The concept of slavery in ancient Egypt is a debated issue, that has mostly focused upon the different uses of the phrasing and terminology of the different words for servitude. Without giving too much emphasis upon the different terminologies, this essay presents a summary of the state of slavery within the borders of Egypt during the New Kingdom. As different kinds of servitude existed in the country, the focus is upon the types of slaves who were the property of their master and could be bought and sold. The essay presents who the slave was and where he came from, as well as what kinds of duties the slave was used for. The process of acquisition is also covered, before finally discussing the rights of the slave as well as the means to become free of your bonds.

The outbreak of the Arab Spring took place more than ten years ago and is currently of great interest to researchers. The suicide of the street vendor Bouazizi is considered the start of the revolution. As a result of the uprisings, both Tunisia and Egypt succeeded in overthrowing their authoritarian leaders and regimes. However, Tunisia managed to maintain and develop a democratic political system, unlike Egypt, which is still classified as an authoritarian dictatorship. The main purpose of this study has been to find explanations for why a regime change took place in both countries during the Arab Spring and why Tunisia’s democratization process remained successful compared to Egypt’s. Huntington’s transition processes and consolidation theory have been helpful in finding answers to these questions. The study is of a comparative nature where the most similar system design has been applied. A key conclusion concerns the fact that Egypt’s non-neutral and powerful military has undermined the country’s democratization process. In contrast, Tunisia’s democratization process has been characterized by a peaceful period with a neutral military and political actors willing to negotiate with each other despite divided political views.

Ancient Egyptian human remains, mummified and skeletal, have been studied for centuries by archaeologists and egyptologists, who have focused on mummification techniques, palaeopathology and signs of activity. However, some of these studies have been lacking in taphonomic and osteological knowledge. This dissertation considers if some of the interpretations of osteoarchaeological data in these studies can be better explained by taphonomic processes, a more in-depth knowledge of paleopathology and osteological identification techniques. As a result, the interpretations of terrible working and life conditions at Tell el Amarna, the capital city founded by Akhenaten were created by interpreting common pathologies as indications of forced labor and poor diet, and by ignoring facts about the context.  The identifications of KV55 and KV60-A individuals cannot be considered valid. No reliable radiologic methods exist that can age an individual between the ages of 35-45. A damaged vertebra and a femur were incorrectly said to contain osteophytes. The damages described in the cranium and teeth of this individual may even be of peri-mortem origin. The tooth used to identify KV60-A with Hatshepsut does not have the wear expected for the age group of the individual, while the cranial morphology shows a high indication of masculine traits.  Unknown man E, Unknown woman A and the Greek-roman mummy seemed to have been affected by common taphonomic and archaeothanatological processes. The healing process of the mandibula and maxilla makes it unlikely that the so called “bridges” were used during life. In conclusion, a much deeper knowledge of taphonomy, paleopathology and general osteological knowledge in these studies would have been necessary to avoid misinterpretations.

This paper deals with the chemical identification of artefacts correlated with the process of ancient Egyptian mummification dating to the Graeco-Roman period. The samples were harvested from two artefacts belonging to the Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm. The original description of the said samples defined them, as natron filled linen bags and bee product (honey?). To identify the true nature of the samples, advanced methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and powder X-ray Diffractometry were used. The results were correlated with previous made analyses regarding embalming materials to discover similarities. Furthermore, the research revealed that the previous sample identifications were false, while providing hypotheses based on the new results.

Today, there are more Egyptian obelisks outside of Egypt than there are left where they were made. The obelisks are certainly beautiful, but what lies beneath are uncountable hours, days and years of work. Work which made the obelisks end up where they are today. From quarrying these enormous pieces of stone by smashing rock against rock, to building ships without equal for their transportation. It is hard to understand the amount of resources, manpower and organization that went into creating these tall monuments. Therefore, this study will attempt to examine each step in transporting the obelisks, from the quarry to their destination. Where theories collide, the study will weigh them against each other critically to give a fuller account of the transportation of the obelisks of Egypt. This study will begin by presenting a background, or basis, which will be further built upon as it progresses. The first chapter is mainly focused around the circumstance of transportation, along with giving a basic description of obelisks as individual objects. The next step lies in studying the general shipbuilding techniques used in ancient Egypt. This in turn will help in understanding the obelisk ships and the loading and unloading of these vessels. The obelisk ships and their loading will be the focal point of this study. The mainstay of the sources used for this study comes from earlier theories. The primary sources of this study will mainly consist of textual remains along with depictions. / Idag finns det fler obelisker utanför Egypten än vad det finns kvar innanför dess gränser. Obeliskerna är helt klart vackra, men vad som ligger under ytan är oräkneliga timmar, dagar och år av arbete. Arbete som gjorde att obeliskerna hamnade på den plats de är idag. Från att bryta dessa enorma stenblock genom att slå sten mot sten, till att bygga skepp utan dess like för deras transport. Det är svårt att förstå den enorma mängd resurser, arbetskraft och ren vilja som krävdes för att skapa dessa höga monument. Av denna anledning kommer den här studien att försöka närma sig varje steg i transporten av obelisker, från stenbrottet till deras destination. Där teorier kolliderar, kommer denna studie att väga dem mot varandra kritiskt för att ge en mer komplett inblick i transporten av antika Egyptiska obelisker. Denna studie kommer att börja med att presentera en bakgrund, eller bas, som kommer att byggas vidare på under arbetets gång. Studiens första del fokuserar  på omständigheterna för transporten, samt med att ge en grundläggande beskrivning av obelisker som individuella objekt. Det nästkommande steget ligger i att studera de tekniker som användes för skeppsbygge i det antika Egypten. Detta kommer i sin tur underlätta för förståelsen av obeliskskepp och avlastning samt pålastning av dessa farkoster. Obeliskskeppen och deras lastning kommer att utgöra huvuddelen i denna studie. Huvuddelen av källorna som använts för denna studie kommer från tidigare teorier. Primärkällorna som använts består till största del av textuella lämningar samt avbildningar.

The objective of this essay is to present both the reason behind the Egyptian democratization failure, as well as the cause of the success of the Tunisian democracy. The methodology of this essay is composed of a comparative democratization study, which includes a most similar systems-design method. The studies will try to pinpoint the key components of the result of the democratization, by using four of Larry Diamond’s nine internal and external democratization factors, which are presented in his book: ‘The Spirit of Democracy’. The results of this study indicate that Egypt had a far larger and more influential military force and also a critical economy, despite less international support for their democratization. Tunisia has a more democratic-oriented civil society and through democratic assistance from the European Union, a peaceful transition into a democratic system was possible. In this essay, a far deeper analysis of the democratization process will be highlighted, including how to prove how these essential factors caused the different outcomes of the Arabic spring protests.

Purpose: My purpose of this study was to examine the factors that motivate Swedes to travel to Egypt and Thailand. To answer the question, I have used two questions. What are the factors that motivate Swedes to travel to Egypt and Thailand? What is the motive for Swedes choose to travel to destinations such as Egypt and Thailand? Method: The method I am using  is the qualitative method. The qualitative method has been processed through interviews of Swedish travelers, the Swedish travel agencies as well as Egypt and Thailand tourist agencies specializing in trips to Egypt and Thailand via phone and e-mail. Theory: The theory I am using are motivators and push-pull factors in achieving an understanding of the factors that influence choice for Swedes to travel to destinations such as Egypt and Thailand. Empiricism: The goal was to get a much more qualitative data from the response from the Swedish travel agencies, Egypt and Thailand tourist agency and Swedish travelers who have traveled to both of these destinations. Result: What I have come up with in my study is that the factors that motivate Swedish travelers to travel to Egypt and Thailand, is the warm climate, sun and sea, culture, variety, the cheap price situation and that there are activities for different age groups. This has led to the heat in both Egypt and Thailand has attracted Swedish travelers to travel to both destinations. The reason for this is due to the bad weather here in Sweden which includes the winter and snow. / Syftet: Mitt syfte med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka vilka faktorer som motiverar svenskar att resa till Egypten och Thailand. För att besvara syftet har jag använt mig av två frågeställningar. Vilka är de faktorer som motiverar svenskar att resa till Egypten och Thailand? Vad är motivet till att svenskar väljer att resa till destinationer som Egypten och Thailand? Metod: Den metod jag har använt mig av är den kvalitativa metoden. Den kvalitativa metoden har bearbetats genom intervjuer av svenska resenärer, de svenska resebyråerna samt Egypten och Thailand turistbyråer som specialiserar sig på resor till Egypten och Thailand, via telefon och e-post. Teori: Den teori jag har använt mig av är motivationsfaktorer och push- pull faktorer för att uppnå en förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar valet för svenskar att resa till destinationer som Egypten och Thailand. Empiri: Målet var att få en mycket mer kvalitativ data från responsen från de svenska resebyråerna, Egypten och Thailand turistbyråer och svenska resenärer som har rest till båda dessa destinationer. Resultat: Det jag har kommit fram till i min studie är att de faktorer som motiverar svenska resenärer att resa till Egypten och Thailand är: det varma klimatet, sol och bad, kultur, dess variation, det billiga prisläget och för att det finns aktiviteter för olika åldersgrupper. Detta har lett till att värmen i både Egypten och Thailand har lockat svenska resenärer att resa till båda dessa destinationer. Anledningen till detta beror på det dåliga vädret här i Sverige som bland annat består av vinter och snö.

This paper deals with the embalming process in ancient Egypt. Samples were collected from six objects from Medelhavsmuseet in Stockholm. The objects were one supposed ladle and five different contents from pottery. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and gas- chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to characterize the components of the materials. The result was then correlated with previously made analysis of embalming materials to discover similarities. The results show complex mixtures mainly consisting of resin from Pinaceae origin, also beeswax, vegetable oil and Castor oil. Some samples show differences in the mixture, one dominated by cholesterylacetat. The results of the ladle samples is comparable to previous samples from other analysis and can therefore be confirmed as an embalming ladle.

An osteological study on human skeletal remains from Maassara in Egypt. The goal of the study was to get a good picture of the health of the individuals buried in the graves at Maassara. The study was combined of nine individuals. Two from the Early Dynastic period and six individuals from the Old Kingdom. All the adult individuals have some form of pathological change. Most pathological changes are in the spine. Most pathological changes were age-related. Some of the individuals were very poorly kept and the bones were very fragile.

Norén, A. 2020. The Reign of Akhenaten: The Inhabitants of Tell el-Amarna through a Religious Perspective. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the complex religious climate of Tell el-Amarna, the capital city of ancient Egypt in the 18th dynasty, during the reign of Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten (1353–1336 B.C.E.). These complex elements refer to the devotion of pharaoh and his new-established ideology of Atenism and the simultaneously ongoing worship of traditional gods of which many were actively persecuted by the state during this time. The conclusions of this study presents a general picture of the lives of the inhabitants of el-Amarna by drawing on examples of religious objects which have been excavated from the city and what these may suggest about the religious beliefs of the people. However, the study does not focus primarily on the distribution of objects or social stratification. The sources which have been employed in this study consists of books and articles published by Barry J. Kemp and Anna Stevens, among others. The primary source material by Kemp and Stevens comprises archaeological theories and methods which in this study have been employed in an attempt to bring the material one step further, namely to analyse the religious climate at el-Amarna through the perspective of its inhabitants and place the material evidence in relation to the ideologies of Akhenaten. / Norén, A. 2020. Akhenatens regeringstid: Invånarna i Tell el-Amarna ur ett religiöst perspektiv. Syftet med studien är att redogöra för det komplexa religiösa klimatet i Tell el-Amarna, som var huvudstaden i det antika Egypten under den 18nde dynastin, under Amenhotep IV/Akhenatens regeringstid (1353–1336 f.v.t.). Med komplexa element menas den hängivenhet som uttrycktes inför farao och hans nyetablerade ideologi som kallas Atenism samtidigt som det existerade en fortsatt tro på de traditionella gudarna som aktivt förföljdes och raderades av staten under den här tiden. Slutsatserna i den här studien presenterar en generell bild av livet för invånarna i el-Amarna genom att återge exempel på religiösa objekt som har hittats i staden och vad dessa må berätta gällande det religiösa utövandet hos människorna som bodde här. Studien fokuserar inte primärt på spridningen eller mängden av objekt och heller inte på social stratifikation. De källor som använts i den här studien består av böcker och artiklar som publicerats av Barry J. Kemp och Anna Stevens samt andra forskare. Det primära källmaterialet av Kemp och Stevens utgörs av arkeologiska teorier och metoder som används i den här studien med avsikten att ta materialet ett steg längre genom att analysera det religiösa klimatet i el-Amarna ur invånarnas perspektiv och sätta de materiella lämningarna i relation till Akhenatens ideologier.