Having begun from the assumption that our most fundamental way to relate to the world stems from an #I think# and that consciousness is at the center of this act, Edmund Husserl sets himself up for a very narrow and specialized view of human experience. In the end, such assumptions in the philosophical tradition and their terms often remain unquestioned and ingrained in a paradigm of discourse. My aim is to move beneath these assumptions-using Heidegger's and Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological work-so as to, first, explicitly undermine the scope of Husserlian intentionality at its foundation and, second, decenter the subject in contemporary phenomenological literature. An account of human experience in terms of inner intentional content, I argue, yields an incomplete and misleading picture of our human involvements and we must ultimately move beyond the subject and its logic. The way we are always already being-in-the-world and embodied in the phenomenal texture of everydayness leaves the cogito one step behind.

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Self-Control Training (SCT) and Brain Endurance Training (BET) are novel training modalities designed to enhance physical endurance by building fatigue resiliency. Despite their similarities, it has yet to be examined whether combining SCT and BET provides an additive or redundant/overlapping effect on endurance exercise performance. This study investigated the effects of SCT and combined SCT+BET on performance of a maximal exertion isometric resistance endurance task (high plank) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Participants (N = 33) were randomized to engage in 4 weeks (18 training sessions) of SCT (isometric handgrip; n = 13), SCT+BET (10-minute cognitively demanding task, followed by SCT; n = 10), or no-training/control (n = 10). Isometric endurance performance trials were completed at pre-, mid-, and post-training. One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models were computed for each of the mid- and post-training trials (controlling for pre-training high-plank performance) to assess effects on performance. Results showed no significant effects of training on high plank performance between groups at mid-training; however, a large and significant effect for SCT compared to control was observed at post-training (p = .044, d = .961). No significant main effects or interaction effects were found for changes in RPE over time (p’s > .05). Findings support the use of SCT as an effective training method for physical endurance performance and suggest that BET may not offer additional performance benefit compared to SCT under the training and testing conditions used in this protocol. Future research should explore potential dose-response effects of SCT on performance and moderators such as trait self-control. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

<p>The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of depleted self-regulation on skillful task performance. Participants completed a baseline dart-tossing task (20 tosses), and were instructed to toss as quickly and as close to the bulls-eye as possible when a particular cue light flashed. Participants then underwent a self-regulatory depleting (experimental) or a non-depleting (control) manipulation before completing a second round of dart tossing. Measures of accuracy, reaction time, and myoelectrical activity of the biceps and triceps were collected along with self-report measures of psychological resilience and trait self-control.</p> <p>As hypothesized, participants in the experimental condition had poorer mean accuracy at round two than control condition participants, as well as a significant decline in accuracy from round one to round two. These effects were moderated by trait self-control; experimental group participants with higher trait self-control were more accurate in round two than experimental group participants with lower trait self-control. Experimental group participants also demonstrated poorer consistency in accuracy compared to control group participants at round two, and a significant deterioration in consistency from round one to round two. The only significant finding regarding reaction time was that consistency improved significantly for the control group but not for the experimental group.</p> <p>The results of this study provide evidence that ego depletion effects occur for skill-based physical task performance, especially in regards to accuracy. These findings provide further support for the utility of the limited strength model and suggest that self-regulatory depletion can impact performance on skill-based physical tasks.</p> / Master of Science in Kinesiology

Females continue to be underrepresented in leadership despite research demonstrating that leadership effectiveness does not vary by leader gender (Paustian-Underdahl et al., 2014). The current study examines the gender bias in leadership through the lens of leadership perceptions and evaluations; in particular, how perceivers' ratings of a leader would change as a function of the leader's gender. Leadership judgments are based on the leader prototype activated in the perceiver and how consistent/inconsistent the leader is perceived to be with the activated prototype (Lord et al., 2001). Due to the mismatch between the communal-oriented female gender stereotype and agentic-oriented expectations of a successful leader (Eagly and Karau, 2002), it was expected that the female leader would be rated more negatively than the male leader. Furthermore, the perceiver's gender and prior engagement in emotion suppression are investigated as two additional factors that could bias information processing when evaluating leaders. Male perceivers, who tend to hold a stronger masculine understanding of leadership (Koenig et al., 2011), were expected to evaluate the female leader more harshly than the male leader. Additionally, those depleted of their finite self-regulatory resources due to prior emotion suppression (i.e. being in a state of ego depletion; Baumeister et al., 1998) were predicted to rely more heavily on their stereotypes when making subsequent judgments; hence, ego-depleted individuals would demonstrate more bias in their ratings of the female leader relative to the male leader. In the current study, participants were randomly assigned to an emotion suppression or no suppression condition as they watched funny clips from the comedy series "The Office''. Then, they watched four business videos featuring a leader and three business managers. Participants were also randomly assigned to one of the two versions of the business videos portraying either a male or female leader. Leadership perception and leader effectiveness ratings were collected after each of the four business videos, and leader competence and leader warmth ratings were measured once after all four videos. Additionally, behavior recognition accuracy of agentic and communal leadership behaviors that were displayed in the four business videos was assessed. Contrary to expectations, the study findings demonstrate a dominant female leader effect; the female leader was evaluated more favorably than the male leader on all four leader judgments. This was observed both within the repeated measures and overall leadership ratings. An ego depletion effect was also observed; ego-depleted individuals showed lower accuracy in behavior recognition ratings and more leniency in leader warmth ratings. Furthermore, ego-depleted individuals showed less discernment by giving higher leader effectiveness ratings over time compared to non-ego-depleted individuals. Perceiver gender did not meaningfully affect leadership judgments. The unexpected pattern of bias in favor of the female leader instead of against her suggests that the nature of gender and leader stereotypes may be changing; the incongruence between the female stereotype and leader expectations may be decreasing, leading to more favorable evaluations of the female leader by both male and female perceivers. Moreover, the ability to provide fair and accurate judgments of leader effectiveness is reduced when depleted. Limitations and future research directions are discussed. / Doctor of Philosophy / The gender gap persists in leadership; although leader effectiveness has not been found to vary by the leader's gender, female leaders tend to be perceived and evaluated more negatively than male leaders. One reason for this is the mismatch between societal expectations for how women are ideally expected to behave and the expectations associated with a successful leader. In this study, gender bias in leader judgments and behavior recognition accuracy is examined by a leader's gender. Additionally, the perceiver's gender and prior engagement in emotion suppression are studied as two additional factors that can influence bias in leader ratings. Study findings demonstrate an unexpected but dominant female leader effect, where the female leader was perceived as more leader-like and rated more effective, more competent, and warmer than the male leader by both male and female perceivers. The amount of self-regulatory resources available also affected subsequent processing capabilities; those who suppressed their emotions and were depleted of their self-regulatory resources were less accurate in their behavior recognition ratings and were more lenient in their leader warmth ratings. Future research should explore if and how the nature of gender and leader stereotypes are changing, as evaluations of female leaders may not be as negatively-biased as it was previously.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between two constructs: principled moral judgment and ego identity status. At issue was whether individuals measured to have different ego identity statuses differed systematically in terms of principled moral judgment as had been previously found in the literature. The hypotheses that were tested were a) the use of principled moral judgment is different among individuals having different ego identity statuses, and b) high ego identity individuals are higher in principled moral judgment than low identity individuals. Research regarding gender differences in moral development during the past decade warranted the further study of these two constructs, particularly because earlier research had formed the basis of existing theory. Principled moral judgment was measured by the Defining Issues Test (Rest, 1979), and ego identity status was measured by the Revised Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (Bennion & Adams, 1986). Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The sample was drawn from a population of residential senior-status men and women at a small, four-year public college in the southeastern United States. Instruments were distributed and collected in the residence halls through the efforts of a peer student group over a three and one-half week period. The findings revealed that there were no differences in principled moral judgment among individuals having different ego identity statuses. There were no differences in principled moral judgment between men and women with different ego identity statuses. High ego identity individuals did not have higher principled moral judgment scores than low ego identity individuals. / Ed. D.

[pt] A presente pesquisa busca expor aspectos e proporcionar reflexões a respeito das formações de massas humanas e, mais especificamente, pensar as particularidades do lugar ocupado pela figura de liderança nesse fenômeno. Para isso, partiremos de uma exposição detalhada daquilo que ficou conhecido como massa, grupos ou multidões. Em seguida, retornaremos às origens daquilo que ficou conhecido como psicoterapia, tomando como ponto de partida o trabalho realizado por Mesmer a partir de sua terapêutica magnética. Seguindo nesse percurso, abordaremos os caminhos e estudos posteriores das práticas hipnóticas dos reconhecidos Charcot e Bernheim, para depois chegar à formulação da clínica freudiana propriamente. Outra tarefa primordial para esse trabalho será a articulação de conceitos metapsicológicos fundamentais para essa discussão: sugestão, hipnose e regressão. Nosso intuito com esse roteiro é melhor compreender o fenômeno da transferência: desde sua percepção embrionária nos tratamentos mais variados, passando pela técnica psicanalítica até chegar em sua compreensão a partir do fenômeno das massas. Servirmo-nos do trabalho freudiano de 1921, Psicologia das Massas e Análise do Eu, para melhor desenvolver essa explanação e articulação. Escolhemos esse texto, pois, além de trabalhar os conceitos supracitados, também apresenta outro cenário no qual estão presentes vínculos transferenciais, mesmo que em outro contexto e manejados por outro tipo de figura: o líder. Como afirma Freud, o fenômeno da transferência não é exclusivo à psicanálise. Dessa forma, a partir dessa leitura, torna-se possível entrever a relação entre o indivíduo da massa e o líder e a maneira com a qual o último se vale do seu lugar de influência a partir de seus objetivos de dominação e de exercício de poder. / [en] This research seeks to expose aspects and provide reflections regarding the formations of human masses and, more specifically, to think about the particularities of the place occupied by the leadership figure in this phenomenon. To do this, we will start with a detailed exposition of what became known as masses, groups or crowds. Next, we will return to the origins of what became known as psychotherapy, taking as a starting point the work carried out by Mesmer based on his magnetic therapy; Following this path, we will address the paths and subsequent studies of the hypnotic practices of the renowned Charcot and Bernheim, to then arrive at the formulation of the Freudian clinic itself. Another primary task for this work will be the articulation of metapsychological concepts fundamental to this discussion: suggestion, hypnosis and regression. Our aim with this guide is to better understand the phenomenon of transference: from its embryonic perception in the most varied treatments, through psychoanalytic technique until reaching its understanding based on the phenomenon of the masses. We use the 1921 Freudian work, Mass Psychology and Analysis of the Self, to better develop this explanation and articulation. We chose this text because, in addition to working on these concepts, it also presents another scenario in which transference bonds are present, even if in another context and handled by another type of figure: the leader. As Freud states, the phenomenon of transference is not exclusive to psychoanalysis, so, from this reading, it becomes possible to glimpse the relationship between the individual in the mass and the leader and the way in which he uses his place of influence, from its objectives of domination and exercise of power.