Syftet med denna studie är att, med inspiration av etnografiska tillvägagångssätt, ut- forska hur några lärare utformar sin undervisning i ämnet musikteori (och gehör) på gymnasial nivå, med fokus på framförallt balans mellan teoretiska och praktiska mo- ment. Den litteratur som tas upp i uppsatsens bakgrund beskriver hur elever eller lärare kan utföra olika läroböckers övningar, dels med hjälp av praktiska verktyg, dels utifrån teoretiska resonemang. Den tidigare forskning som tas upp handlar om elever och lära- res syn på ämnet gehörs- och musikteori. De forskningsmetoder som har använts i före- liggande studie utgår ifrån ett etnografiskt perspektiv med deltagande observation, där forskaren befinner sig i fält med aktörer som skall observeras i sin naturliga miljö. Re- sultatet är uppdelat i tre teman: Inledning och handlingsförlopp, Praktiskt delaktighet samt Lärarnas arketyper. Temat Inledning och handlingsförlopp belyser hur lärarna på- börjar sin lektion, vilka uppgifter som tilldelas eleverna och hur lärarna avslutar lekt- ionerna. I temat Praktisk delaktighet presenteras de praktiska moment som förekom i undervisningen: dialog, diskussion och aktivt lyssnande. Temat Lärarnas arketyper fo- kuseras på olika roller som lärarna faller in i vid olika situationer: bergsklättraren, mäs- tare och lärjunge, samt bollplank. I diskussionen jämförs resultatet med tidigare forsk- ning samt litteratur. I diskussionen dras även några slutsatser och avslutningsvis besk- rivs arbetets betydelse samt hur det kan användas i fortsatt forskning. / The purpose of this essay is, with inspiration from ethnographic method, to explore how teachers design their lessons in the subject music theory at upper secondary school lev- el, with focus on the balance between theoretical and practical element. The literature that is presented in the background chapter describes how students or teachers can per- form the exercises in the books, by using practical tools, as well as by using theoretical arguments. The earlier research that is presented focuses on student’s and teacher’s view on the subject music theory and ear training. The research methods that have been used are based on an ethnographic perspective with participating observation, where the researcher finds him self in a field with participants whom are to be observed in their natural environment. The result is divided in three parts: Introduction and course of actions, Practical participation, and Archetypes of the teachers. Introduction and course of actions illustrates how the teachers begin their classes, what tasks they give the stu- dents, and also how the teachers finish their classes. Practical participation presents the practical elements that occurred during the classes. These elements were dialogue, dis- cussion, and active listening. Archetypes of the teachers focuses on the different roles the teachers takes during certain situations: the mountain climber, master and apprentice, and the sounding board. In the discussion the result is compared to earlier research and also to the literature. Some conclusions are also made in the discussion, At the end of the study the importance of the essay is described as well as how it can be used in later re- search.

The purposes of this study were to design and to evaluate an online system designed to enhance communication skills and project tracking of computer software courses at Ball State University (BSU). Student Online Project Planning and Tracking System (SOPPTS) was designed and field tested to provide real-time feedback from faculty on student progress, offer online guidance for software project planning, produce tracking automation, and facilitate communication between faculty and students.SOPPTS technology was designed under the supervision of W. Zage and D. Zage, professors in the Computer Science Department at BSU.Participants in this study included six BSU undergraduate students, six BSU graduate students and seven BSU faculty members. Each participant was interviewed for one hour in an instructor’s office in the BSU Computer Science Department. With the participants’ permission, each interview was audio-taped and coded with a letter and number.Data evaluation consisted of narrative summaries of the interviews, an analysis of the evidence in terms of the research questions and the compilation of data to show both emerging themes and major trends.Analysis of the data showed that learning was definitely enhanced, and that faculty evaluations were also strongly enhanced. Participants recommended more SOPPTS applications, both industrial and academic. The emerging themes showed that faculty and students:1) Had more and easier access to information; students' work was better organized; student team spirit grew; students were more accurately evaluated by instructors;2) Had more efficient methods for report submission and record keeping; students interaction with teachers increased; students found SOPPTS better than email;3) Students and teachers could work from various locations, with greater access to record retrieval and submission of reports, so that documents submitted were available to all instead of getting lost;4) Students were motivated by the nature of online task assignment and tracking because of greater accountability; faculty members were happy to see students' project progress online;5) Improved time and project management through greater awareness of milestones,deadlines and date/ time "stamping" of report submissions.Major trends show that improved access to information and communication facilitated learning, and that planning and tracking skills improved. / School of Music

Thesis (Ed.D.) -- Teachers College, Columbia University, 1991. / Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Robert Pace. Dissertation Committee: Lenore Pogonowski. Includes bibliographical references: (leaf 124).

Thesis (D.M.A.)--University of Oregon, 2006. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 210-221). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Submitted by Letícia Dias De Lima (leticiadiaspiano@gmail.com) on 2018-07-27T12:25:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Pós Defesa PDF.pdf: 3477366 bytes, checksum: 1926c33d823bc289e6209d7eb09bec8e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Laura Mariane de Andrade null (laura.andrade@ia.unesp.br) on 2018-07-27T18:50:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_ld_me_ia.pdf: 3477366 bytes, checksum: 1926c33d823bc289e6209d7eb09bec8e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T18:50:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_ld_me_ia.pdf: 3477366 bytes, checksum: 1926c33d823bc289e6209d7eb09bec8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-29 / O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar as relações entre a percepção do ritmo musical e os métodos de treinamento auditivo utilizados na graduação em música das universidades estaduais de São Paulo. A ferramenta principal desta pesquisa são teorias e experimentos na área da cognição musical. Este é um campo que investiga as formas de aquisição, processamento e organização de informações; ou seja, atividades cognitivas relacionadas ao conhecimento. Abordamos, sob este ponto de vista, aspectos da percepção rítmica, do desenvolvimento cognitivo e do ensino e aprendizado da música. Primeiramente, são discutidos os conceitos de pulsação, acento, metro, ritmo e agrupamento, e os processos perceptivos neles envolvidos. Contextualizamos estas questões ao discorrer sobre o desenvolvimento cognitivo e aspectos do aprendizado e da memória. Por fim, buscamos compreender como a percepção rítmica é trabalhada pelos métodos utilizados na disciplina de Percepção Musical nas universidades mencionadas. As avaliações realizadas mostram que os métodos selecionados não trabalham a percepção rítmica diretamente, pois não levam o aluno a desenvolver os processos perceptivos da forma como eles ocorrem na escuta e prática interpretativa real da música. Eles se encaixam em um modelo mecanicista de ensino, em que o aprendizado consiste em treino e prática repetida de exercícios cujo foco é a emissão – em oposição à percepção – musical. A falta de aprofundamentos teóricos, da discussão de conceitos, da contextualização musical, e da abordagem de questões estilísticas e organológicas ligadas à interpretação nos faz concluir que estes métodos apenas complementam a disciplina; sua função é fornecer materiais para um treinamento auditivo, baseado especialmente no solfejo de padrões rítmicos. / This work aims to investigate relations between the perception of musical rhythm and the ear training methods used in higher education in the state universities of São Paulo. The main tool of this research are the theories and experiments in the field of music cognition. This field investigates the ways of acquiring, processing and organizing information; that is, cognitive activities related to knowledge. From this point of view, we approach some aspects of rhythm perception, cognitive development and music teaching and learning. First, we discuss the concepts of beat, accent, meter, rhythm and grouping, and the perceptual processes involved in it. We contextualize these issues by discussing the cognitive development and aspects of learning and memory. Finally, we seek to understand how the methods used in the discipline of Music Perception in the mentioned universities deal with rhythm perception. The evaluations show that the selected methods do not deal with rhythm perception directly, since they do not lead the student to develop the perceptual processes in the way they occur in real musical listening and performance. They fit into a mechanistic model of teaching, in which learning consists of training and repeated practice of exercises, whose focus is musical production – as opposed to perception. The lack of theoretical insights, discussion of concepts, musical contextualization, and approach to stylistic and organological issues related to performance leads us to conclude that these methods only complement the discipline; its function is to provide materials for ear training, based especially on the performance of rhythmic patterns.

The ability to determine chords and progressions used in popular music is a valuable skill for musicians and part of musicianship. A music educator should be able to listen to the popular songs familiar to students and quickly and easily determine the chords and progressions being used in this music in order to convey information to the students about how the piece was composed and how it may be performed. Though some view this skill as being important, it is not assessed on teacher certification examinations, and the NASM (2010) accreditation mandate for addressing these particular skills in undergraduate and graduate ear-training (aural skills) courses is unclear at best. Musicians who have learned music informally may be more adept at this skill, likely out of the necessity to learn new music without the assistance of reading standard music notation. Mastery of this skill, however, could have more to do with the frequency that individuals perform with a polyphonic instrument as opposed to performers who play primarily monophonic instruments. When compared to musicians who have mastered a polyphonic instrument such as guitar or piano, musicians lacking experience performing on a polyphonic instrument may also lack an understanding of the concept of a three-note sonority functioning in a way specified by the key. In order to determine chords and chord progressions, experience performing harmony, hearing how it functions, and doing so with fluency is necessary. For players of monophonic instruments such as the trumpet or voice, the traditional approach for supplementing the lack of experience playing a polyphonic instrument is to give them piano lessons. However, without mastery of performance skills on this instrument, the fluency necessary to afford experiences in which the performer can be performing harmony while hearing how it functions can be difficult. One solution can be the implementation of interactive musical instruments and environments that provide a way of performing harmony with controls that are more accessible in terms of immediate use than traditional instruments. Technology-based musical instruments are easily obtainable to individuals via digital mediums and allow an immediacy by which an individual can compose and perform even without formal music training (Manzo, 2007; Pask, 2007; Wel, 2011). The present study observed the effects of activities involving polyphonic interactive music systems on participants' ability to determine chords and progressions. I observed the ways that post-test scores changed after using the software, and noted the extent to which subjects were able to determine chord progressions better or worse with the aid of this interactive software system versus a traditional polyphonic instrument. An increased ability to do so could yield important implications for individuals looking to easily perform chords for pedagogical reasons, such as practicing the determination of chords and chord progressions, but who lack mastery performing a polyphonic instrument; an interactive system could provide an alternative to traditional instruments. The open-source software developed and used for this study can be easily changed to allow musical events to be triggered using any sort of control mechanism including sensors, buttons, and more. This software, with its limited number of labeled controls, can be expanded to function as a prototype for future research. Visit www.vjmanzo.com/dissertation for more information. / Music Education

The aural development process is governed by the attitude of the teacher, student, the time factor, methodology employed and materials available. This process and the aforementioned contributing factors are explored within the context of the current requirements of the aural and practical musicianship examination syllabi of The Royal Schools of Music, Trinity College and UNISA. Suitable methods are explored which should develop skills enabling the student to deal with sounds and their corresponding symbols, first in isolation then within a musical context with attention to the curriculum, musical skills and personal development of the student within a positive learning situation. Four main areas of development are isolated i.e. rhythm, pitch, harmony and critical ear skills. A suitable development programme is presented in each area focusing on systematic skill development. / Musicology / M.Mus. (Musicology)

Hensikten med oppgaven er å få innsikt i hvordan ulike gymnasielærere i hørelærefaget anser og jobber med teoretiske og praktiske moment i sin undervisning. I relasjon til dette fokuserer oppgaven vider på læreres syn på forholdet mellom hørelære og instrumentalspill og sang. Tidligere forskning knyttet til dette emnet, har vist at det er ulikheter mellom hørelærepedagogers hensikt med sin undervisning, og hva som utføres praktisk i undervisningen. Med dette som utgangspunkt, har jeg som hensikt å få en innsikt i hvordan ulike lærere jobber med disse aspektene i egen hørelæreundervisning, samt hvilke tanker de har om dette i relasjon til generell undervisning i faget. Oppgaven har sitt teoretiske utgangspunkt i et multimodalt perspektiv, som innebærer at mennesker tilegner seg kunnskap gjennom flere former for tegn og modaliteter. Videre har oppgaven også et didaktisk-pedagogisk perspektiv, med fokus på pedagogiske og didaktiske metoder i ulike læreres hørelæreundervisning. Undersøkelsen har blitt gjennomført i form av observasjoner og kvalitative intervjuer av ulike lærere og deres undervisning. Resultatene viser at samtlige informanter anser det som viktig å ha balanse og sammenheng mellom teoretisk og praktisk arbeid i hørelæreundervisningen. Videre anser samtlige informanter forholdet mellom hørelære og instrumentalspill og sang som svært viktig. Inkludering av elevenes hovedinstrument i undervisningen trekkes fram som en gunstig metode for å tydeliggjøre dette. Benyttelsen av slikt arbeid er dog ulik i de respektive informantenes undervisning, da det krever forutsetninger som ikke ligger til rette hos et flertall av lærerne. / The purpose of this study is to gain insight into how different teachers in ear training consider and work with theoretical and practical elements, in their teaching in Swedish and Norwegian high schools. Furthermore, the study also focuses on how the teachers consider the relationship between ear training and instrumental playing and singing. Prior research on this topic shows that there are differences among ear training teachers, between the purpose of their teaching, and what is done practically. With this in mind, my aim is to gain an insight in how different teachers work with these aspects in their own teaching. I also wish to get more knowledge of how they view these aspects in relation to the general teaching of ear training. The study has its theoretical basis in a multimodal perspective, which means that people  acquire knowledge through multiple forms of signs and modalities. Furthermore, the study also has a didactic-pedagogical perspective, focusing on the pedagogical and didactic methods of different teachers in the subject of ear training.   The survey has been conducted in the form of qualitative interviews with various teachers, as well as observations of their teaching. The results indicate that all the informants consider it important to have balance and coherence between theoretical and practical work in ear training. Furthermore, all informants consider the relationship between ear training and instrumental music and singing as very important. Inclusion of the students own instruments in ear training lessons, is emphasized as a beneficial method for working with this aspect. The degree to which this method is utilized, is however expressed as different among the informants. Working so, however, requires certain conditions, that are sometimes missing.

Studiens syfte är att upptäcka strategier och metoder för att på gehör planka musik. Detta har undersökts genom studier av min egen lärprocess när jag plankar en för mig okänd låt på gehör. Under processen har jag filmat mig själv och fört loggbok för att kunna dokumentera vad som har hänt och vad som har upplevts. Vid analysen av filmerna har jag tittat på mitt lärande utifrån ett designteoretiskt perspektiv. Jag har då upptäckt olika resurser för att ”höra och göra”. Dessa presenteras i resultatet som resurser för att lyssna och strategier för att lyssna. Resurserna som presenteras är användandet av medier, miljö och tid, kropp och tidigare erfarenheter. Strategierna som presenteras är att planera lyssnandet, memorera samt detaljlyssna och helhetslyssna. Jag undersöker då hur jag har gått till väga för att uppfatta olika musikaliska parametrar och strukturer. I diskussionen jämförs mina resultat med tidigare forskning och litteratur kring gehör och gehörsövande metoder. Exempelvis diskuteras olika sätt att lyssna på musik och utöva det som hörs, samt att utveckla en så kallad minnesbank. / The purpose of this study is to discover strategies and methods to copy music by ear. It’s been investigated by studying my own learning process when I try to copy a song by ear, a song that I never have heard before. Through this process I have chosen to record myself on film and write logbook to be able to document what is happening and what I am experiencing. When I observed the films I tried to se it from a design theory point of view. I have then been able to discover various resources in ”perceive and perform”. These are introduced in the result as resources for listening and strategies for listening. The resources that were used are presented as media, environment and time, the physical body and past experience. The strategies that were used are presented as how to plan listening, memorize, detail listening and whole listening. At that point I have investigated how to perceive musical parameters and structures. In the discussion part I am comparing my own results with previous research and literature about the musical ear and its rehearsing methods. For example I discuss different ways in listening and perceive music and practice what is heard, together with developing a so-called memory bank.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the multi-sensory responses of children to symbolizing musical sound through speech rhythm patterns. Speech rhythm patterns consist of the number of syllables and the stress/nonstress relationships of these syllables in a word or a phrase. The research problems were (1) to determine children's responses to speech rhythm patterns according to the differential sensory modes used; (2) to determine the children's responses to speech rhythm patterns by age, and (3) to compare children's responses to speech rhythm patterns by age and sensory modes.