Abstract The author Markku Lahtela was a central figure in the 1960’s generation rebellion, called the spirit of the 60’s, that criticised the basic values of the old generation and through which the young artists presented their avant-garde ideas. The study focuses on the early 1960’s. The primary data is provided by Lahtela’s second novel called Se and its manuscript. The novel deals in an original way with issues such as the sexual revolution and sexual morality, which were popular themes in the 1960’s. As a secondary source of data, the study also deals to some extent with the rest of Lahtela’s production. The substantial topic is the problematics of change in the 1960’s that arose as a result of modernisation, which only then gained momentum in Finland. The research approach is contextual in that the discussion is based on the postmodern viewpoint. Context is understood as consisting of elements of cultural dialogicality thematised by the author through individuation, which is to be seen in the dialogue of his books. The study focuses on the extraliterary historical context. Among the contexts of the 1960’s, attention is paid mainly to the crisis of representation caused by the changes, by interpreting its commentary and attempts to solve it in Lahtela’s texts. Despite the focus on the extraliterary historical context, textual dimensions are also taken into account in the interpretations. I also discuss to some extent the conditions through which it is possible in literary research to find intermediate standpoints to overcome the opposition between textuality and reality. In the interpretation of the extra- and intraliterary dialogues in Lahtela’s texts, the tools used include the alter ego, the textual “I” and, in neutral cases, the narrator. The novel Se not only participated in topical cultural and literary dialogue, but also reformed Finnish prose by representing autobiographical materials in a fragmentary and fictitious manner. The discussion also shows that Freudian psychoanalysis has contributed significantly to both Se and Lahtela’s production in general. The same also applies to Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy of life; some of his ideas have directed the discussion of moral issues characterised by Lahtela’s books and the search for an alternative (sexual) morality. / Tiivistelmä Kirjailija Markku Lahtela oli keskeinen hahmo vanhan polven perusarvoja arvostelleessa 1960-luvun sukupolvikapinassa, jota nimitettiin 60-lukulaisuudeksi ja jossa nuoret taiteilijat esittelivät avantgardistisia ideoitaan. Tutkimuksen ajallinen pääkohde on 1960-luvun alkupuoli. Primaariaineistona on Lahtelan toinen romaani Se ja sen käsikirjoitus. Teos käsittelee omaperäisesti muun muassa seksuaalista vallankumousta ja seksuaalimoraalia, jotka olivat 1960-luvun muotiteemoja. Sekundaariaineistona tutkimuksessa käsitellään jonkin verran myös Lahtelan muuta tuotantoa. Substantiaalisena aiheena on 1960-luvun muutosproblematiikka, joka syntyi Suomessa vasta tuolloin voimistuneen modernisaation vaikutuksesta. Tutkimukseni lähestymistapa on kontekstuaalinen siten, että tarkastelut pohjaavat myöhäismodernin näkökulmaan. Kontekstin ymmärrän koostuvan kulttuurisen dialogisuuden elementeistä, joita kirjailija tematisoi teostensa dialogina näkyvässä individuaatiossaan. Tutkimuksessani korostuu ulkokirjallinen historiallinen konteksti. 1960-luvun konteksteista olen päähuomion kiinnittänyt muutosten synnyttämään representaation kriisiin tulkitsemalla Lahtelan teksteistä sen kommentointeja ja ratkaisuyrityksiä. Siitä huolimatta, että tutkimuksessani painottuu ulkokirjallinen historiallinen konteksti, otan tulkinnoissani huomioon myös tekstuaalisia ulottuvuuksia. Lisäksi selvitän jonkin verran niitä ehtoja, joiden vallitessa kirjallisuuden tutkimuksessa voidaan löytää välittäviä kantoja tekstuaalisuus–todellisuus–opposition ylittämiseksi. Tulkitessani Lahtelan tekstien ulko- ja sisäkirjallisia dialogeja ovat apuvälineinäni alter ego, tekstuaalinen minä ja kertoja neutraaleissa tapauksissa. Se-romaani paitsi osallistui ajankohtaiseen kulttuuriseen ja kirjalliseen dialogiin myös uudisti suomalaista proosaa representoimalla katkelmallisesti ja fiktiivisesti autobiografista materiaalia. Tarkastelut osoittavat myös sen, että freudilainen psykoanalyysi on ollut Se-romaanin ja laajemminkin Lahtelan tuotannon synnyn tärkeä innoittaja. Sama koskee Friedrich Nietzschen elämänfilosofiaa, jonka tietyt näkemykset ovat suunnanneet Lahtelan teoksissa keskeistä moraalikysymysten käsittelyä ja vaihtoehtoisen (seksuaali)moraalin etsintää.

Notre étude démontre que les sujets dépressifs unipolaires et bipolaires, présentent une difficulté de régulation des flux excitatifs découlant de la défaillance de la fonction pare-excitative, nommée dans notre travail, « défaillance du contenant psychique ». Nous la mettons en relief à partir de la cotation de trente protocoles de Rorschach à l’aide d’un indice de régression, élaboré pour notre recherche. Nous réalisons, en complément, une étude prospective des notes T à trente échelles et sous-échelles du MMPI-2 de ces mêmes sujets. Nous y relevons certaines constantes en note T, caractérisant en fréquence cette population dépressive, dont une constante en note basse à l’échelle Force du Moi. Nous utilisons ces résultats cliniques pour argumenter l’intérêt d’une prise en charge thérapeutique à partir d’un dispositif basé sur un tissage de médiations groupales, comme voie de restauration du contenant psychique internalisé et de sa fonction pare-excitative. / Our study demonstrates that unipolar and bipolar depressed subjects present a difficulty of excitement flows regulation, arising from the failure of the pare-excitations function, named in our research: "psychic container failure". We highlight this malfunction by the cotation of thirty Rorschach protocols, using a regression index, developed for our research. We carry out a prospective study in complementary from the notes of the scales and subscales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 of these subjects. We identify the constants, low notes, and elevations, appearing frequently and significantly in this population, which is a constant low note to Ego Strength Scale. We use these results to point out the value of therapeutic support based on groupal mediations as way to restore the internalized psychic protective shield.

One of the factors significantly influencing our daily decisions is the so-called cognitive depletion.The theory of cognitive depletion postulates the existence of a limited mental resource that is necessary for self-regulation. If the resource is diminished by a task involving self-control, achievement in subsequent self-control task will be impaired. This project examines the effect of cognitive depletion on decisions in the Iowa Gambling Task designed to simulate real-life decision making involving gains and losses. Further, a possible effect of moderating factors that could be affected by cognitive depletion and consequently influence decisions in the Iowa Gambling Task -- risk preference and impulsivity -- is investigated. Dual-process theories postulate there are two systems involved in decision-making: faster, intuitive, emotional System 1 and slower, deliberative, rational System 2. It was found that cognitive depletion leads to enhancement of System 1. As advantageous decisions in the Iowa Gambling Task are closely related to emotional reactions -- domain of System 1 -- it was hypothesized that cognitive depletion will lead to not worse, or possibly even better results in depleted subjects. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted involving 39 subjects in total. No difference was found in average desicions of depleted and non-depleted subjects in the Iowa Gambling Task, supporting the hypothesis. Further, short-term increase in impulsivity caused by cognitive depletion was very probably moderating choices in the IGT, leading to worse overall performance. Regarding risk preferences, we found that non-depleted subjects were generally more risk seeking in losses context, while depleted subjects exhibited rather loss aversion. This change in risk behaviors due to cognitive depletion very probably did not mediate choices in the Iowa Gambling Task.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:08:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_renata.pdf: 737556 bytes, checksum: 345a3710e089105d711c95a2ba520d11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-27 / Fibromyalgia may be considered to be a rheumatic syndrome characterized by chronic pain, fatigue, sleep disorders, depression and painful, anatomically defined sites. Although the etiology and etiological factors are controversial, this syndrome affects preferentially women between 30 and 60 years old. The purpose for this study was to analyze the symptoms of the fibromyalgia and their correlation with the psychosomatic body unit, from an interdisciplinary point of view. It was a psychoanalytical study in which we have analyzed field diary and life history of three female patients from the Physical Therapy Clinic of the Military Police of Pernambuco Hospital. The Freudian literature helped us to distinguish our own psychoanalytic study line. In addition, we have used literary works from other contemporary authors, such as Paul-Laurent Assoun, Didier Anzieu, Juan-David Nasio and Maria Helena Fernandes. This study is part of the research called The Social and the Body Psychopathology , in which the goal is to analyze the circuit of the drive in the psycho diseases of the body related to a social-contemporary context; and it is linked to the Fundamental Psychopathological and Psychoanalysis Research Group of the Psychological Post-Graduation Program of the Catholic University of Pernambuco / A fibromialgia pode ser conceituada como uma enfermidade reumatológica caracterizada pela presença de pontos dolorosos anatomicamente definidos, dor crônica, fadiga, distúrbio do sono e depressão entre outros achados. Controvérsias cercam a etiologia e os fatores desencadeantes e agravantes dessa síndrome que acomete preferencialmente mulheres entre 30 e 60 anos. O presente estudo se propõe aprofundar a análise dos sintomas fibromiálgicos e sua relação com a unidade do corpo psicossomático, sob um ponto de vista transdisciplinar. Trata-se de uma pesquisa psicanalítica, na qual analisamos diários de campo e histórias de vida de três pacientes do sexo feminino atendidas no ambulatório de fisioterapia do Hospital da Polícia Militar de Pernambuco. Buscamos, através do arsenal teórico freudiano, distinguir um corpo próprio da psicanálise. Para nos auxiliar nessa empreitada contamos com as contribuições de outros autores contemporâneos com trabalhos relevantes tais como: Paul-Laurent Assoun, Didier Anzieu, Juan-David Nasio e Maria Helena Fernandes. Nossa pesquisa está vinculada ao Projeto de Pesquisa sobre O Social e as Psicopatologias do corpo, desenvolvido na Linha de Pesquisa Psicopathologia Fundamental e Psicanálise do Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia Clínica da Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, que se propõe a analisar o circuito pulsional nas psicopatologias do corpo, configuradas no contexto social contemporâneo

A word or word group lifted from its context incurs the grave danger of a misunderstanding ranging from the greatest excess of analytical dismemberment to an overgenerous and all-inclusive synthesis which tends to rob it of any specific identity or meaning. Considered not only from within the body of textual material which may frame a particular word, but from the ground of these physical, mental and cultural needs which give it birth as well as the motivating force or forces which seem to endanger it, it may be possible to develop a better understanding of its varying harmonic nuances of meaning and its possible correlation or differences relative to other concepts or expressions.

This paper provides an analysis of Bradshaw and Colleagues' model of military healthcare professionals' moral distress experiences. Using novel interview data collected from Canadian Forces healthcare professionals, the steps of the model are validated or potential refinements are suggested. / Military healthcare professionals (HCPs) may experience moral distress during international deployment. Moral distress is experienced when a HCP faces a moral dilemma, e.g., knows the morally correct course of action but is blocked from taking it, or where all available courses of action require something of moral significance be given up. While the literature indicates that moral distress often negatively impacts the mental health of the individual and the effectiveness of the organization, limited research has examined moral distress amongst military HCP. Many similar stressors and psychological health problems are present for both civilian and military HCP; however, the unique context of deployment necessitates further examination. This thesis explores the military HCP experience with moral distress by using Bradshaw and colleague’s model of progression from the encounter with a moral dilemma to the impact on individuals and organizations. Through the analysis of novel interviews collected by the Ethics in Military Medicine Research Group (EMMRG), Bradshaw and colleague’s model of military moral distress is compared to participant’s experiences and qualitatively analysed, with the results outlining where the model is supported and where refinement is recommended. These challenges were then supported by a literature review from the disciplines of virtue and feminist ethics, moral psychology, bioethics, and civilian HCP moral distress research. Two novel and significant revisions to the model are suggested: representing and integrating the cumulative experience of moral distress, and re-conceptualizing the resolution process based on the consideration of contextual controllability on moral responsibility. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS) / This thesis examines the experience of moral distress in military healthcare professionals (HCPs) while working abroad, where a HCP faces a moral dilemma, e.g., knows the morally correct course of action but is blocked from taking it or it requires something of moral significance be given up. This thesis analyses the most recent model of military HCP moral distress (Bradshaw, et al., 2010) by comparing it to the experiences described by participants in the Ethics in Military Medicine Research Group (EMMRG) study. The results outline support for the model as well as novel suggestions for revision, which are supported by literature from a variety of disciplines. Two adjustments to Bradshaw and colleague’s model are suggested: clearer representation of the cumulative nature of moral distress as well as a reconceptualization of the resolution process to consider the influence of the immediate and extended environment on moral responsibility.

Do all conscious states structurally necessitate self-consciousness? For many, the answer is affirmative: self-consciousness is an inherent property of phenomenal consciousness. I refer to this family of theses under the denomination of Strong Subjectivity Claim (SSC). However, reports of DIED (Drug-Induced Ego Dissolution) and MIED (Meditation-InducedEgo Dissolution) seem to suggest otherwise: there are at least some extraordinary circumstances under which no sense of self contributes to the resulting phenomenology. Similarly, subjectivity is altered in depersonalisation, a condition whereby the subject feels detached from oneself. I argue that different varieties of self-consciousness are altered or missing in concomitance with ego dissolution and depersonalisation. Nonetheless, I speculate that depersonalisation per se does not involve a lack of basic self-consciousness — while some reports of ego dissolution indicate that even the most minimal formulation of phenomenal self-consciousness is not adequately present. I identify two modalities —boundlessness and centrelessness — whose implication seems to be crucial in experiences of total lack of self-consciousness. All things considered, I conclude that, while self-consciousness could be a frequent feature of our ordinary experience, SSC is not plausible. In the absence of phenomenal self-consciousness, what remains is the epistemic observation that experiences are self-bounded: no one can have access to each other’s experiences in a first-personal manner. This ontological fact, however, need not be accompanied by a corresponding “sense of self”. Finally, I propose an account explaining the conceivableness of selfless self-reports resting on the premise of the subject being conscious and on her dispositional ability for self-consciousness. / Kräver alla medvetna tillstånd strukturellt självmedvetenhet? För många är svaret jakande: självmedvetenhet är en inneboende egenskap hos fenomenalt medvetande. Jag hänvisar till denna familj av avhandlingar under benämningen Strong Subjectivity Claim (SSC). Rapporter om DIED (Drug-Induced Ego Dissolution) och MIED (Meditation-Induced Ego Dissolution) verkar dock antyda något annat: det finns åtminstone några extraordinära omständigheter när en brist av känsla av jaget bidrar till den resulterande fenomenologin. På liknande sätt förändrar depersonalisation subjektiviteten, ett tillstånd där subjektet känner sig fristående från sig själv. Jag hävdar att olika varianter av självmedvetande förändras ellersaknas i samband med ego upplösning och depersonalisering. Icke desto mindre spekulerar jag att depersonalisation i sig inte innebär brist på grundläggande självmedvetenhet – medan vissa rapporter om egoupplösning indikerar att även den mest minimala formuleringen av fenomenal självmedvetenhet inte är tillräckligt närvarande. Jag identifierar två modaliteter -gränslöshet och centerlöshet - vars implikation verkar vara avgörande i upplevelser av total avsaknad av självmedvetenhet. Sammantaget drar jag slutsatsen att även om självmedvetenhet kan vara ett vanligt inslag i vår vanliga upplevelse, är SSC inte rimligt. I frånvaro av fenomenal självmedvetenhet, kvarstår den epistemiska observationen att upplevelser är självbundna: ingen kan ha tillgång till varandras upplevelser på ett förstapersonligt sätt. Detta ontologiska faktum behöver dock inte åtföljas av en motsvarande "känsla av jaget". Slutligen föreslår jag en redogörelse som förklarar tänkbarheten av osjälviska självrapporter som vilar på premissen att subjektet är medvetet och på hennes dispositionsförmåga till självmedvetenhet.

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In this article, we apply Mikhail Bakhtin's model of a 'divided self' to R.D. Laing's eponymous work on the lived experience of divided selves in 'psychosis'. Both of these authors offer intriguing insights into the fracturing of self through its social relationships (including the 'micro-dialogues' staged for oneself) but from uniquely different perspectives. Bakhtin (1984) uses Dostoevsky's novels as his material for a theory of self, centrally concerned with moments of split identity, crisis, and personal transformation, while Laing relies on his patient's accounts of 'psychosis'. We will outline how two key Bakhtinian divisions of the self (spirit/soul and authoritative/internally persuasive discourse) help to make sense of Laing's descriptions of his patient's experiences and micro-dialogues. Conversely, when refracted through Laing's phenomenology Bakhtin's account of the self becomes richer and somewhat darkened in terms of a double-edged ontology, which describes a maximally open self but one that is consumed by ideas, unable to manage their contradictions. The implications of this for managing the dilemmas of self-identity will be drawn out.