The appropriate relationship between political authority and education/schools as it relates to jurisdictional, procedural and substantive considerations, is highly contested. Several political theorists, including Amy Gutmann, Brian Barry, Chandran Kukathas and Iris Marion Young, have contributed to the debate, each prioritizing one of these considerations over the others. Attempts by other scholars to reconcile the considerations often fail to adequately accept the implications of the theoretical underpinnings of each. A political theoretical orientation that combines a recognition of institutional specificity with an awareness of the multifaceted nature of contested phenomena will enable theorists to address the heretofore intractable points of contention amongst political theorists surrounding issues of jurisdictional/procedural propriety and substantive goodness as they relate to educational practices and institutions. This orientation clarifies the dialogue between the most prominent theoretical approaches to analysis of political authority's just relation to education within modern liberal democracies.

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Submitted to the Faculty of Education in Fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF EDUCATION in the Department of Philosophy of Education, University of Zululand, 2001. / This study sought to determine; "the extent and effects of politics on KwaZutu-Natal Secondary Schools". The study was influenced by the fact that politics is inescapable so are the consequences of politics. As an introduction the History of Politics and Education in South Africa was reviewed. It was determined how politics affected South African education in general. Literature also revealed that KwaZulu-Natal was affected by party politics. The study then explored the political effects on Culture of Learning and Teaching Services (COLTS); Provisioning; School Governance and Morale (discipline and confidence) of educators and learners. The study found that there is a considerable extent and a number of political effects that had a negative impact on a number of KZN-Secondary Schools. The most significant effects were: low morale among educators and learners; poor provisioning and distribution of resources; poor staffing; below average school governance; absence of the culture of learning and teaching. The study showed that the educators had been exposed to terrible political violence, intimidation and interference in their schools. The study found out that there is considerable dissatisfaction in that stakeholders fail to resolve political problem of the secondary schools. The findings of the study suggest that politics especially party politics affected KZN-Secondary School environments. Secondary Schools for Africans had been the target for political influence. They need the most conducive, disciplined learning and teaching environments; free of political interference in order to produce envisaged excellent academic results. The most aspects of the recommendations were aimed at addressing the effects of politics in KZN-Secondary Schools' Education - the underlying purpose of this study. Relevant stakeholders need to attend to these political effects in an unbiased attitude, for enjoyment in and culture of learning and teaching to be fully resuscitated.

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The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is any appreciable difference in the attitude concerning questions on tendencies in educational theory between college students in elementary education and college students in secondary education, college students in elementary education and elementary teachers, elementary teachers with less than ten years of teaching experience and elementary teachers with more than ten years of teaching experience.

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