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Since the 1970s, waves of deindustrialization have dramatically transformed the urban Rust Belt. The plight of cities in this region is well documented by scholars. The story they present upholds central assumptions in theories of urban growth, mainly new cities grow in new economic regions at the expense of others. This dissertation challenges this notion by addressing the following question: What are the different economic trajectories Rust Belt cities have taken over the course of global economic restructuring from 1970 to 2000? In this research, 69 Rust Belt cities are classified into three different categories based on their performance on a quality of life index over this time period: stable, struggling, and devastated. Then, conventional quantitative methods are used to map changes in employment trends onto the cities in each category. This step provides a general picture of economic restructuring experiences in these cities, which shows all lose manufacturing employment, but increases in business services employment distinguishes stable cities while increases in professional services employment distinguishes devastated cities. Next, an innovative methodology is used to identify different kinds of economic transitions for different types of cities. The analysis shows larger, stable cities have been able to reorganize their local economies into producer service-based economies. It also indicates manufacturing remains central to the local economies in smaller, stable cities, and finally, all devastated cities are developing healthcare-based local economies. Finally, two stable and two devastated cities are examined in-depth to provide a detailed description of local economic transformations. The stable cities have combined local R&D facilities with a strong infrastructure of specialty manufacturers to become high-tech production sites. This change has fueled business services development in these cities. Devastated cities are holding onto old manufacturing while greatly expanding hospital-based employment. Overall, this dissertation makes a contribution by using multiple and innovative methods to develop a rich portrait of the economic reorganization of the urban Rust Belt. This portrait questions central assumptions in theoretical understandings of urban growth and serves as a foundation for an examination of the causes of successful local economic transformation.

This thesis is a study of working-class women and their paid employment between the temporal limits c.1945 and c.1971. Centralising women’s experiences, three distinct methodologies – statistical analysis, archival research, and oral history – discretely delivered, explore changing patterns of women’s employment. Four case studies of northern industrial towns and cities – Glasgow, Dundee, Newcastle, and Preston – are used to test the notion of regional distinctiveness and its survival into the twentieth-century. Statistical analysis of women’s labour market participation demonstrates convergence of regional differences. Women’s participation in paid work was augmented across the country, and married women became an increasing part of the labour force. In industrial towns which historically employed large numbers of married women, such as Preston and Dundee, women’s experiences converged with those of cities, such as Newcastle and Glasgow, with strong heavy industry traditions. Economic restructuring entailed women’s concentration in service and clerical occupations, compared to manufacturing, such as textiles and ‘light’ engineering. Until 1970 at least, mothers increasingly returned to employment part-time, contrasting with previous generations of female breadwinners who worked full-time. The provision of childcare sits at the site of a series of arguments about mother’s employment, maternal deprivation, and social problems. National policy lines were rarely drawn around encouraging women into work. An archival method, exploring local authority nurseries and nursery schools, and private nurseries illustrates meagre provision. Women’s continued use of childminders and informal care evidences a demand for provision which was not adequately met by the state. Oral history interviews found few women used local authority childcare, partly because of stringent admittance criteria and the stigma attached. The fundamental argument of this thesis focuses on working-class women and situates their experiences, sense of self, and personal struggles against family and societal expectations at the core of the profound changes in women’s working lives, in contrast to government policy and market economies. Oral history is the final methodology. Original oral history research testifies to work as part of the changing nature of the female self. However, it is emphasised that despite momentous transformation in women’s lives, gendered expectations were a limiting force on women’s ability to break free from a confining domesticity and unsatisfying work.

Communities on Canada’s east and west coasts have experienced profound changes as a result of environmental and economic restructuring associated with the decline of traditional resource-based industries, principally fishery, forestry and mining. This restructuring has resulted in social changes with potentially major implications for the health and well-being of individuals and communities. Coasts under Stress (CUS) examines the effects of restructuring on coastal communities in British Columbia and Newfoundland and Labrador. Within the CUS project, this study examines the relationship between socio-economic restructuring and health in four BC coastal communities―Port Hardy, Prince Rupert, Tofino and Ucluelet―by a community health survey and in-depth interview studies. The survey which was conducted in the summer of 2002 (N=1,204), collected information on individual health status and stress levels, lifestyles, socio-demographics, social capital and social cohesion in the four communities. Follow-up in-depth interviews were conducted with 41 survey respondents and an additional 25 key informants in early 2003 to explore the factors influencing people’s ability to cope with the impacts of restructuring on individual and community health. The findings of the survey analyses indicate that: the communities lag behind the province of BC and Canada as a whole in terms of self-reported health status; health status differs significantly among the communities as do recent changes in health status and stress level; the main predictors of general and emotional health status and stress are a healthier lifestyle and higher socio-economic status (SES), along with a higher level of community satisfaction. Combining the results from the in-depth interviews and the survey, it is clear that differences in health status are plausibly attributable to restructuring processes and major events in each community. There is a clear linkage between economic downturn and poorer health in the interview study. Furthermore, the interview and survey analyses reveal factors that may affect the vulnerability or resilience of individuals and communities. Employment opportunities are central to the vitality of communities and the quality of life of their residents, and are key factors related to individual and community resilience or vulnerability. The study concludes that socio-economic restructuring has had an impact on the health of BC coastal communities and their residents in the last two decades, especially in the last ten years. While traditionally resource-dependent industries have declined, the emergence of new alternative economic activities has not been strong enough in the coastal communities to withstand the economic downturn brought about by the restructuring process that has increased employment stress for both residents and their communities. Employment stress resulted in poorer health for residents vulnerable to the economic changes, such as people who have lost jobs, who lack social/family support, and who possess low SES. Such employment stress has also affected community health in vulnerable communities, like Prince Rupert and Port Hardy, which have experienced population decline, family break-ups and a variety of social problems. This study adds to the growing population health and health geography literature on the social determinants of health with specific application to advancing the understanding of the complex relationships between socio-economic change in coastal communities and the health and well-being of their residents. The research demonstrates the value of combining quantitative and qualitative methods as complementary approaches to the study of community and individual health. From a policy and planning perspective, the findings inform the debate on factors fostering resilience to restructuring in communities.

Este trabalho procurou analisar se o Projeto Eixo Tamanduatehy em Santo André se constituiu como uma nova prática de urbanismo no contexto atual de políticas públicas urbanas. Para tanto, foram estudadas as transformações ocorridas em Santo André no período de 1975 a 2005, no contexto da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e do Grande ABC, que levaram a transformações socioeconômicas e à mudança da zona industrial da cidade em área degradada e vazio urbano. Posteriormente, procurou estabelecer uma correlação entre o Planejamento tradicional e as formas de intervenção urbana na formação do urbanismo e planejamento urbano e regional no Brasil e em Santo André. A partir disso, efetuou análise da proposta inicial do Projeto, cujo principal objetivo era promover a reabilitação urbana na várzea do Rio Tamanduateí, buscando compreender os seus resultados. Por fim, concluiu que esse processo se constituiu como nova prática de pensamento regional e de intervenção pontual em detrimento do planejamento global e pelo comprometimento dos diversos atores (governo municipal, iniciativa privada e instituições), sendo resposta do governo local para enfrentamento do quadro de decadência da cidade após o processo de reestruturação produtiva e desconcentração industrial sofrida nos últimos trinta anos. / This dissertation analyzed whether Tamanduatehy Axis Project could be considered as a new urban praxis in the present urban public policies context. It primarily researched the transformation occurred in the City of Santo André in the period (1975-2005), considering the metropolitan and regional contexts, that lead to economical and social transformation and created urban deprived areas. In the sequence, it established a framework for comparison between traditional urban planning and intervention plans in the formation of urban and regional planning practice in Brazil and in Santo André. After that, it investigated the Plan initial proposals that aimed at the urban rehabilitation of Tamanduateí river floodplain area, analyzing its results. Finally, it concluded that this process resulted in a new praxis for its regional planning approach, local intervention instead of comprehensive planning and for the diverse social agents involvement (municipality, private enterprise and institutions), acting as an answer of local authority for the reversion of urban decline after economic restructuring and de-industrialization that happened over the last thirty years.

A pesquisa busca mostrar, de forma geral, as causas do processo de periferização nos municípios do entorno da metrópole paulista, e como se dá a concentração da pobreza, que afeta o desenvolvimento local e da sociedade como um todo. Nesse contexto, a questão das desigualdades sócio - espaciais e da segregação social urbana serão muito discutidas, assim como os efeitos da exclusão social na formação do indivíduo, inserido na realidade das periferias empobrecidas. Acredita-se que lugares socialmente degradados e ambientalmente problemáticos, sem amparo de políticas públicas específicas, são reprodutores dessas mesmas condições, e que este fato já não é mais suportado pelas cidades, pois não permite seu desenvolvimento econômico e social, tampouco o compromisso de fornecer uma qualidade de vida mínima para sua população. Além disso, a reprodução da pobreza e da desigualdade sócio espacial, afeta a sociedade como um todo, uma vez que se tornam crescentes os conflitos sociais e principalmente a violência urbana. A partir dessa discussão, o município periférico de Francisco Morato passa então a ser o foco principal da pesquisa, que mostrará como o processo de empobrecimento e periferização afetam esse Município de 155 mil habitantes, crescente e desordenado, situado na região noroeste da Grande São Paulo. A intenção é ter Francisco Morato como exemplo do que acontece em diversos outros municípios empobrecidos da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Francisco Morato é formado em grande parte por loteamentos de baixa renda, sendo um grande número deles irregulares. A cidade em geral é carente de diversas infra-estruturas, equipamentos urbanos, serviços e projetos sociais. Nesta pesquisa, partimos do princípio que o modelo de urbanização atual tornou-se social e ambientalmente inviável para o desenvolvimento sócio-econômico e ambiental, uma vez que o aumento da pobreza urbana prejudica o desenvolvimento da cidade, pois proporciona diversos tipos de problemas ambientais e sociais, tais como ocupação de áreas impróprias, desmatamentos, aumento da exclusão, da violência e geração de mais pobreza a partir da reprodução das relações sociais. Esses problemas atingem toda a sociedade e devem ter seus efeitos considerados ao longo prazo. Trata-se da formação social, do indivíduo que estamos produzindo, inserido num contexto onde as desigualdades sociais, as indiferenças e a violência são crescentes. Para as prefeituras das periferias empobrecidas, os problemas sócio-ambientais tornam-se um desafio cada vez maior, uma vez que essas instituições são em muitos casos carentes de instrumentos de gestão e recursos técnicos e financeiros. Essa é a realidade de Francisco Morato e de outros municípios de baixa renda. O Objetivo principal do trabalho é levantar os impactos causados, pelo aumento da pobreza urbana, no meio físico e social das cidades, tendo Francisco Morato como exemplo. Tentamos jogar luzes sobre a questão da reprodução dos espaços de pobreza, e entender se a partir da dinâmica capitalista excludente, aliada à ineficácia de políticas públicas, estamos criando uma sociedade mais desiquilibrada socialmente, mais violenta e mais subdesenvolvida. Talvez o resultado dessa pesquisa possa ajudar na formulação de políticas públicas sociais mais eficazes no combate à pobreza e à exclusão no município de Francisco Morato e em outros locais com situação semelhante. / This search tries to focus the causes of the peripherical process in the cities around Sao Paulo metropolis as well as try to explain how the poverty concentration is done and how it can modify not only the local development but also the whole society. In this context, the question of the social-space inequalities and urban social segregation will be widely argued, as well the effects of the social exclusion in the individual formation, inserted into the peripherical poverty reality. We believe that places socially and ambientally degraded and without any specific support from government are reproducers of these same conditions and this situation is not supported any more by the cities once it does not permit its economic and social development, worse than that, do not provide the minimum life quality for its population. Moreover, the reproduction of the poverty and social-spacial inequality affects the society as a whole, once the social problems and conflicts are growing up and mainly the urban violence. From this point of the discussion ahead, the peripherical county of Francisco Morato begins to be the main focus of this search that will show how the impoverish process affects this disordered and increasing County of 155 thousands inhabitants, located at northwest of Sao Paulo City (Grande Sao Paulo). The intention is to have Francisco Morato as an example of what happens in several others poor counties around the region of São Paulo metropolis. Francisco Morato has a lot of illegal and low income land divisions. The County is, in a general way, devoided of infrastructure, urban equipments, services and social projects. In this search, we start from the principle that the current urbanization model became unsustainable for the environmental and economic-social development once the urban impoverishment harms the city development. These problems affect society the society as a whole and must have its effects considered in long term. These is regarding to the social formation, to the individual that we are producing within a context where the social inequality, the indifference and violence are growing up. To the City Halls of the poor periphery, the social-environmental problem is a big challenging because these institutions are most of the cases, deficient in managements, financial and technical resources. This is the reality of Francisco Morato and others poor income counties. Having Francisco Morato as an example, the main objective of this work is to establish the impacts caused by the urban poverty into the environmental and social means of the cities. We try to clarify the questions about the reproduction of poverty spaces and understand if the dynamic of exclusionist capitalism, allied to inefficient public politics, are creating a society much more socially-unbalanced, more violent and more underdeveloped. Perhaps the results of this search can help the formulation of more efficient public politics to reduce poverty and social-exclusion of the County of Francisco Morato as much as others countries with the same situation.

Esta dissertação versa sobre o mundo do trabalho contemporâneo e suas implicações sociais e econômicas na esfera de gênero. Aqui abordamos a situação das mulheres bolivianas no setor de confecção na cidade de São Paulo, no período de 1980 a 2010. Procuramos, através desta pesquisa, elucidar os modos de inserção e permanência deste grupo na referida cidade, observando os papéis que desempenha na economia informal, através do seu trabalho no setor de confecção; buscamos, também, ampliar a compreensão acerca do mundo do trabalho contemporâneo, reestruturação produtiva e a questão de gênero. Para tanto, utilizamos como principais fontes as fichas de coletas de dados da Pastoral do Migrante no processo de Anistia de 2009, dados do setor de têxteis e confecção, além de entrevistas. / Sought through this research to elucidate the modes of insertion and retention of this group in that city, noting the roles it plays in the informal economy, through their work in the sector of manufacturing; seek also to broaden the understanding about the world of contemporary work , production restructuring and gender. Therefore, we use the chips as the main sources of data collection for the Pastoral Care of Migrants in the process of Amnesty of 2009, data from the textiles and clothing, as well as interviews.

Este trabalho procurou analisar se o Projeto Eixo Tamanduatehy em Santo André se constituiu como uma nova prática de urbanismo no contexto atual de políticas públicas urbanas. Para tanto, foram estudadas as transformações ocorridas em Santo André no período de 1975 a 2005, no contexto da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e do Grande ABC, que levaram a transformações socioeconômicas e à mudança da zona industrial da cidade em área degradada e vazio urbano. Posteriormente, procurou estabelecer uma correlação entre o Planejamento tradicional e as formas de intervenção urbana na formação do urbanismo e planejamento urbano e regional no Brasil e em Santo André. A partir disso, efetuou análise da proposta inicial do Projeto, cujo principal objetivo era promover a reabilitação urbana na várzea do Rio Tamanduateí, buscando compreender os seus resultados. Por fim, concluiu que esse processo se constituiu como nova prática de pensamento regional e de intervenção pontual em detrimento do planejamento global e pelo comprometimento dos diversos atores (governo municipal, iniciativa privada e instituições), sendo resposta do governo local para enfrentamento do quadro de decadência da cidade após o processo de reestruturação produtiva e desconcentração industrial sofrida nos últimos trinta anos. / This dissertation analyzed whether Tamanduatehy Axis Project could be considered as a new urban praxis in the present urban public policies context. It primarily researched the transformation occurred in the City of Santo André in the period (1975-2005), considering the metropolitan and regional contexts, that lead to economical and social transformation and created urban deprived areas. In the sequence, it established a framework for comparison between traditional urban planning and intervention plans in the formation of urban and regional planning practice in Brazil and in Santo André. After that, it investigated the Plan initial proposals that aimed at the urban rehabilitation of Tamanduateí river floodplain area, analyzing its results. Finally, it concluded that this process resulted in a new praxis for its regional planning approach, local intervention instead of comprehensive planning and for the diverse social agents involvement (municipality, private enterprise and institutions), acting as an answer of local authority for the reversion of urban decline after economic restructuring and de-industrialization that happened over the last thirty years.

A pesquisa busca mostrar, de forma geral, as causas do processo de periferização nos municípios do entorno da metrópole paulista, e como se dá a concentração da pobreza, que afeta o desenvolvimento local e da sociedade como um todo. Nesse contexto, a questão das desigualdades sócio - espaciais e da segregação social urbana serão muito discutidas, assim como os efeitos da exclusão social na formação do indivíduo, inserido na realidade das periferias empobrecidas. Acredita-se que lugares socialmente degradados e ambientalmente problemáticos, sem amparo de políticas públicas específicas, são reprodutores dessas mesmas condições, e que este fato já não é mais suportado pelas cidades, pois não permite seu desenvolvimento econômico e social, tampouco o compromisso de fornecer uma qualidade de vida mínima para sua população. Além disso, a reprodução da pobreza e da desigualdade sócio espacial, afeta a sociedade como um todo, uma vez que se tornam crescentes os conflitos sociais e principalmente a violência urbana. A partir dessa discussão, o município periférico de Francisco Morato passa então a ser o foco principal da pesquisa, que mostrará como o processo de empobrecimento e periferização afetam esse Município de 155 mil habitantes, crescente e desordenado, situado na região noroeste da Grande São Paulo. A intenção é ter Francisco Morato como exemplo do que acontece em diversos outros municípios empobrecidos da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Francisco Morato é formado em grande parte por loteamentos de baixa renda, sendo um grande número deles irregulares. A cidade em geral é carente de diversas infra-estruturas, equipamentos urbanos, serviços e projetos sociais. Nesta pesquisa, partimos do princípio que o modelo de urbanização atual tornou-se social e ambientalmente inviável para o desenvolvimento sócio-econômico e ambiental, uma vez que o aumento da pobreza urbana prejudica o desenvolvimento da cidade, pois proporciona diversos tipos de problemas ambientais e sociais, tais como ocupação de áreas impróprias, desmatamentos, aumento da exclusão, da violência e geração de mais pobreza a partir da reprodução das relações sociais. Esses problemas atingem toda a sociedade e devem ter seus efeitos considerados ao longo prazo. Trata-se da formação social, do indivíduo que estamos produzindo, inserido num contexto onde as desigualdades sociais, as indiferenças e a violência são crescentes. Para as prefeituras das periferias empobrecidas, os problemas sócio-ambientais tornam-se um desafio cada vez maior, uma vez que essas instituições são em muitos casos carentes de instrumentos de gestão e recursos técnicos e financeiros. Essa é a realidade de Francisco Morato e de outros municípios de baixa renda. O Objetivo principal do trabalho é levantar os impactos causados, pelo aumento da pobreza urbana, no meio físico e social das cidades, tendo Francisco Morato como exemplo. Tentamos jogar luzes sobre a questão da reprodução dos espaços de pobreza, e entender se a partir da dinâmica capitalista excludente, aliada à ineficácia de políticas públicas, estamos criando uma sociedade mais desiquilibrada socialmente, mais violenta e mais subdesenvolvida. Talvez o resultado dessa pesquisa possa ajudar na formulação de políticas públicas sociais mais eficazes no combate à pobreza e à exclusão no município de Francisco Morato e em outros locais com situação semelhante. / This search tries to focus the causes of the peripherical process in the cities around Sao Paulo metropolis as well as try to explain how the poverty concentration is done and how it can modify not only the local development but also the whole society. In this context, the question of the social-space inequalities and urban social segregation will be widely argued, as well the effects of the social exclusion in the individual formation, inserted into the peripherical poverty reality. We believe that places socially and ambientally degraded and without any specific support from government are reproducers of these same conditions and this situation is not supported any more by the cities once it does not permit its economic and social development, worse than that, do not provide the minimum life quality for its population. Moreover, the reproduction of the poverty and social-spacial inequality affects the society as a whole, once the social problems and conflicts are growing up and mainly the urban violence. From this point of the discussion ahead, the peripherical county of Francisco Morato begins to be the main focus of this search that will show how the impoverish process affects this disordered and increasing County of 155 thousands inhabitants, located at northwest of Sao Paulo City (Grande Sao Paulo). The intention is to have Francisco Morato as an example of what happens in several others poor counties around the region of São Paulo metropolis. Francisco Morato has a lot of illegal and low income land divisions. The County is, in a general way, devoided of infrastructure, urban equipments, services and social projects. In this search, we start from the principle that the current urbanization model became unsustainable for the environmental and economic-social development once the urban impoverishment harms the city development. These problems affect society the society as a whole and must have its effects considered in long term. These is regarding to the social formation, to the individual that we are producing within a context where the social inequality, the indifference and violence are growing up. To the City Halls of the poor periphery, the social-environmental problem is a big challenging because these institutions are most of the cases, deficient in managements, financial and technical resources. This is the reality of Francisco Morato and others poor income counties. Having Francisco Morato as an example, the main objective of this work is to establish the impacts caused by the urban poverty into the environmental and social means of the cities. We try to clarify the questions about the reproduction of poverty spaces and understand if the dynamic of exclusionist capitalism, allied to inefficient public politics, are creating a society much more socially-unbalanced, more violent and more underdeveloped. Perhaps the results of this search can help the formulation of more efficient public politics to reduce poverty and social-exclusion of the County of Francisco Morato as much as others countries with the same situation.