The purpose of this study was to find out whether there was a shift in emphasis from agriculture to mining in the Nigerian economic development between 1958-1980. This shift in emphasis led .to a lower Gross Development Product (GDP), higher unemployment, decreases in food and agricultural production and reductions in both tax and export revenues.The data used in this thesis were extracted from secondary sources which include: First, Second and Third Federal Government of Nigeria National Development Plans, documents published by the Federal Government of Nigeria. Other sources include publications by organizations, both private and public, and textbooks. The above were the sources through which statistics for this study were compiled.The two most important economic indicators in Nigeria's economy are the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (output), and the expenditures (input), which were used for the analysis.In the analysis of the data, both the absolute and the percentage values for the GDP (output) and expenditure (input) were plotted for various sectors of the economy, ranging from agriculture, mining, manufacturing, electricity, building, distribution, transportation, and education to health were graphically expressed. The various values of each of the sectors were compared to that of agriculture. To substantiate the findings of the absolute values of the expenditure, the percentage values of the expenditure were also graphically expressed.The results of the statistical analysis used indicate the following:1) That agriculture is highly and positively correlated with the other sectors of the Nigerian economy;2) Manufacuring and transportation indicate a shift in emphasis from agriculture to these two sectors;3) There was no shift in emphasis from agriculture to the mining sector of the economy;4) There were also no shifts in emphasis from agriculture to the following sectors of the economy - education, health and electricity;5) Three other sectors - government, building and distribution expenditures - could not be expressed graphically because of the difficulty in aggregating data for these three sectors;6) The mining sector of the Nigerian economy was not a force before 1975 but, since 1975, it has grown at a faster rate than any other sector;7) While the mining and agriculture sectors indicate growth and they grew more than the amount invested in them, the other sectors - manufacturing, transportation, electricity, health and education - took more money in their expenditures than they put out in their GDP's.As a result of the above findings, there may have been other factors responsible for the decline of agriculture in Nigeria's economic development planning. These factors might include: lack of mechanization of farming techniques, bribery and corruption, land tenure system, lack of adequate manpower, the problem of inadequate overall planning and coordination, and the diversification in the Nigerian economy which resulted from the attempt to improve Nigeria's economy. / Department of Urban Planning

This M.A. thesis written at the University of Victoria during 1968-69 seeks to determine the causes, nature and effects of the Great Depression of 1929-1939 on the important Western Canadian metropolitan centre of Greater Victoria, British Columbia. Comprised of four municipalities - Victoria City, Esquimalt, Oak Bay and Saanich - Greater Victoria had an image of itself as an affluent, conservative, geographically isolated urban centre. Furthermore, the capital city region had, from the turn of the century, become less and less important in relation to its larger, burgeoning sister, Greater Vancouver; which in turn provided a perfect opportunity for life in the Island community to become even more insular than it had before. As the critical decade of the 1930's began, however, events forced Victorians to discard their protective coccoon in order to survive as a city. Compounding their difficulties, the city's overall economic decline was broad and swift; while recovery, when it finally did occur between 1933 and 1939, was slow and sporadic. In the early years of the Depression, however, many citizens in the area still tended to regard their fundamental economic and social problems as local ones; and therefore, attempted to marshal local resources in the forms of charities, municipal governments', and service organizations so as to bring a measure of relief to everyone. Yet their efforts were not enough. Sometimes, as in the case of Victoria City for example, there were insufficient economic and financial resources on hand. / Graduate / 0334

This M.A. thesis written at the University of Victoria during 1968-69 seeks to determine the causes, nature and effects of the Great Depression of 1929-1939 on the important Western Canadian metropolitan centre of Greater Victoria, British Columbia. Comprised of four municipalities - Victoria City, Esquimalt, Oak Bay and Saanich - Greater Victoria had an image of itself as an affluent, conservative, geographically isolated urban centre. Furthermore, the capital city region had, from the turn of the century, become less and less important in relation to its larger, burgeoning sister, Greater Vancouver; which in turn provided a perfect opportunity for life in the Island community to become even more insular than it had before. As the critical decade of the 1930's began, however, events forced Victorians to discard their protective coccoon in order to survive as a city. Compounding their difficulties, the city's overall economic decline was broad and swift; while recovery, when it finally did occur between 1933 and 1939, was slow and sporadic. In the early years of the Depression, however, many citizens in the area still tended to regard their fundamental economic and social problems as local ones; and therefore, attempted to marshal local resources in the forms of charities, municipal governments', and service organizations so as to bring a measure of relief to everyone. Yet their efforts were not enough. Sometimes, as in the case of Victoria City for example, there were insufficient economic and financial resources on hand. / Graduate / 0334

There is a debate on the exact relationship between capitalist development and democracy. Some maintain that there is a theoretical and empirical affinity between the two, while others have demonstrated that authoritarian regimes have been as able to accommodate capitalist development. A major part of this debate revolves around the economic elite's political preferences, which in some cases is perceived as championing democracy while in others, especially in cases of late-development, as supporting the rise of authoritarianism or, in the least, benefiting from the deficiencies of limited democracy. The shifting position of this elite therefore begs the following question: Is there an instance under capitalist development that makes democracy more appealing to the business classes? / To study this question, I have focused on the case of TUSIAD (Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association), a voluntary association made up of several hundred members and founded by the owners of the largest Turkish corporations, that has in 1997 published a report on democratization in Turkey which promoted major changes to the Turkish state and its institutions. The topic is of relevance to the above debate by presenting a case where individuals that were previously perceived as benefiting from the deficiencies of Turkish democracy and/or were too shy politically were promoting major changes to political life. / In order to understand the process behind this break and the shifting political attitude of the association's members, I have conducted several expert interviews with key actors from TUSIAD and the business community. I have also included a comparison between the case of TUSIAD and the demands of associations in the similar cases of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico in order to further test the generalizability of my case study. / My research and the dissertation suggest that changes in the activities of Turkish industry, characterized by economic development and a greater international integration achieved primarily through the European Union, present a new structure of opportunities and constraints for TUSIAD members. The factors that entrepreneurs perceive as being necessary for staying competitive and manage growingly complex enterprises not only make increased democracy more appealing but also create a tension between a segment of business, which is becoming increasingly formal, and a state that has traditionally depended on its informal ties with societies to strengthen its control. / However, my research reveals that these economic changes are not sufficient to constitute a radical break from the state. To understand the case of TUSIAD it should be taken into account that this has been possible because of the economic elite's increasing autonomy (due partly on endogenous changes and the opportunities that internationalization offers) and relationship to the state. Turkish political tradition has enabled the state and governments to isolate themselves from business more than in other cases studied. In fact, states in my comparative cases have tended to grant greater access to business, except for various periods, and as such affected its propensity to mobilize politically. It is therefore the apparent indifference of the Turkish state towards the needs and power of industry that has affected the attitude and ideology of businesspeople, thus leading to a greater break than what the current literature would predict. In outlining this process, the current dissertation therefore contributes to academic debate by outlining the manner in which a positive relationship between the needs of business classes and democracy develops, while maintaining that whether this will lead to a radical break is determined by state tradition.

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This dissertation studies the origin of new organisational forms. It focuses on organisations that challenge existing institutional boundaries, specifically the boundaries between for profit and not for profit providers of financial services. It builds on research on the origins of the microfinance industry in Bolivia; and particularly on the creation and development of BancoSol and Los Andes, the two pioneering organisations. This research involved in-depth interviews and analysis of industry-specific documents and newspaper files. / The study builds on three research streams: collective strategy, institutional theory, and evolutionary entrepreneurship. It proposes an overarching process-model that bridges these three bodies of work and advances our understanding of three key dynamics in the creation of new organisational forms: (1) the combination of hitherto unconnected principles and practices; (2) the leverage of support and acceptance for new organisational forms; and (3) the development of endurance for the new form. / The study argues that these three dynamics occur within a nonlinear process that includes three overlying stages. The first stage involves the creation of an entrepreneurial team to launch the organisations. This team includes individuals from fields with divergent principles and practices (e.g. for profit and not for profit). The second stage involves negotiations with institutional actors to leverage support and acceptance for the novel organisational form. The third stage involves decisions, actions, and interactions that promote internal coalescence and defend the organisations from external challenges. I have labeled this process-model social entrepreneurship. The process is predominantly social as the three dynamics are defined by the social assets and relations of actors. It is predominantly entrepreneurial as it destroys existing boundaries across fields and generates an enduring combination of principles and practices previously unconnected.

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Following the sharp rise in oil prices in late 1973 and early 1974, most oil exporting countries adopted highly expansionary fiscal and monetary policies aimed at rapid development of their economies. In Nigeria the role of the public sector since then has been significantly increased as most of the oil revenue accrues directly to the Federal government rather than to individuals. Given the host of economic problems faced by the country in the 1970s the debate over the role of the public sector in a mixed capitalist economy in the process of economic growth gains more relevance. / The essence of this study is to analyze the consequence of alternative patterns of government policy on economic growth in Nigeria. The study provides a general framework that is useful in studying the effects of alternative government policies on the domestic economy and also in analyzing alternative patterns of allocating the sudden increase in domestic resources. Using policy simulation experiments, an alternative policy package is suggested and the relative effectiveness of various policy instruments used by the government are examined.