A globalização teve muitas conseqüências na governança do mundo, particularmente, orquestrando um reordenamento econômico em que os países emergentes assumiram uma posição de maior destaque. Soma-se a isso a ascensão de grandes empresas multinacionais com sede nesses países. A China e o Brasil são dois exemplos de países que vem ganhando grande importância no cenário global e cujas empresas também começam a liderar e se destacar em alguns setores. No entanto, são poucas as empresas brasileiras que tem atividades relevantes na China, além de exportações a partir do Brasil. Essa dissertação identifica as razões da situação presente, entre elas a falta de conhecimento e as intensas dificuldades enfrentadas por empresas ocidentais, particularmente brasileiras, na China. Além disso, o governo brasileiro também não exerce algumas funções que lhe seriam próprias no processo. Foi inicialmente realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre motivações e vantagens para empresas e países dos investimentos diretos no exterior, competitividade internacional, relações econômicas entre Brasil e China, relações governo-empresas no processo de internacionalização e diferenças culturais e institucionais entre os dois países. Com isso, foi possível estabelecer alguns pressupostos teóricos, cuja avaliação foi realizada por meio dos estudos dos casos de cinco empresas brasileiras com atividades na China. Trata-se de cinco empresas que pertencem a setores diversificados e níveis distintos de comprometimento de capital naquele país. Concluiu-se que as motivações de entrada no país, as dificuldades enfrentadas no processo de entrada e nas operações e a visão sobre o papel exercido pelo governo são similares. A principal motivação de entrada foi a garantia de uma parcela de um mercado de grande potencial e que mais cresce no mundo. Outra motivação foi o enfrentamento no ambiente competitivo do setor a que as empresas pertencem, em que os principais concorrentes atuam na China. As dificuldades mais importantes foram de ordem cultural e institucional. Já o papel do governo foi julgado, majoritariamente, incipiente. Mais divergências foram encontradas nos mecanismos utilizados para gerenciar as dificuldades enfrentadas. Uma conclusão é que muitas delas seriam passíveis de minimização por meio da análise dos casos de empresas ocidentais já estabelecidas na China, e por meio de algumas atitudes que poderiam ser adotadas pelo governo brasileiro e pelas próprias empresas. / Globalization has had many consequences for the world economy governance, particularly orchestrating an economic reordering in which emerging countries have taken a much more prominent role. This role can be seen also by the rise of large multinational companies based in those countries. China and Brazil are two important examples of countries that have gained great importance in the global scene and whose companies are also beginning to lead and excel in some sectors. However, only a few Brazilian companies have activities in China, beyond exports from Brazil. This dissertation aimed to discover which are the reasons for this pattern, taking as preliminary assumptions that it is due to a lack of knowledge and to the intense difficulties faced by Western companies, particularly Brazilian ones, in China. Moreover, another possible reason should be a lack of attitude of the Brazilian government in exerting its required role in the process. We reviewed the literature on motivations and outcomes of foreign direct investment for companies and countries, international competitiveness, economic relations between Brazil and China, government-business relations in the process of internationalization and cultural as well as institutional differences between the two countries. Therefore, it was possible to establish a theoretical framework, whose evaluation was performed by means of case studies of five Brazilian companies with activities in China. It was concluded that, despite the different sectors of these companies and the different levels of invested capital in China, the motivations for entering the country, the difficulties in the process of entry and operations and the vision of the role played by the government are similar. The main motivation for entering China was to guarantee a share of the fastest growing market in the world, and also to face an environment in which all companies competitors are doing business in China. The main difficulties faced were cultural and institutional ones, and the government-business relations have been considered distant. More differences were found in the mechanisms used by the companies to manage the difficulties faced. One conclusion is that many of those difficulties should be subject to minimization by analyzing the cases of Western companies already established in China, and through some actions that could be adopted by the Brazilian government and companies themselves.

Policymakers and scholars are deeply divided on the purpose and effectiveness of sanctions, but recent work has given attention to the strategy of using positive sanctions or incentives. This study investigates the conditions under which the U.S. uses a punitive sanctions policy (indicated by all negative sanctions) or an engagement policy (indicated by a mix of positive and negative sanctions). Applying materialist (Schelling, 1960, 1966; Snyder and Diesing, 1977; Axelrod, 1984; Fearon, 1994) and sociological (Schoppa, 1999; Wendt, 2000; Lebow, 2007) bargaining perspectives, this study will consider factors such as the level of target threat, the target's nuclear weapons capability, the extent of international support for sanctions, and the relationship between the U.S. and target. This study analyzes the case studies of the U.S-led sanctions against Iraq (1990-2003), North Korea (1993-present), and Libya (1972-2006). / by Jason Levitt. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

The informal, underground or shadow economy is a significant, growing force throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, contributing to overall output, yet diminishing productivity, congesting public services, and depriving developing nations of potential fiscal revenues. This paper discusses the various definitions and methods of measurement of the informal sector, with the aim of showing the importance of collecting taxes in informal economies. Informal economy participants engage in tax evasion and avoidance of governmental regulations, therefore the implications of excessive tax burdens and onerous bureaucracy are studied, with a focus on their impact on GDP growth. Informal sector enterprises can greatly contribute to the official, recorded GDP measures if they have significant incentives to joining the formal sector. These incentives are presented and must be considered seriously by policymakers concerned with capturing additional tax revenues and improving economic growth in their nations. / by Chantal Wedderburn. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

by Chan, Cheuk-Wah. / Thesis submitted in: August 1997. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- p.1. / Chapter 1.1.-- --- The main theme / Chapter 1.2. -- --- Theoretical background / Chapter 1.2.1. -- --- The proper role of the state in the economy / Chapter 1.2.2. -- --- Conception of the development state / Chapter 1.2.3. -- --- Politics of defining the role of the state / Chapter 1.2.4. -- --- The relative autonomy of the state / Chapter 1.2.5. -- --- "The ISH Model-- Institutions, Strategic actions of agents, Historical contingencies" / Chapter 1.2.6. -- --- The ISH Model and the economic dynamics in Hong Kong / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- p.22. / Chapter 2 -- --- "Historical Background, Contingency and International Hurricane (from the mid of 1940s to the mid 1950s)" / Chapter 2.1. -- --- Introduction / Chapter 2.2. -- --- Historical background / Chapter 2.3. -- --- Conflicts between China and the West (Korean War and Cold War) / Chapter 2.4. -- --- Hong Kong's fluctuating economy and the colonial minimal government / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- p.44. / Chapter 3. --- The Dynamics of the Process of Economic Restructuring and the Strategies of the Industrialists (1950s-60s) / Chapter 3.1. -- --- Introduction / Chapter 3.2. -- --- The path of economic restructuring / Chapter 3.2.1. -- --- Profile of textiles industry / Chapter 3.2.2.-- --- rofile of clothing industry / Chapter 3.2.3. -- --- Profile of toys and plastic industry / Chapter 3.3.-- --- Strategies of the Chinese industrialists / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- p.62. / Chapter 4. --- Hong Kong Government's Role and Selective Interventions in the Economy / Chapter 4.1. -- --- Introduction / Chapter 4.2. -- --- Monetary/fiscal policy with colonial bias / Chapter 4.3. -- --- Housing policy / Chapter 4.4. -- --- Investment and trade promotion / Chapter 4.5. -- --- Land and infrastructure development / Chapter 4.6. -- --- Influences on the prices and supplies of foodstuffs / Chapter 4.7. -- --- Productivity and quality support services / Chapter 4.8. -- --- Inadequate research and development policy / Chapter 4.9. -- --- Absence of industrial bank and few financial incentives for Industries / Chapter 4.10. -- --- Deficiency in manpower training for manufacturing / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- p.83. / Chapter 5. --- The Dominance of British Hongs' in Hong Kong / Chapter 5.1. -- --- Introduction / Chapter 5.2. -- --- The historical foundation of the British Hongs in Hong Kong and its political implication / Chapter 5.3. -- --- Dominance of the British hongs in Hong Kong in the period of1950-70 / Chapter 5.4. -- --- "The business activities of the Jardines, Matheson and Co. Ltd. in Hong Kong" / Chapter CHAPTER SIX -- --- CONCLUSION --- p.102.

This paper investigates the role of the global excess liquidity for macroeconomic variables, especially asset prices and external imbalance in China. We estimate structural VAR model and find evidence that the surge in global liquidity has limited effects on China's price level, output and asset prices. By inspecting the structural decomposition, we find that global output and inflation shocks affect domestic macroeconomic fluctuation. Using sign restrictions, we estimate the impacts of three structural shocks in driving the external imbalance and find that the global excess liquidity is a relevant factor while the shock to financial market may be a more important role in explaining the external imbalance than productivity shock. / Sun, Yun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-63). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Introduction --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2. --- Theoretical background --- p.6 / Chapter 2. --- Data and methodology --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1. --- Data description --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2. --- Methodology --- p.16 / Chapter 3. --- Results and Interpretation --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1. --- Domestic SVAR results --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2. --- A global SVAR analysis for China --- p.35 / Chapter 4. --- Three structural shocks and global imbalance --- p.47 / Chapter 4.1. --- Sign restrictions analysis --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2. --- Empirical Evidence --- p.50 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.54 / Chapter A. --- Data --- p.64

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Gubnitsky.pdf: 2195303 bytes, checksum: 46a52cb4b9c88696adb7b1d074a22cf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-28 / In the state of nature, man resolved to make a social pact to organize themselves in community and live in peace with security and respect for private property. In so doing, they gave up the resource of self-sufficiency that had brought so much insecurity, civil wars and bloody disputes at the dawn of civilization. What prompted man to gather in society was the desire for respect to the human rights of each individual within the community and thus make up a prosperous and happy community. Man then founded the law , a material means through which several standards have been created with the aim of complying with these rights and imposing sanctions on individuals who refuse to adopt ( or did not adopt) the behavior expressed therein . A fundamental Charter (Constitution) was created in order to validate the legal system. Above it, and within the legal framework, there is no other rule to give it validity. This made legal theorists postulate the existence of a rule of recognition outside the legal system that would ascribe validity to the Constitutional Charter. It is the core of this rule - without disregarding other possibilities - that recognizes and determines the respect to the dignity of the human person. The approach adopted in this study acknowledges that the principle of human dignity must be respected, regardless of whether it integrates the legal system or not. The reason is that it is an integral and inseparable part of the core of the rule of recognition, which validates the system. Therefore, it would be superfluous its positivization . With the consolidation of the welfare state as the ultimate protector of full human rights, the strengthening of unions and collective bargaining in the workplace were observed. In this scenario, a class of workers united around common goals would have more power than a single individual to negotiate their working conditions with the employer, that is the one who holds the economic power. Thus, the strength of unions through the implementation of the agreements and collective conventions, materialize, along with other rules and principles of containment, the realization of the rule of equality in relations between capital and labor / No estado de natureza, o homem resolveu fazer um pacto social para organizar-se em comunidade e viver em paz, com segurança, respeito à propriedade privada e, com isto, abrir mão do recurso de autotutela, que tanta insegurança, disputas sangrentas e discórdias acalentava nos primórdios da civilização. O que o levou a reunir-se em sociedade foi o desejo de obter o respeito aos direitos humanos de cada indivíduo dentro da comunidade e, assim, formar uma coletividade próspera e feliz. O homem fundou, então, a ordem jurídica, um meio material pelo qual diversas normas foram criadas com o objetivo de observar esses direitos e impor sanção aos indivíduos que se recusassem a adotar (ou deixassem de adotar) o comportamento nelas indicado. Criou-se uma Carta fundamental (Constituição), que dá validade a todo ordenamento jurídico. Acima dela, e dentro do ordenamento jurídico, não há outra norma que lhe dê validade, o que fez os teóricos do direito postularem a existência de uma norma de reconhecimento externa ao sistema jurídico que atribuísse validade à Carta Constitucional. É o núcleo central dessa regra sem desconsiderar outras possibilidades que reconhece e determina o respeito à dignidade da pessoa humana. A partir da concepção adotada neste estudo, o princípio da dignidade humana deve ser observado, independentemente de integrar ou não o ordenamento jurídico, porque ele é parte integrante e indissociável do núcleo central da regra de reconhecimento, que dá validade ao sistema. Portanto, seria mesmo supérflua a sua positivação. Com a consolidação do Estado social como protetor máximo e integral dos direitos humanos, observa-se o fortalecimento dos sindicatos e da negociação coletiva de trabalho. Neste cenário, uma classe de trabalhadores unida em torno de objetivos comuns teria mais força que um indivíduo sozinho para negociar suas condições de trabalho com o empregador, que é quem detém o poder econômico. Desta forma, a força dos sindicatos, por meio da implementação dos acordos e convenções coletivas concretizou, junto a outras regras e princípios de contenção, a efetivação da regra de igualdade nas relações entre o capital e o trabalho

The border, as a space as well as a metaphor, has different meanings to the people in different political and economic contexts. Today, the border signifies economic development, and trans-border connections are gateways to prosperity. However, before economic successes can be attained, both peoples need to develop better skills and strategies to achieve smooth interaction. This research adds to the studies of Asian borderlands which are still few in number. It also provides a new perspective for the studies of Chinese-Vietnamese relationship by offering a bottom-up approach of studying the interactive process of lay people. Furthermore, it contributes to the anthropological study of Vietnam, by linking a Vietnamese ethnography with global economy, transnationalism and modernization. / This research studies Vietnamese-Chinese relationship through the cultural politics displayed in the social interaction between the Vietnamese and the Chinese in the economic activities of trade and tourism in the Vietnam-China borderlands. It examines the dialectical relationship between historical memories and social practices in trans-border interaction in the context of borderland economic development. / With vibrant economic revival in the Vietnam-China borderlands since the early 1990s, there have been increasing trans-border contacts between the Chinese and the Vietnamese. While most recent studies on these borderlands are concerned with the rapid expansion of trade and business, this research looks into the interactive strategies and tactics of the Vietnamese in dealing with their cross-border partners. It goes beyond the public rhetorics that promote economic cooperation, connectedness, and a friendly relationship, and investigates the intricate process of trans-border interaction which is still underlined by much disruption and competition, characterized by the historical consciousness of mutual distrust and suspicion. / Chan Yuk Wah. / "April 2005." / Adviser: Chee-Beng Tan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: A, page: 0234. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 244-276). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

A presente pesquisa debruçou o seu olhar sobre o problema da falta de continuidade em redes de ruas que, ao que parece, não tem recebido a devida atenção por parte das administrações públicas e equipes de planejamento urbano. Através de análises como integralidade, heterogeneidade das redes espaciais urbanas e análise de bloqueios viários a pesquisa buscou inverter o olhar para elementos (e condições) estruturais que potencialmente prejudicam o desempenho da morfologia urbana de cidades causando impactos de natureza sócio-econômica. Para tanto, lançou mão da construção de grafos e da aplicação de medidas de diferenciação espacial nas redes em estudo, a fim de avançar na compreensão de eventos que possivelmente provocam algum tipo de ruptura na morfologia de cidades, provocando problemas para suas populações. O resultado do estudo apontou para a possibilidade de criação de um conceito específico chamado de microruptura em redes de ruas. / The present research intended to look at/: the problem of lack of continuity in networks of streets that, it seems, has not received due attention by the government and urban planning teams. Through analysis as integrity, spatial heterogeneity of networks and analysis of urban road blockades research sought to reverse its look to elements (and conditions) that potentially affect the structural performance of the urban morphology of cities causing social economic impacts. To do so, it uses the construction of graphs and the application of measures of spatial differentiation in the networks under study in order to advance the understanding of events that possibly provoke some kind of rupture in morphology of cities, causing problems for their people. The result of the study pointed to the possibility of creating a specific concept called microruptures in street networks.

Thesis (Ph. D. (International Politics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / The United States of America’s (US) foreign policy towards Africa has been the subject for debate. This is partly because the country’s relationship with African countries is not consistent. By and large, such relations are shaped by a number of factors which include political orientation and material resources. Within this context, the present study uses case studies from two different parts of Africa to tease out US foreign policy towards Africa. This explorative study uses Ghana and the United Republic of Tanzania (hereafter referred to as Tanzania) as test cases to compare and critique the post-Cold War foreign policy of the US towards Africa. It does this by first analysing and constructing the theoretical material on the three pillars of the US Africa policy (oil, democracy and security) and subsequently, contemporaneously locating the US relationship with Ghana and Tanzania. Largely, the study carries a historical sensibility as it traces the US relationship with Ghana and Tanzania from as far as the colonial era. History is crucial in this regard because the past provides a sound basis for understanding the present and future. To add, in International Politics theory holds sway and history is used as a laboratory. In this thesis, the researcher proposes Afrocentricity as an alternative theoretical paradigm crucial in understanding US foreign policy towards Africa. As it shall be seen, such a paradigm (theoretical lens) remains critical in highlighting the peculiarity of the US relationship with Ghana and Tanzania. It is envisaged that a deeper understanding of the US foreign policy towards Ghana and Tanzania is achievable when its analysis and interpretation is located within a broader continental context of Africa. To realise the purpose of this study, the researcher relies methodologically on interdisciplinary critical discourse and conversations in their widest forms. With reference to the test cases for this study, the agenda for democratic consolidation features prominently on both of them while oil is only applicable to Ghana in this regard. In contrast, Tanzania distinguishes itself both as a victim of terrorism and equally so as a strategic partner on the US anti-terrorism efforts in East Africa. Yet, oil in West Africa’s Ghana is important for the US both as an economic resource and a strategic energy source during wartime periods. Overall the ‘differential’ foreign policy towards individual African states is also a significant observation which dispels the myth of a universal US foreign policy framework. Keywords: Africa, Afrocentricity, democracy, East Africa, foreign policy, Ghana, oil, security, Tanzania, United States of America, West Africa.

This study examines economic integration within the European Union (EU) as a factor in conflict transformation and peace-building. European responses to causes of frequent conflicts and wars after the end of WWII focused on the search for peace, economic cooperation and prosperity. This thesis will focus on three elements: economic interdependence, the expansion of the free market, and economic integration. In-depth examination of these factors reveals that economic interdependence or the exchange of goods and services across inter-state and international boundaries only, is not sufficient to bring peace among states. Economic inter-dependence may reduce the impact of war, but cannot maintain sustainable peace. Unfair competition fanned by economic nationalism was a strong obstacle to free trade in Europe in the early 19th century. In the 21st century, the expansion of free trade, with increased understanding has enhanced reduction in interstate conflicts. However, free trade, in and of itself does not constitute a strong factor for a sustainable peace. Free trade may encourage democracy, but the expansion of free trade coupled with interdependence, does not bring sustainable peace. The EU has successfully established sustainable peace through economic integration-the creation of the single market that established freedom of movement, people, goods, services; and a single currency that facilitates easy transactions. The single market also abolished tariffs and custom duties. By and large, economic integration within the EU has been successful in creating a sustainable peace because economic interdependence, and the expansion of the free market have been combined with political integration by building democratic institutions at the intergovernmental and transnational levels.