<p>Mirakelkursen är ett verk som definierar orsaken till projektion som skulden över tron att man har separerat sig från Gud eller Ettheten. Det ingår i Etthetens karaktär att detta är omöjligt att göra. Helandet av denna skuld tar bort orsaken till projektionerna och den verkliga världen uppenbarar sig. Projektionen är till sin karaktär en psykologisk lögn och är enligt Jung orsaken till emotionella affekter. Frågeställningarna är följande: Hur beskrivs psykets projektionsmekanism i Mirakelkursen? Är Mirakelkursens beskrivning av projektion förenlig med Jungs beskrivning av den? Är den en avvikelse från Jungs definition eller en naturlig följd av den? Vad är implikationerna av förståelsen av projektion, för vårt sätt att betrakta världen?</p>

Mirakelkursen är ett verk som definierar orsaken till projektion som skulden över tron att man har separerat sig från Gud eller Ettheten. Det ingår i Etthetens karaktär att detta är omöjligt att göra. Helandet av denna skuld tar bort orsaken till projektionerna och den verkliga världen uppenbarar sig. Projektionen är till sin karaktär en psykologisk lögn och är enligt Jung orsaken till emotionella affekter. Frågeställningarna är följande: Hur beskrivs psykets projektionsmekanism i Mirakelkursen? Är Mirakelkursens beskrivning av projektion förenlig med Jungs beskrivning av den? Är den en avvikelse från Jungs definition eller en naturlig följd av den? Vad är implikationerna av förståelsen av projektion, för vårt sätt att betrakta världen?

The current study had two purposes. The first purpose was to examine the association between family rules and routines and first grade children's teacher-rated and peer-rated behavioral competencies (e.g., emotional symptoms, conduct problems, peer problems, hyperactivity, and prosocial behavior) after controlling for both family stressors (i.e., single parent home, mobility, socioeconomic status, property ownership) and child ethnicity (African American, Caucasian, Hispanic). The second purpose was to determine if child regulatory control abilities mediates the effects of family rules and routines and children's behavioral competencies. The parents of 215 ethnically diverse children (38%, Caucasian, 22% African American, 33% Hispanic, 7% Other) were interviewed in their homes with a modified and shortened version of Family Routines Inventory (FRI; Jensen, James, Boyce, & Hartnett, 1983). Teachers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997), and peers completed a modified version of the Class Play (Masten, Morison & Pelligrini, 1985). Scores from the SDQ were standardized and combined with the standardized scores obtained from the peer nominations to create composites of the behavioral competencies. Additionally, teachers completed a modified version of the California Child Q-set (CCQ) (Block & Block, 1980) as a measure of these children's regulatory control abilities. African American parents' ratings of their family's rules and routines were higher than those of Hispanic and Caucasian parents' ratings. Additionally, family stressors were positively associated with higher teacher and peer ratings of conduct problems and lower ratings of prosocial behavior. Neither ethnicity nor family rules and routines predicted child competencies. A statistically significant curvilinear relationship was found between family rules and routines and conduct problems such that children of parents reporting the highest and lowest levels of family rules and routines have more conduct problems. No associations were found between family rules and routines and child competencies or children's regulatory control abilities. Limitations of the study are discussed in terms of inadequate measurement of family rules and routines, a defensive response set, self-selection on the part of the parents to participate in the interview, and a sample that is not representative of the community of parents and children in the participating schools.

Les états mentaux réfèrent à la qualité de la capacité d’un individu à élaborer mentalement et à s’ouvrir à son expérience subjective dans l’ici et maintenant. Les divers états mentaux varient quant à la disponibilité des ressources représenta-tionnelles et affectives pouvant être activées afin d’organiser l’expérience vécue, ainsi que dans leur utilisation de stratégies défensives et d’autorégulation. La présente thèse avait pour objectifs 1) d’approfondir l’évaluation des états mentaux par le développement et la validation d’un instrument pratique, le Mental States Task (MST), développé afin d’évaluer différentes qualités d’états mentaux et 2) d’investiguer les propriétés psychiques et les répercussions des différents états mentaux. Le premier article avait pour but de valider le MST. La première partie de l’article est consacrée à la validation du MST dans sa version francophone, et la deuxième partie porte sur la traduction et la validation du MST dans sa version anglophone. Les résultats fournissent des indices convaincants de validité et de fidélité, ainsi qu’une valeur prédictive adéquate. Le MST semble représenter de façon conforme autant les états mentaux de bas niveau que de haut niveau selon le continuum de réflexivité. De fait, les états mentaux de bas niveau et de haut niveau ont été respectivement associés à un large spectre de construits négatifs/immatures et positifs/matures. De plus, chaque état mental évalué par le MST semble posséder des propriétés particulières relativement aux processus mentaux et émotionnels utilisés pour traiter l’expérience. Le second article avait pour objectif d’approfondir l’étude de la valeur prédictive du MST par le biais de l’évaluation des coûts psychiques engendrés par les différentes qualités d’états mentaux—coûts présumés dépendant des ressources représentationnelles disponibles et du type de stratégies de régulation utilisées. Les résultats suggèrent que les états mentaux de bas niveau génèrent des coûts énergétiques plus élevés, ayant pour répercussion d’entraîner subséquemment un effet de déplétion du moi. Inversement, les états mentaux de haut niveau engendrent de moindres coûts, protégeant contre un état subséquent de déplétion du moi. Le MST s’est avéré être un outil efficace d’évaluation des répercussions énergétiques occasionnées par les divers états mentaux. / Mental states refer to the quality of one’s capacity to mentally elaborate and open up to his/her subjective experience in the here-and-now moment. Mental states differ relatively to the availability of the representational and affective resources triggered in order to organize the experience, and in the type of defensive and self-regulatory strategies used. The aims of this thesis were 1) to deepen the evaluation of mental states through the creation and validation of a practical measure, the Mental States Task (MST), in order to evaluate differences in quality of mental states, and 2) to investigate the psychic properties and repercussions of the different mental states. The goal of the first article was to validate the MST. The first part of this article was dedicated to the validation of the French version of the MST, and the second part to the translation and validation of its English version. Results provide convincing evidence of validity and reliability, as well as an adequate predictive value with respect to a large range of related concepts, in both its French and English versions. The MST appears to well represent both low- and high-level mental states according to the reflective continuum, which were found to be linked to a large range of negative/immature and positive/mature constructs, respectively. In addition, each mental state measured by the MST appears to have particular characteristics relative to the mental and emotional processes used to deal with the experience. The purpose of the second article was to deepen the investigation of the predictive value of the MST, through the evaluation of the psychic costs generated by the different qualities of mental states—the costs presumably depending on the representational resources available and the regulatory strategies used. Results suggest that using low-level mental states generates higher energetic costs, resulting in a subsequent ego-depletion effect. Conversely, high-level mental states generate fewer costs, protecting from a subsequent ego-depletion effect. The MST appeared to be an efficient tool in the assessment of the energetic repercussions produced by the different mental sates.

BACKGROUND: Today’s societal changes, including high rate of change and increasing information flows, are increasing the demand on the individual mental capacity. It becomes increasingly difficult to analytically process all the different dilemmas and everyday decisions as individuals have a limited mental capacity available to make these decisions. Thus, it has been suggested that ego-depleted relies more heavily on intuition, which is less burdensome, when making decision. However little is known about to what extent intuitive decisions differ from analytic. Are ego-depleted individuals more or less likely to maximize outcome in moral dilemmas involving conflicting values? Do ego depleted individuals become more or less willing to cooperate? Do ego depleted individuals become more or less altruistic? Is our intuition more or less in accordance with Homo Economicus?AIM: Starting from a Dual Process perspective on decision-making the aim of this study is to examine how ego depletion affects moral judgment and pro-social decisions.METHOD: A laboratory experiment involving 115 subjects, using real monetary incentives, was conducted among students at Linköping University. Subjects were randomized into one of two treatments. Everything was identical across treatments except for the initial ego-depletion manipulation. Using a standard paradigm for ego-depletion subjects in treatment 1 were put under high cognitive load while subjects in treatment two were put under low cognitive load. Subjects faced 16 questions divided into four different decision tasks: Moral dilemmas, Public Goods game, two types of Dictator Game where the type of sacrifice subjects could make in order to contribute money to charity was varied.RESULTS: Subjects in the high cognitive load treatment made fewer consequentialists moral judgments compared to other subjects (p = 0.075). The effect is especially strong when looking only at high-conflict dilemmas such as Crying Baby. No difference between treatments was found for the public goods games. In the dictator game involving monetary sacrifice subjects donated less money to charity when put under high cognitive load. However the finding was not significant (p = 0.292). No difference was found in the dictator game involving effort as personal sacrifice since almost everyone chooses to donate to charity.CONCLUSION: According to The Dual Process perspective this essay shows that intuitive thinking does not evidently lead to that they makes decision that more or less is in accordance with Homo Economicus. The connection between ego depletion and pro-social decisions is more complex. Further research needs to investigate which different mental shortcuts that individuals uses in various types of pro-social decisions and why intuitive and analytical decision-making differ between different decisions. Further research within the area can identify potential mechanisms and policies that can support individuals’ capacity to make decisions in accordance with their own and society’s preferences.

Dissociation is commonly associated with sexual crimes or other forms of trauma where a person experienced a threat to the existence or survival of the self. During dissociation the ego may split in such a way that ego-states (subselves or segments of the greater personality) form to encapsulate feelings of guilt, pain, fear, and anger. If dissociation is severe, sufferers will have no conscious recollection of the sexual trauma as it is deeply repressed in the subconscious. This may result in symptoms/pathology later in life. Research indicated that hypnosis (due to its dissociative nature) is favourable as treatment modality for pathology/symptomatology associated with trauma and dissociation. This research study investigates the development of ego-states during experiences of sexual trauma and hypnosis (especially Medical Hypno-analysis and Ego-State Therapy) as effective treatment modality within the field of psycho-education. It proposes a hypnotherapy model where the diagnostic tools as indicated by the Medical Hypno-analysis model, are being used to determine the existence of repressed memories related to sexual trauma. The therapeutic processes as indicated by the Ego-State Therapy model, are being used to resolve and work through the core repressed traumatic experiences through the mobilization of associated and related ego-states. This study presents four case studies and discusses their clinical diagnostic procedures and therapeutic processes. The case studies illustrate that certain symptomatology/pathology experienced later in life may be the result of repressed memories and the formation of maladapted ego-states earlier in life when sexual trauma was experienced. Highly charged emotional and negative beliefs were set in the ego-states and could only be disarmed from their destructive content through regressions and hypnotherapy. A detailed discussion of the proposed hypnotherapy model and its application and concerns regarding its application within the field of psycho-education are also presented. The results of this study indicate that the proposed hypnotherapy model (the combination of Medical Hypno-analysis and Ego-State Therapy) can be used effectively and successfully when working with survivors and symptomatology/pathology associated with sexual crimes. / Educational Studies / D. Ed.

In a study of psychological well-being, the researcher attempted to address the challenge of preventing mental illness and promoting mental health using an educational psychological perspective based on Unisa's Relations Theory. According to Relations Theory, humans are understood by the relationships they form. The intra-psychic interaction of the components of the intra-psychic structure (I/ego, self, identity and self-concept) is responsible for people's behaviour, with the essences (attachment of meaning, involvement, experience and self-actualising) and the prerequisites (the forming of relations , the life-world and climate) forming the basis of the structure. The researcher developed and administered a questionnaire on psychological well-being and conducted interviews, and on the basis of the findings reports that psychological well-being from an educational psychological perspective consists of a healthy and positive ego and self, clearly defined identities, positive thoughts and feelings, involvement in the life world, a positive and realistic self-concept and constructive self-talk, and self-realisation. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

[pt] Esta pesquisa constitui uma análise do ideal de amor romântico como um dos possíveis determinantes à denominada feminização do vírus do hiv-aids, tomando como ponto de partida a experiência em pesquisa com mulheres atendidas no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto. De acordo com dados do Ministério da Saúde (Boletim UNAIDS 2013) a mortalidade entre mulheres infectadas já supera a de homens no Brasil, e em especial no campo da presente pesquisa – Estado do Pará. Nesta realidade, por meio da prática em pesquisa como psicólogo, inúmeros questionamentos foram delineados: O que essas mulheres escutadas nas enfermarias do hospital nos dizem acerca de sua exposição a essa enfermidade? Suas demandas poderiam nos dar indícios acerca da feminização da síndrome? Diante destas questões, tem-se como problema de pesquisa a possível relação entre o ideal de amor romântico imaginariamente tomado como completude e proteção e o fenômeno da crescente exposição de mulheres ao vírus do hiv-aids em Belém-PA. Para tanto, utilizou-se como método a pesquisa documental em relatos de caso estudados no Laboratório de Psicanálise e Psicopatologia Fundamental (LPPF/UFPA) entre os anos de 2009 a 2013, que resultaram em ampla produção científica. Com esta abordagem, possibilita-se uma análise tanto cultural quanto individual acerca das construções referidas ao amor romântico como ideal. Da revisão crítica das construções culturais acerca do amor, com enfoque no romance/mito de Tristão e Isolda, na metafísica amorosa d O Banquete de Platão e na pedagogia de Rousseau em Emílio, notou-se a existência de diversos elementos culturais que funcionam como aporte necessário à construção de uma mitológica individual presente no discurso das mulheres escutadas no referido espaço de pesquisa. Além disso, uma revisão crítica do amor romântico como ideal em psicanálise se mostrou necessária, pois nele se desenha a ilusão de uma satisfação narcísica pela via da completude, na qual o sujeito pode se colocar em uma postura vulnerável justamente por sentir que o amor o salvaguardaria de todos os males da existência. Por fim, verificamos, na releitura dos casos estudados, que este discurso se faz presente, pois em inúmeros casos, elas se acreditavam protegidas pelo amor, tanto no caso de um súbito apaixonamento, quanto em relações estáveis com seus parceiros sexuais. Como resultado desta pesquisa, e a partir do que consta nos relatos de caso clínico dessas mulheres, pode-se considerar que o ideal de amor romântico constitui um fator decisivo, que pode influenciar no crescente número de mulheres vivendo com aids. / [en] This research analyzes the ideal of romantic love as one of the possible determinants of the so-called feminization of the HIV-AIDS virus, taking as a starting point a research experience involving female patients of the University Hospital João de Barros Barreto. According to data by the Ministry of Health (UNAIDS Bulletin 2013), mortality among infected women already exceeds that of men in Brazil, especially in the area covered by the present research, the state of Pará. Given that situation, a wide range of questions were outlined based on our research practice as a psychologist, such as What do these women, who were interviewed at the hospital wards, tell us about their exposure to that disease? and Can their needs provide us with clues about the feminization of the syndrome? Given these questions, the research subject is about the possible relationship between the ideal of romantic love imagined as completeness and protection and the phenomenon of increased exposure of women to the HIV-AIDS virus in Belém-PA. Regarding the method, a documental research involving case reports was carried out at the Laboratory of Psychoanalysis and Fundamental Psychopathology (LPPF/UFPA) from 2009 to 2013, which resulted in a large scientific production. This approach allowed us to perform both a cultural and an individual analysis of the constructions that refer to romantic love as an ideal. The critical review of cultural constructions about love, taking into account especially the novel/myth of Tristan and Iseult, the metaphysics of love in Plato s Symposium, and Rousseau s pedagogy in his Émile, allowed us to survey various cultural elements that operate as required contributions to the construction of an individual mythology present in the discourse of the interviewed women. In addition, a critical revision of romantic love as an ideal in psychoanalysis turned out to be necessary as well, since it encourages the illusion of narcissistic satisfaction by means of completeness, allowing the subject to put himself in a vulnerable position precisely because he feels that love would protect him from all the evils of existence. Eventually, as we reread the cases studied, we concluded that this discourse is actually present, since in many cases, those women actually believe they are protected by love, both in the event of a sudden passion and of stable relationships with their sexual partners. As a result of this research, and based on what the clinical case reports of these women contain, the ideal of romantic love may be considered a decisive factor that could influence the growing number of women living with AIDS. / [fr] Cette recherche analyse l idéal de l amour romantique comme l un des déterminants de la soi-disant féminisation du virus VIH-SIDA, ayant comme point de départ une recherche auprès de femmes traitées à l hôpital universitaire João de Barros Barreto. Selon le Ministère de la Santé (Bulletin UNAIDS 2013), la mortalité des femmes infectées dépasse déjà celui des hommes au Brésil, en particulier dans la région de cette recherche, l état du Pará. Cette situation, ainsi que notre pratique en tant que psychologue, suscite de nombreuses questions: Qu est-ce que les femmes interviewées dans les différentes cliniques de l hôpital nous disent au sujet de leur exposition à cette maladie? et Leurs besoins peuvent-ils nous fournir des indices au sujet de la féminisation du syndrome? Face à ces questions, le problème de recherche porte donc sur le rapport possible entre l idéal de l amour romantique imaginairement pris pour la complétude et la protection et le phénomène l exposition croissante des femmes au virus du VIH-SIDA à Belém-PA. En tant que méthode, une recherche documentaire de rapports de cas a été menée au Laboratoire de Psychanalyse et de Psychopathologie Fondamentale (LPPF/UFPA) entre 2009 et 2013, dont le résultat a été une vaste production scientifique. Cette approche nous a permis de réaliser une analyse à la fois culturelle et individuelle des constructions qui se référent à l amour romantique comme idéal. L examen critique des constructions culturelles de l amour, prenant en compte particulièrement le roman/mythe de Tristan et Iseult, la métaphysique de l amour du Banquet de Platon et la pédagogie de Rousseau dans Émile, nous a permis de noter l existence de divers éléments culturels qui agissent comme contribution nécessaire pour construire une mythologie individuelle que l on retrouve dans le discours des femmes interviewées. En outre, un examen critique de l amour romantique comme idéal dans la psychanalyse s est avéré nécessaire, car il contient l illusion d une satisfaction narcissique par la voie de la complétude, dans laquelle le sujet peut se placer dans une position vulnérable justement parce qu il sent que l amour le protégerait de tous les maux de l existence. En somme, la relecture des cas étudiés montre que ce discours est effectivement présent, car dans de nombreux cas, ces femmes se croyaient protégées par l amour, non seulement dans le cas d un coup de foudre, mais aussi des relations stables qu elles entretiennent avec leurs partenaires sexuels. Les résultats de cette recherche, ainsi que le contenu des rapports de cas cliniques de ces femmes nous mènent à conclure que l amour romantique idéal est un facteur décisif qui pourrait effectivement influencer le nombre croissant de femmes qui vivent avec le SIDA.

Cette recherche porte sur la migration antifasciste de la Ligurie à la France dans l’entre-deux-guerres et montre comment elle s’adressa en particulier vers le Sud-Est et Paris. Il ne s’agit pas d’une étude générale mais centrée sur l’expérience des gens ordinaires et des familles migrantes. Il faut contextualiser l’expression «gens ordinaires» soit du point de vue historique, soit sociale et culturelle: en examinant les caractéristiques des sujets ligures impliqués dans l’exil antifasciste, dans leur territoire d’origine, cette catégorie devient un instrument précieux au fin de sonder de l’intérieur les dynamiques de network de la société. L’étude régionale adoptée permette de suivre des réseaux transnationaux liés à une très remarquable identité de village et/ou de parti politique, ce qui représente une typique modalité migratoire transalpine qui ne s’organisait pas selon des «Little Italies», mais plutôt selon des «petits villages italiens». / This research focus on antifascist migration from Liguria to France, explaining how it has been mostly toward the South-East and Paris. It doesn't target general studies: its focal point, indeed, is on common people and migrant families’ experience. The “Common people” expression must be historically, socially and culturally contextualized. By examining the topics of Ligurian subjects involved in the Interwar period exile, identified in their own original territory, the common people category becomes a precious instrument to evaluate society network dynamics from inside.The regional study allows to follow transnational networks with a strong native town or party identity, a typical Italian migration modality in France, which organized itself in “petits villages italiens” rather than the American model of “Little Italies”.

This paper aims to address possible psychoanalytical explanations for the heinous acts in which terrorists, particularly ISIS, engage. It focuses on Harold D. Lasswell’s principles of the id, ego, and superego as well as Tajfel and Turner’s social identity theory. Within the framework of these two theories, relevant psychological and social psychological theories are discussed in order to explore a possible connection between the psyche of violent perpetrators and their actions. By exploring these connections, I find that there may be more nuanced psychological explanations for these violent acts, which could lead to new methods of weakening perceived biases, intergroup conflicts, and extremist behavior.