Orientadores: João Vasconcellos Neto, Valmir Antonio Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T19:35:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_GabrielaCristina_M.pdf: 3095027 bytes, checksum: d2c4b3f38ff2c7fa7f34af244255a3da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Em comunidades, as relações tróficas entre os organismos raramente são lineares, sendo comum uma extensiva rede de interações. Em sistemas envolvendo três níveis tróficos, tais como plantas, herbívoros e predadores/parasitoides, pode ser desencadeada uma cascata trófica de cima para baixo, com efeitos positivos indiretos do terceiro nível trófico na população dos produtores, ou uma cascata de baixo para cima através dos produtores, influenciando os níveis tróficos superiores. Os capítulos de Compostas (plantas da Família Asteraceae), constituem "ecossistemas em miniatura", com diversas interações tritróficas, i.e. proteção a herbívoros endófagos, sujeitos à predação e parasitismo especializado. Por serem componentes importantes em sistemas tróficos complexos do qual pouco se conhece, fez-se necessário a investigação das interações tritróficas entre Trichogoniopsis adenantha, herbívoros endófagos de capítulos e parasitoides associados. Este estudo foi desenvolvido na Serra do Japi, Jundiaí-SP, onde foi feita a coleta mensal de dados da fenologia de T. adenantha, coleta de capítulos para contagem e classificação de herbívoros endófagos e parasitoides, análise das taxas de ataque, análise da dinâmica populacional de cada componente do sistema, análise das relações com as variáveis climáticas e sincronia entre as populações, e análise do total de sementes fertilizadas em capítulos intactos, com endófagos e/ou parasitoides. T. adenantha possui sazonalidade para ramos vegetativos e reprodutivos, com picos no outono, porém sem relação com as variáveis climáticas. Entretanto, cada fenofase do capítulo apresentou sazonalidade com influências das variáveis climáticas. O pico populacional de Trupanea sp. (Diptera, Tephritidae) ocorreu durante a fase reprodutiva de T. adenantha, quando a disponibilidade de capítulos é maior. Por outro lado, o pico populacional de Melanagromyza neotropica (Diptera, Agromyzidae) ocorreu em dezembro. No entanto, o pico populacional de ambos os endófagos ocorreu quando a disponibilidade de botões florais foi baixa. Desse modo, a planta utiliza uma estratégia para compensar a herbivoria, pois a elevada produção de capítulos excede a demanda e sacia os herbívoros. Além disso, o pico de produção de botões florais ocorreu no período frio, quando as populações dos endófagos estão baixas, como estratégia fenológica de escape no tempo para evitar o ataque dos endófagos a botões em formação. Contudo, a planta também utiliza fatores bióticos para complementar as estratégias de defesa, como aranhas e parasitoides, altamente sincronizados aos seus hospedeiros. Estes inimigos naturais atuam em conjunto nesse sistema, pois apenas Trupanea sp. é capturada por aranhas, mas aqueles que escapam desse ataque expõem sua prole aos parasitoides; com a queda da população de Trupanea sp., diminui a competição com M. neotropica, que terá um crescimento populacional, porém esse endófago possui um número maior de espécies de parasitoides, sendo seus únicos inimigos naturais nesse sistema. A presença de larvas parasitadas em capítulos resultou na menor média de sementes fecundadas, porém a quantidade de sementes fecundadas não apresentou relação com a abundância de parasitoides ou de endófagos, devido à relação com fatores climáticos. Concluiu-se que os efeitos "top-down" e "bottom-up" atuam conjuntamente no sistema T. adenantha ¿ herbívoros endófagos ¿ parasitoides, sendo de grande importância na manutenção do sistema e supressão dos efeitos da herbivoria dos endófagos / Abstract: In communities, trophic relationships between organisms are rarely linear, being common an extensive network of interactions. In systems involving three trophic levels, such as plants, herbivores and predators/parasitoids, it can be triggered a trophic cascade from top to bottom, with positive indirect effects of the third trophic level in the producers population, or a cascade upwards through the producers, influencing the higher trophic levels. The flower heads of Composite (plants of family Asteraceae), comprise "miniature ecosystems", with several tritrophic interactions, i.e. protection for endophagous herbivores, subject to predation and specialized parasitism. Because they are important components in complex trophic systems which little is known, it was necessary the investigation of the tritrophic interactions between Trichogoniopsis adenantha, flower heads endophagous and associated parasitoids. This study was conducted in Serra do Japi, Jundiaí-SP, where it has been done the monthly collection of the phenology of T. adenantha, collection of flower heads for counting and sorting of endophagous herbivores and parasitoids, analysis of the attack rates, analysis of the population dynamics of each system component, analysis of the relationships with climate variables and synchrony between the populations, and the analysis of total fertilized seeds in intact flower heads, with endophagous and/or parasitoids. T. adenantha have seasonality for vegetative and reproductive branches, with peaks in autumn, but not related to the climatic variables. However, each phenophase of the flower heads has presented seasonality with influences of the climate variables. The Trupanea sp. (Diptera, Tephritidae) population peak occurred during the reproductive phase of T. adenantha, when the availability of flower heads is larger. On the other hand, the Melanagromyza neotropica (Diptera, Agromyzidae) population peak occurred in December. However, the population peak of both endophagous occurred when the availability of floral buds was low. Thus, the plant uses a strategy to compensate the herbivory, since the high production of flower heads exceeds the demand and quenches the herbivores. Moreover, the peak of production of flower buds occurred in the cold period, when the populations of endophagous are low, as phenological strategy of escape in time to avoid the attack of the endophagous to floral buds forming. However, the plant also uses biotic factors to complement the defense strategies, such as spiders and parasitoids, highly synchronized to their hosts. These natural enemies work together in this system, because only Trupanea sp. is captured by spiders, but those who escape from this attack expose their offspring to parasitoids; with Trupanea sp population falling, decreases the competition with M. neotropica, which will have a population growth, but this endophagous has a larger number of species of parasitoids, being their unique natural enemies in the system. The presence of parasitized larvae in flower heads resulted in the lowest average of fertilized seeds, but the amount of fertilized seeds showed no relationship with the abundance of parasitoids or endophagous, due to the relationship with climatic factors. It was concluded that the effects of "top-down" and "bottom-up" act jointly in system T. adenantha ¿ endophagous herbivores - parasitoids, being of great importance in system maintenance and eliminating the effects of the herbivory of endophagous / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestra em Ecologia

Orientadores: Thomas Michael Lewinsohn, Sergio Ricardo Floeter / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T00:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hachich_NayaraFernanda_M.pdf: 4072850 bytes, checksum: 402173284f31340380ff1c754afa1e48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Os recifes são ecossistemas marinhos fortemente ameaçados. Pressões antrópicas desencadeiam mudanças ambientais e climáticas que interferem direta ou indiretamente na qualidade dos recifes. Estudos sobre ecossistemas marinhos ainda são escassos se comparados à vasta literatura acerca de ecossistemas terrestres. Compreender como a biodiversidade recifal está distribuída e quais os processos que agem sobre a estruturação das comunidades recifais é essencial para a conservação destes ecossistemas. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar os padrões espaciais da distribuição da biodiversidade de organismos recifais no oceano Atlântico. Tais padrões possibilitam inferências acerca dos processos que estruturam as comunidades estudadas. O primeiro capítulo é composto por uma introdução geral da dissertação, que apresenta um referencial teórico e contextual para a compreensão das pesquisas desenvolvidas durante o mestrado. Nessa introdução, apresento brevemente as teorias sobre processos estruturadores de comunidades ecológicas e a contribuição da Biogeografia de Ilhas, Ecologia Funcional e Ecologia Filogenética para o estudo de padrões e processos em comunidades ecológicas. Em seguida, contextualizo a região de estudo, apresentando brevemente a história do oceano Atlântico e o conhecimento dos processos ecológicos e histórico-evolutivos que influenciam a estruturação das comunidades de peixes recifais desse oceano. O segundo capítulo, em forma de artigo científico, trata de padrões de biogeografia de ilhas de peixes recifais, gastrópodes e macroalgas. Neste estudo investiguei como a área de plataforma rasa, isolamento e idade geológica das ilhas oceânicas do Atlântico influenciam a riqueza de espécies e endemismo de organismos recifais que as compõem. Mostrei que os padrões de biogeografia de ilhas de organismos recifais são distintos daqueles encontrados para organismos terrestres e, ainda, que há especificidade taxonômica nos padrões de biogeografia de ilhas entre grupos de organismos recifais. O terceiro capítulo, também em forma de artigo científico, trata de padrões qualitativos da distribuição de duas famílias de peixes recifais (Labridae e Pomacentridae). O objetivo foi compreender a contribuição relativa do ambiente e posição espacial dos recifes na variação da diversidade de peixes recifais entre os recifes do Atlântico ocidental. Neste estudo, investigo como a betadiversidade taxonômica, funcional e filogenética desses organismos varia entre recifes, de acordo com a distância geográfica e a dissimilaridade ambiental entre eles. Os resultados mostraram que a variação na composição de peixes entre recifes do Atlântico ocidental é influenciada principalmente por filtros ambientais e fracamente influenciada por processos que causam autocorrelação espacial na distribuição da biodiversidade. Ainda, as variáveis ambientais que melhor explicaram a diversidade beta de peixes entre os recifes variou fortemente, principalmente entre escalas e regiões biogeográficas, mas também entre famílias de peixes recifais. A dissertação se completa com uma conclusão geral que sintetiza as principais fontes de variação nos padrões de distribuição de organismos recifais no oceano Atlântico (entre escalas, regiões biogeográficas, grupos taxonômicos ou aspectos da biodiversidade) e apresenta um resumo das evidências de processos ecológicos, histórico-evolutivos ou neutros na estruturação das comunidades recifais do oceano Atlântico / Abstract: Reefs are among the most threatened marine systems on earth. Anthropic pressures lead to environmental and climate changes that are able to affect reefs quality, directly or indirectly. Compared to terrestrial ecosystems, marine ones are barely studied. The conservation of reef ecosystems requires the comprehension of reef biodiversity distributional patterns and the processes that modulate them. The aim of this study was to investigate spatial patterns on the distribution of reef biodiversity in the Atlantic Ocean. The study of these patterns allows the inference of processes that structure these communities. The first chapter comprises a general introduction that contextualizes and gives a theoretical framework for the comprehension of the research conducted in this thesis. In this introduction I briefly show the theories concerning processes that structure ecological communities and the potential contribution of Island Biogeography, Functional Ecology and Phylogenetic Ecology to the study of patterns and processes on ecological communities. Then, I contextualize the study region, briefly covering the history of the Atlantic Ocean and the knowledge on the ecological and historical-evolutionary processes that affect the structure of reef fish community in the Atlantic Ocean. In the second chapter, formatted in scientific paper style, I investigate the island biogeographic patterns of reef fish, gastropods and seaweeds. I tested how the shallow shelf area, isolation and geological age of Atlantic oceanic islands influence species¿ richness and endemism of reef organisms. I showed that the patterns observed in reef organisms are different from those observed in the terrestrial ones and, furthermore, that for reef organisms the patterns are taxon-dependent. The third chapter, also formatted in scientific paper style, explore qualitative patterns on the distribution of two families of reef fish (Labridae e Pomacentridae) in the Atlantic Ocean. The aim of this study was to understand the relative contribution of reef environment and spatial location to variation of fish diversity between reefs in the Western Atlantic Ocean. To this end I investigated how the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic aspects of biodiversity of the two reef fish families vary with spatial distance or environmental dissimilarity between reefs. Results showed that the variation of reef fish composition in Western Atlantic reefs is mainly driven by environmental filters and weakly influenced by processes that cause spatial autocorrelation of species distributions. However, the environmental variables that best explained reef fish beta diversity varied strongly, especially between scales and biogeographical regions, but also between reef fish families. This thesis ends with a general conclusion about the main sources of variation in the patterns of distribution of reef organisms in the Atlantic Ocean (including variation due to scale, biogeographic region, taxonomic group or aspect of biodiversity), as well as with a summary of the evidences of ecological, historical-evolutionary and neutral processes in structuring reef communities in the Atlantic Ocean / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestra em Ecologia

Orientadores: Flávio Dias Passos, Fosca Pedini Leite / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T17:04:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_MarjorieCattaneo_M.pdf: 2191359 bytes, checksum: ec8782f154dd8bd30ae5def3636c426b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: As macroalgas associadas aos costões rochosos formam ambientes heterogêneos, que estão presentes em grandes áreas no ambiente marinho. São bem distribuídas na região entremarés e correspondem a um habitat favorável devido a sua complexidade estrutural, que está diretamente relacionada à diversidade de organismos associados a elas. Essa relação está provavelmente ligada à disponibilidade de refúgios e à capacidade de reter alimento. As macroalgas marinhas e sua fauna associada formam uma comunidade denominada fital. Os invertebrados são os principais animais associados às comunidades de fital, sendo a malacofauna bastante representativa neste sistema. No período de um ano realizaram-se quatro coletas de algas pardas Sargassum spp. em doze costões rochosos na região do Canal de São Sebastião, sendo seis na ilha de São Sebastião, e seis no continente, nos municípios de São Sebastião (5 costões) e Caraguatatuba (1 costão). Foram padronizados os números de frondes e a profundidade utilizada. O principal objetivo foi analisar a estrutura da comunidade de moluscos quanto à composição, a abundância e a riqueza de espécies, verificando se esses parâmetros diferiram entre ilha e continente. Foram registrados 15849 indivíduos, distribuídos em 72 espécies de moluscos, sendo 15 de Bivalvia e 57 de Gastropoda. As espécies com maior representatividade em relação ao número de indivíduos foram Bittiolum varium (Gastropoda), Eulithidium affine (Gastropoda), Pinctada imbricata (Bivalvia) e Mitrella dichroa (Gastropoda). A riqueza de espécies diferiu entre as localidades, 12 espécies de Bivalvia e 55 espécies de Gastropoda ocorreram na ilha somando 67 espécies e, 15 espécies de Bivalvia e 45 espécies de Gastropoda ocorreram no continente totalizando 60 espécies As curvas de rarefação também mostram que a comunidade de moluscos da ilha é mais rica que a do continente. O teste de escalonamento multidimensional não métrico demonstra um provável agrupamento entre as duas localidades, refletindo que pode haver diferenças na composição de espécies (ilha vs. continente), resultado sustentado pela análise de similaridade (R = 0,5333, p = 0,00415) e também representado pela Entropia de Renyi (? = 0). A porcentagem de similaridade indicou que as espécies que mais contribuem para a diferença entre ilha e continente são Eulithidium affine, Bittiolum varium, Pinctada imbricata, Mitrella dichroa e Anachis fenneli (Bray-Curtis 67,5%). Cerca de 50% dos gastrópodes são herbívoras ou carnívoras, e 20% dos bivalves são filtradores. As diferenças entre as comunidades de moluscos associados ao fital de ilha e continente podem ser atribuídas não somente à complexidade estrutural da alga parda, mas também à diversidade funcional entre algas e moluscos, à distribuição espacial devido aos fatores geográficos, às oscilações de temperaturas e chuvas, e fatores antropogênicos / Abstract: Macroalgae associated with rocky shores form heterogeneous environments, present in large areas in the marine habitat. They are well distributed in the intertidal region and correspond to a favorable habitat due to its structural complexity, which is directly related to the diversity of their associated organisms. This relationship is probably linked to the availability of refuges and the ability to retain food. The seaweeds and their associated fauna form a community called phytal. Invertebrates are the main animals in the phytal, the malacofauna being one of the most representative in this system. Along one year, samples of brown algae Sargassum spp. were collected in twelve rocky shores in the São Sebastião Channel region, six in the island of São Sebastião, and six in the continent , in the cities of São Sebastião (5 rock shores) and Caraguatatuba (1 rock shore). Numbers of fronds and depth used were standardized. The main objective was to analyze the structure of mollusc community through the composition, abundance and species richness, verifying if these parameters differ between island and continent. 15849 individuals were recorded, belonging to 72 species of molluscs, 15 from the Bivalvia and 57 from the Gastropoda. The species with the largest representation in relation to the number of individuals were Bittiolum varium (Gastropoda), Eulithidium affine (Gastropoda), Pinctada imbricata (Bivalvia) and Mitrella dichroa (Gastropoda). The species richness differed between localities, 12 species of Bivalvia and Gastropoda 55 species occurred in the island totaling 67 species, and 15 species of Bivalvia and 45 of Gastropoda species occurred in continent totalizing 60 species. Rarefaction curves also show that the community molluscs of the island is richer than that of the continent. The test metric multidimensional scaling shows a probable grouping of shores in two distinct localities, reflecting that there could be differences in species composition (vs island. Mainland), a result supported by the similarity analysis (R = 0.5333, p = 0.00415 ) and also represented by Renyi Entropy (? = 0). The percentage of similarity indicated that the species that contribute most to the difference between island and mainland are Eulithidium affine, Bittiolum varium, Pinctada imbricata, Mitrella dichroa and Anachis fenneli are the species that contribute most to the difference between island and continent (Bray-Curtis 67.5 %). About 50% of gastropods are herbivorous or carnivorous, and 20% of bivalves are filter feeders. The differences between the phytal communities in island and continent can be attributed not only to the structural complexity of algae, but also to the functional diversity between algae and molluscs, to the spatial distribution due to geographical factors, fluctuations in temperature and rainfall and anthropogenic factors / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestra em Ecologia

Orientador: Ricardo Jannini Sawaya / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T23:18:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pires_ThiagoAugusto_M.pdf: 2411650 bytes, checksum: 8eb94586d77742cae5062b5aec5233a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Em termos gerais, comunidades biológicas podem ser estruturadas por elementos que ocorrem em escalas espaciais diversas, que incluem fatores bióticos (e.g., competição e predação); fatores abióticos (e.g., heterogeneidade ambiental), históricos (e.g., eventos de extinção e colonização; e dinâmicas neutras (e.g., dispersões e extinções locais e aleatórias). Uma das formas mais interessantes de se estudar a estrutura de comunidades é a partir da investigação de como diferentes processos e mecanismos influenciam diferentes escalas ou componentes da biodiversidade. Por exemplo, o componente da diversidadebeta, uma medida de dissimilaridade entre comunidades, primariamente avaliada através da presença e ausência das espécies em cada comunidade. Outra forma utilizada por ecólogos para compreender a estrutura de comunidades é avaliar a estrutura filogenética das comunidades. Através da avaliação dessas propriedades e quais possíveis fatores a influenciam, se torna possível compreender as regras de montagem e manutenção de comunidades. Nesse contexto, nossos objetivos gerais nessa dissertação foram: estimar a diversidade beta de anuros das planícies costeiras paulistas em seus diferentes componentes: funcional, taxonômico e filogenético; examinar quais preditores espaciais e ambientais melhor explicam a variação nos três componentes da diversidade avaliadas; avaliar a estrutura filogenética e funcional das comunidades de anuros; testar a conservação filogenética de atributos nos girinos para melhor compreensão da estrutura filogenética e funcional; e analisar quais preditores ambientais explicam melhor a variação na estrutura filogenética e funcional dos anuros. Encontramos que os preditores que mais explicam a variação nas diferentes faces da diversidade beta estudadas aqui (i.e. taxonômica, funcional e filogenética) são as variáveis espaciais. Esse resultado demostra a existência de uma clara x estrutura espacial nas diferentes faces diversidade beta de anuros nas planícies costeiras da mata atlântica no estado de São Paulo. Embora bem menos importante, as variáveis ambientais selecionadas (e.g. condutividade da água, pH e estrutura vegetal) também explicam uma fração importante da variação dos diferentes componentes da diversidade beta de anuros. As variações da diversidade beta taxonômica, funcional e filogenética dos girinos apresentam uma estrutura semelhante espacial assim como ambiental. Esse resultado pode estar revelando que processos, espaciais ou ecológicos, semelhantes, podem estar estruturando a diversidade beta de anuros nas planícies costeiras. Outro resultado interessante é que encontramos foi que das 33 comunidades avaliadas, 17 apresentam uma clara estrutura filogenética (agrupamento filogenético) e 12 apresentaram uma estrutura funcional agregada. A diversidade de atributos dos girinos é significantemente concentrada em poucos nós e próximos da raiz da filogenia, demostrando que girinos apresentam conservação filogenética de atributos na região estudada. Uma significante parte da variação na estrutura filogenética das comunidades é explicada por seis variáveis ambientais selecionadas, tais como a presença de potenciais predadores, diversidade de vegetação externa, cobertura de dossel, variáveis importantes, dentre as cinco selecionadas, para a estrutura funcional. Todas essas variáveis são importantes para o desenvolvimento, sobrevivência e consequentemente a ocorrência de anuros. Assim, estes resultados demonstram o importante papel dos processos ecológicos (filtros ambientais) e evolutivos (conservação filogenética de atributos) na estrutura funcional, refletida até mesmo na estrutura filogenética de anuros em planícies costeiras / Abstract: Generally, biological communities can be structured by elements that occurring in different spatial scales, which include biotic factors (e.g., competition and predation); abiotic factors (e.g., environmental heterogeneity); historical (e.g., colonization and extinction events); and neutral dynamics (e.g., local and random dispersal and extinctions). One of the most interesting approaches to study the structure of communities is based on the investigation of how different processes and mechanisms influence different scales or components of biodiversity. Such as the beta diversity component, a measure of dissimilarity between communities primarily assessed through the presence and absence of species in each community. Another method used by ecologists to understand the structure of communities is the evaluation of the phylogenetic and functional structure of the community. Through the assessment of these properties and the possible factors that may influencing it, is possible to comprehend the rules for assembly and maintenance of communities. In this context, our general objectives in this dissertation were: estimate the tadpoles¿ beta diversity from coastal plains of São Paulo states, in its different components: functional, taxonomic and phylogenetic; examine spatial and environmental predictors that best explain the variation in the three evaluated components of the beta diversity; assess the phylogenetic and functional structure of tadpoles¿ communities; test the traits phylogenetic conservation of tadpoles to better understand the phylogenetic and functional structure; and investigate the environmental predictors that better explain the variance in phylogenetic and functional structure of tadpoles¿ communities. We found that the spatial predictors explain more variation in the different faces of beta diversity studied here. This result demonstrates the existence of a clear spatial structure in different components of tadpoles¿ beta diversity in the coastal plains of the Atlantic Forest in the state of São Paulo. Although much less important, the selected environmental variables (e.g., water conductivity, pH and vegetation structure) also explain an important fraction of the variation in the different components of beta diversity. The variance of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic tadpoles¿ beta diversity showed a similar spatial structure as well as environmental structure. This result could be revealing that processes similar (spatial or ecological) may be structuring beta diversity of anuran in the coastal plains. Another interesting result is that out of 33 communities assessed, 18 showed phylogenetic structure (phylogenetic clustering) and 12 displayed an aggregated functional structure. Furthermore, the diversity of tadpoles¿ traits is significantly concentrated in a few nodes and close to the root of the phylogeny, showing that tadpoles present traits phylogenetic conservation in the study area. A significant part of the variation in the phylogenetic structure of communities is explained by six environmental variables selected, such as presence of potential predators, external vegetation structure diversity and canopy cover, variables also significant to the functional structure, among the five selected. All variables are significant for development and survival of tadpoles. Thus, these results demonstrate the important role of ecological (environmental filters) and evolutionary processes (phylogenetic conservatism of traits) in functional structure, reflected even in phylogenetic structure of anurans in coastal plains / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

Orientadores: Fernando Roberto Martins, Roque Cielo Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T19:33:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Azevedo_MarioJoseMarques_M.pdf: 1374222 bytes, checksum: 6cfc592a0f568c5e7abef9efd6a9adeb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O padrão de utilização de recursos e a teoria de nichos ecológicos constituem elementos importantes na compreensão de como comunidades ecológicas são estruturadas. A maneira como os recursos são partilhados entre as espécies é refletida na sua distribuição de abundância. Abundância e diversidade de espécie são resultantes de processos que determinam as comunidades. Um padrão frequentemente observado é a relação unimodal entre diversidade e produtividade. Processos competitivos são inferidos na determinação da diversidade ao longo do gradiente de produtividade. Devido à abundância das espécies serem resultantes de interações biológicas, os modelos de distribuição de abundância de espécies (DAE) permitem inferir na maneira como o espaço de nicho é partilhado. Utilizamos os modelos de DAE proposto por Tokeshi e índices de concentração de dominância e equabilidade para testar por meio de regressões como a riqueza, biomassa e equabilidade variam ao longo de um gradiente de estresse nutricional definido pela concentração de alumínio no solo. Verificamos um padrão linear negativo entre a riqueza e gradiente de estresse nutricional com fragmentos de floresta estacional semidecídua no extremo de menor estresse e cerradão no extremo oposto do gradiente. A biomassa apresentou um padrão em forma de "U" quando relacionado ao mesmo gradiente. Os índices e os modelos foram condizentes na verificação da concentração de dominância por poucas espécies nos extremos do gradiente, porém somente o índice Evar verificou a maior equabilidade nos valores intermediários do gradiente. Nossos resultados permitiram inferir que tal gradiente foi importante na determinação da riqueza e biomassa das comunidades. Os modelos e índices permitiram verificar o padrão de partilha de nicho, porém não foi possível afirmar o processo que resultou tal partilha / Abstract: The resource utilization patterns and ecological niche theory are important in understand how communities are assembled. The way how resources are apportioned between species are showed in its abundance distribution. Abundance and diversity are outcome of process that structure communities. The pattern frequently found is a "hump-back" relationship between diversity and productivity. Competitive processes are inferred in determination of diversity along productivity gradient. Due to species abundance are outcome of biological interaction, models of species abundance distribution (SAD) allow us to infer how niche are apportioned. We use Tokeshi's SADs models and dominance and evenness index to test, using regression, how richness, biomass and evenness change along stress nutrition gradient defined by aluminium concentration in soil. We verified a negative linear pattern between richness and nutrition stress gradient with semideciduous forest fragment at extreme of lesser stress gradient and cerradão at opposite extreme gradient. The biomass showed a "U" shape pattern along the same gradient. The index and SADs models showed similar result measuring dominance of few species at extremes of gradient, however only Evar index measured more evenness between extremes of gradient. Our results allow inferring that such gradient war important to define community richness and biomass. The models and index allowed testing the patterns of niche apportionment, however its do not allowed us confirm the process of niche apportionment / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

This study disaggregates and evaluates conventional community psychology as reflected in both the Community Mental Health and Social Action Models. In so doing, it provides evidence in support of its plea for a radical paradigm shift towards ecosystemic theorising in the field of community psycho logy. It further illustrates that an ecosystemic point of departure would have significant implications for the reformulation of conventional notions of community. It concludes by teasing out some alternative praxis related community psychological formulations. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

This study disaggregates and evaluates conventional community psychology as reflected in both the Community Mental Health and Social Action Models. In so doing, it provides evidence in support of its plea for a radical paradigm shift towards ecosystemic theorising in the field of community psycho logy. It further illustrates that an ecosystemic point of departure would have significant implications for the reformulation of conventional notions of community. It concludes by teasing out some alternative praxis related community psychological formulations. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-08-22T17:53:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BEATRIZ MARTINS ARRUDA.pdf: 2882217 bytes, checksum: 52d64f618e1a092e19c3d8e4464e6245 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T17:53:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BEATRIZ MARTINS ARRUDA.pdf: 2882217 bytes, checksum: 52d64f618e1a092e19c3d8e4464e6245 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The work investigated the scientific and geographic coverage of the socio-spatial phenomenon of ecovillages in Brazil. We sought to understand the emergence of the concept of ecovillage since its historical origins as an anti-system movement, as well as its contemporary theoretical foundations, emphasizing the understanding of sustainability in the ecological, economic, social and spiritual dimensions. We also verified its presence in society, especially within the academy, conducting a review study of Brazilian works on ecovillages. From these works and other databases, we built up a map of ecovillages and other projects that identify themselves with the concept in the country, and characterized them, in order to obtain an overview of their dispersion and performance on Brazilian territory. We located ecovillages in seventeen states and in the Federal District too. We identified several enterprises, communities and families also, somehow inspired by the ecovillage ideas to make houses, farms, institutions and various businesses sites more sustainable. Despite the fact that almost 80% of the municipalities that host these initiatives are small, they have a greater presence in regions where the Brazilian urban network is better served by infrastructure and services. This added to the educational and tourist activities existing in a wide way in the ecovillages and related projects showed that, unlike alternative communities of previous times, there is currently active interaction between them and the hegemonic system. Although the science about ecovillages is recent, its multidisciplinarity has enabled studies in twenty major areas of knowledge within Brazilian academy, predominantly in Architecture, Urbanism and Design. We point out the need for greater articulation between researchers with different professional backgrounds who are dedicated to ecovillages for their effective consolidation as a theme in scientific context. / O trabalho investigou a abrang?ncia cient?fica e geogr?fica do fen?meno socioespacial das ecovilas no Brasil. Buscou-se compreender a emerg?ncia do conceito de ecovila desde suas origens hist?ricas como movimento antissistema, at? seus fundamentos te?ricos contempor?neos, destacando-se o entendimento da sustentabilidade nas dimens?es ecol?gica, econ?mica, social e espiritual. Verificou-se tamb?m a presen?a do tema na sociedade, em especial dentro da academia, realizando um estudo de revis?o dos trabalhos brasileiros sobre ecovilas. A partir desses trabalhos e de bancos de dados, realizou-se um mapeamento das experi?ncias que se identificam com o conceito de ecovilas no pa?s, localizando-as e caracterizando-as, de modo a obter uma vis?o geral da sua dispers?o e a atua??o no territ?rio brasileiro. Constatou-se a presen?a de ecovilas em dezessete estados e no Distrito Federal. Identificou-se, ainda, diversos empreendimentos, comunidades e fam?lias que se inspiram nas ecovilas para tornar casas, s?tios, institui??es e neg?cios mais sustent?veis. Embora quase 80% dos munic?pios que abrigam essas iniciativas sejam de pequeno porte, t?m maior presen?a nas regi?es onde a rede urbana brasileira ? mais bem servida de infraestrutura e servi?os. Isto somado ?s atividades educacionais e tur?sticas existentes de forma ampla nas ecovilas e projetos afins demonstrou que, diferentemente de comunidades alternativas de tempos anteriores, na atualidade h? intera??o ativa com o sistema hegem?nico. A ci?ncia sobre ecovilas ? recente e multidisciplinar, com frentes de estudos j? abertas em vinte Grandes ?reas do Conhecimento, predominantemente em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design. Observou-se a necessidade de maior articula??o entre estudiosos de diferentes forma??es profissionais que se dedicam tema para sua efetiva consolida??o no contexto cient?fico.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / A renewed focus on generalised pollinator systems has inspired a conceptual framework which highlights that spatial and temporal interactions among plants and their assemblage of pollinators can vary across the individual, population, regional and species levels. Pollination is clearly a dynamic interaction, varying in the number and interdependence of participants and the strength of the outcome of the interaction. Therefore, the role of variation in pollination is fundamental for understanding ecological dynamics of plant populations and is a major factor in the evolution and maintenance of generalised and specialised pollination systems. My study centred on these basic concepts by addressing the following questions: (1) How variable are pollinators in a generalised pollination system? To what degree do insect visitation rates and assemblage composition vary spatially among populations and temporally among flowering seasons? (2) How does variation in pollinators affect plant reproductive success? I chose to do this using a model system, Trachymene incisa subsp. incisa (Apiaceae), which is a widespread Australian herbaceous species with simple white flowers grouped into umbels that attract a high diversity of insect visitors. The Apiaceae are considered to be highly generalist in terms of pollination, due to their simple and uniform floral display and easily accessible floral rewards. Three populations of T. incisa located between 70 km and 210 km apart were studied over 2-3 years. The few studies investigating spatial and temporal variation simultaneously over geographic and yearly/seasonal scales indicate that there is a trend for more spatial than temporal variation in pollinators of generalist-pollinated plants. My study showed both spatial and temporal variation in assemblage composition among all populations and variation in insect visitation rates, in the form of a significant population by year interaction. However, removing ants from the analyses to restrict the assemblage to flying insects and the most likely pollinators, resulted in a significant difference in overall visitation rate between years but no difference in assemblage composition between the Myall Lakes and Tomago populations. These results indicate more temporal than spatial variation in the flying insect visitor assemblage of T. incisa. Foraging behaviour provides another source of variation in plant-pollinator interactions. Trachymene incisa exhibits umbels that function as either male or female at any one time and offer different floral rewards in each phase. For successful pollination, pollinators must visit both male and female umbels during a foraging trip. Insects showed both preferences and non-preferences for umbel phases in natural patches where the gender ratio was male biased. In contrast, insects showed no bias in visitation during a foraging trip or in time spent foraging on male and female umbels in experimental arrays where the gender ratio was equal. Pollinator assemblages consisting of a mixture of different pollinator types coupled with temporal variation in the assemblages of populations among years maintains generalisation at the population/local level. In addition, spatial variation in assemblages among populations maintains generalisation at the species level. Fire alters pollination in T. incisa by shifting the flowering season and reducing the abundance of flying insects. Therefore, fire plays an important role in maintaining spatial and temporal variation in this fire-prone system. Although insect pollinators are important in determining the mating opportunities of 90% of flowering plant species worldwide, few studies have looked at the effects of variation in pollinator assemblages on plant reproductive success and mating. In T. incisa, high insect visitation rates do not guarantee high plant reproductive success, indicating that the quality of visit is more important than the rate of visitation. This is shown by comparing the Agnes Banks and Myall Lakes populations in 2003: Agnes Banks received the highest visitation rate from an assemblage dominated by ants but produced the lowest reproductive output, and Myall Lakes received the lowest visitation rate by an assemblage dominated by a native bee and produced the highest seedling emergence. Interestingly, populations with different assemblage composition can produce similar percentage seed set per umbel. However, similar percentage seed set did not result in similar percentage seedling emergence. Differences among years in reproductive output (total seed production) were due to differences in umbel production (reproductive effort) and proportion of umbels with seeds, and not seed set per umbel. Trachymene incisa is self-compatible and suffers weak to intermediate levels of inbreeding depression through early stages of the life cycle when seeds are self-pollinated and biparentally inbred. Floral phenology, in the form of synchronous protandry, plays an important role in avoiding self-pollination within umbels and reducing the chance of geitonogamous pollination between umbels on the same plant. Although pollinators can increase the rate of inbreeding in T. incisa by foraging on both male and female phase umbels on the same plant or closely related plants, most consecutive insect movements were between plants not located adjacent to each other. This indicates that inbreeding is mostly avoided and that T. incisa is a predominantly outcrossing species, although further genetic analyses are required to confirm this hypothesis. A new conceptual understanding has emerged from the key empirical results in the study of this model generalised pollination system. The large differences among populations and between years indicate that populations are not equally serviced by pollinators and are not equally generalist. Insect visitation rates varied significantly throughout the day, highlighting that sampling of pollinators at one time will result in an inaccurate estimate and usually underestimate the degree of generalisation. The visitor assemblage is not equivalent to the pollinator assemblage, although non-pollinating floral visitors are likely to influence the overall effectiveness of the pollinator assemblage. Given the high degree of variation in both the number of pollinator species and number of pollinator types, I have constructed a model which includes the degree of ecological and functional specialisation of a plant species on pollinators and the variation encountered across different levels of plant organisation. This model describes the ecological or current state of plant species and their pollinators, as well as presenting the patterns of generalisation across a range of populations, which is critical for understanding the evolution and maintenance of the system. In-depth examination of pollination systems is required in order to understand the range of strategies utilised by plants and their pollinators, and I advocate a complete floral visitor assemblage approach to future studies in pollination ecology. In particular, future studies should focus on the role of introduced pollinators in altering generalised plant-pollinator systems and the contribution of non-pollinating floral visitors to pollinator assemblage effectiveness. Comparative studies involving plants with highly conserved floral displays, such as those in the genus Trachymene and in the Apiaceae, will be useful for investigating the dynamics of generalised pollination systems across a range of widespread and restricted species.

本研究為探究鄉村型生態社區實踐及推動的關鍵因素，綜合質化研究與量化研究，以「文獻分析」、「個案研究」及「專家問卷」為本研究之研究方法。首先以「文獻分析」透過社區總體營造及生態社區相關文獻的經驗與借鏡，彙整過去學術研究的寶貴經驗，探討推動生態社區的關鍵因素；再以「個案研究」釐清鄉村型生態社區的基礎資源及資源運用於永續功能實踐情況，探究社區轉化為永續經營的重要關鍵，並彙整推動生態社區之關鍵因素；再運用層級分析法之理論，歸納「文獻分析」及「個案研究」之研究成果，設計「專家問卷」，以社區的內部條件及外部支援資源為組成構面，建置推動鄉村型生態社區的關鍵因素指標架構第一階層為「A.政府」、「B.夥伴」、「C.社區團隊」、「D.社區環境」等四個層面，並歸納第二階層有「A1.生態社區人才培訓年齡」等二十個因素指標，並針對業界、政府部門、學界、社區等領域中之專家進行問卷調查，將回收之23份有效問卷利用專家決策分析軟體（Expert Choice 2000）進行統計之分析。 專家問卷調查分析結果得知推動鄉村型生態社區之層面首重「C.社區團隊」，權重為50.1﹪；關鍵因素整層級權重排序前五名為「C1.領導人」(17.5%)、「C2.組織團隊」(11.8%)、「D1.自然環境」(10.6%)、「C3.社區意識」(9.4%) 、「D2.人文環境」(7.7%)，表示專家認為社區領導者擁有積極態度與能力及社區內民眾參與度高以建立組織健全的架構，為最重要之成功因素，若再能凝聚社區意識與聚合社區居民的行動，實為推動生態社區之最主要關鍵，而鄉村中豐富的自然環境或社區內珍貴人文環境為推廣生態社區之重要條件，於生態社區發展之初，社區必須自我檢視以確立社區生態發展之項目。 根據文獻分析、個案研究及關鍵因素權重分析結果，本研究建議在推動鄉村型生態社區時是由社區自發性開始，策略應由下而上形成，社區能自我成長，並考量外部因素，本研究分別提出社區、政府、夥伴等不同角色下之實踐與推動策略建議，供不同角色在推動生態社區時能參考並靈活且彈性的運用。 / Aimed at researching key factors for rural ecological community development, this study integrates qualitative research and quantitative research and uses “Literature Analysis”, “Case Research” and “Expert Surveys” research methods. Firstly, through “literature analysis”, the study analyzes previous records of community development and ecological community to learn from valuable experiences and organize the findings of previous academic researches for the discussion of key factors for ecological community development. Then, through “case research”, the study attempts to understand the implementation status of the use of rural ecological community basic resources in sustainable development, investigate the key factors for sustainable community development and archive the key factors for ecological community development. Next, using the concepts of Analytic Hierarchy Process, the research results of the “literature analysis” and “case research” are inducted in the design of “Expert Survey”. Using the internal factors and external support resources of the community to form the hierarchy, the key factor indicator framework for rural ecological community development is established with the first level comprising of four factors, “A. Government”, “B. Partner”, “C. Community Team”, and “D. Community Environment” while the second layer inducted over 20 factor indicators such as “A1. Ecological Community Talent Development Age”. Targeted at experts from industries, government departments and academic institutions and communities, 23 sets of effective surveys were collected and statistically analyzed using expert decision analysis software, Expert Choice 2000. From the survey analysis findings, “C. Community Team” has the greatest weight of 50.1%. The top 5 factors in the key factor hierarchy weight are “C1. Leader (17.5%)”, “C2. Organization Team (11.8%)”, “D1. Natural Environment (10.6%)”, “C3. Community Awareness (9.4%)”, and “D2. Cultural Environment (7.7%)”. This finding shows that experts believe that the most important successful factors should be a community leader with active attitudes and competency, and a community with high public participation levels in building an organized structure. If community awareness can be raised and actions of the community coordinated, these will become the main factors in developing ecological communities. As critical factors of ecological community development, the community should perform self-reviews on the rich natural environment or valuable cultural environment of the rural community during the beginning to establish objectives for the ecological development. According to the results from literature analysis, case studies and key factor weight analysis, this study proposes that in the development of rural ecological community, the development should be spontaneous, strategies should be formed from the bottom-up approach, allow for the growth of the community and take external factors into consideration. This study also proposes implementation and promote strategies and suggestions for the different roles such as community, government and partners, providing reference for the different roles in the development of the ecological community and allow flexible application of the information.