries link agreements on trade with agreements that regulate the provision of global public goods. It shows that a linkage is particularly attractive if countries are di erent in size.

The purpose of this thesis is to create procedure for implementation of tourist cards. The qualitative research emphesize the consumer point of view for such a project according to economic theory of consumer bahavior as well as the duration and price of the tourist cards in more than forty European cities. Benchmarking for chosen cities was made. The qualitative research focuses on the administrator's point of view based on interviews with managers of tourist card projects. Furthermore finance and cost --benefit analysis showing a contribution of the project to the local economy is provided. .With understanding nature of the tourist card system a proposal for Brno and the South Moravia region was made on behalf of the obtained results.

The purpose of this thesis is to create procedure for implementation of tourist cards. The qualitative research emphesize the consumer point of view for such a project according to economic theory of consumer bahavior as well as the duration and price of the tourist cards in more than forty European cities. Benchmarking for chosen cities was made. The qualitative research focuses on the administrator's point of view based on interviews with managers of tourist card projects. Furthermore finance and cost --benefit analysis showing a contribution of the project to the local economy is provided. .With understanding nature of the tourist card system a proposal for Brno and the South Moravia region was made on behalf of the obtained results.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the negative and positive externalities in field of traffic and reparation of ground equipment, depending on the character of transport route, environment and the type of transport facilities. This thesis is also focused on the appraisal of transport and their externalities effects on quality life of people, the environment and possibilities for improvement of these influences.