Thesis (doctoral)--Philipp-Univiersität Marburg/Lahn. / Includes bibliographical references (p. iii-ix).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of South Africa, 2004. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 1, 2006). Includes bibliographical references (p. 118-124) and index.

This thesis discusses the interaction between the concepts of ”justice” (ma‛at) and ”law” (hpw) in ancient Egypt. Ma‛at, one of the earliest abstract terms in human speech, was a central principle and, although no codex of Egyptian law has been found, there is abundant evidence of written law, designed to realise ma‛at on earth. The king, as the highest legal authority, was the nexus between ma‛at and the law. Egyptologists have few sources of knowledge about law and justice in ancient Egypt because the ancient Egyptians used commonplace language in legal documents and they only had a few imprecise technical terms relating to law. For Egyptology to advance, therefore, we need to reappraise its sources. The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant has a strong legal background and should be treated as an additional source of information about how law and justice were perceived and carried out in ancient Egypt. / Classics and Modern European Languages / M.A. (Ancient Languages and Cultures)

Les présents travaux portent sur une période particulière de l’Égypte pharaonique, marquée par l’apparition d’une nouvelle écriture cursive – le démotique – transcrivant un état plus récent de la langue égyptienne, et par une évolution marquée de la société égyptienne sous l’influence des dominations étrangères successives. Parmi la documentation juridique disponible, de nombreux textes ont trait aux règles de droit patrimonial et à leurs modes de transmission : des textes théoriques ( tel le Code d’Hermopolis), mais également, et en plus grands nombres, de la documentation d’application de ces règles de droit et des décisions judiciaires s’y rapportant, ainsi que des textes littéraires qui nous éclairent sur le mode de fonctionnement de la famille égyptienne du premier millénaire avant notre ère. Outre la description des règles de transmission patrimoniale intrafamiliale, l’analyse de cette documentation permet de percevoir le rôle des différents éléments composant la famille égyptienne : père, fils aîné, femme, principalement, et d’en mieux comprendre les mécanismes successoraux en tant que vecteur, non seulement du patrimoine familial, mais aussi et surtout, du rôle de chef de famille, de patriarche, au sein de l’indivision familiale. Enfin, les sources juridiques relevant de la pratique démontrent que les Égyptiens du premier millénaire avant notre ère interprétaient les règles liées aux transmissions patrimoniales et en usaient de façon stratégique, afin de les façonner de la manière désirée, quitte à passer outre aux principes établis, parfois depuis de nombreux siècles. / The present work concerns a particular period of Pharaonic Egypt, marked by the appearance of a new cursive writing – the demotic writing – transcribing a more recent state of the Egyptian language, and a loss of political independence. Among the available legal documentation, numerous texts concerned the rules of patrimonial law and their modes of transmission: theoretical texts (such as the Legal Code of Hermopolis), but also, and in larger numbers, the application documentation of these legal rules and the court orders relating to it, and literary texts which give us another view of the first millennium B.C. Egyptian family way of functioning. Besides the description of the rules of the family intra family holdings transmission, the analysis of this documentation allows to determine what the role of the family main component was: father, first son, woman, and to understand the inheritance process as vector, not only of the family goods, but mostly of the family chief (or patriarch) role in the family undivided possession. Then, the useful judicial sources show that the first millennium B.C. Egyptians interpreted the rules of patrimonial transmissions and used of them strategically in order to disregard the established principles, often since centuries

This thesis discusses the interaction between the concepts of ”justice” (ma‛at) and ”law” (hpw) in ancient Egypt. Ma‛at, one of the earliest abstract terms in human speech, was a central principle and, although no codex of Egyptian law has been found, there is abundant evidence of written law, designed to realise ma‛at on earth. The king, as the highest legal authority, was the nexus between ma‛at and the law. Egyptologists have few sources of knowledge about law and justice in ancient Egypt because the ancient Egyptians used commonplace language in legal documents and they only had a few imprecise technical terms relating to law. For Egyptology to advance, therefore, we need to reappraise its sources. The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant has a strong legal background and should be treated as an additional source of information about how law and justice were perceived and carried out in ancient Egypt. / Classics and Modern European Languages / M.A. (Ancient Languages and Cultures)

The legal rights of the women of ancient Egypt are discussed in this dissertation. All the different aspects of the legal system were examined in order to conclude whether the ancient Egyptian women indeed had legal rights. An inquiry was therefore conducted into the Egyptian Family Law, the Law of Succession, Property Law, Law of Contract and Criminal Law. The modern classification of the law was used, seeing that no evidence exists to provide us with the ancient Egyptians' classification method. / Ancient Languages and cultures / M.A.

The legal rights of the women of ancient Egypt are discussed in this dissertation. All the different aspects of the legal system were examined in order to conclude whether the ancient Egyptian women indeed had legal rights. An inquiry was therefore conducted into the Egyptian Family Law, the Law of Succession, Property Law, Law of Contract and Criminal Law. The modern classification of the law was used, seeing that no evidence exists to provide us with the ancient Egyptians' classification method. / Ancient Languages and cultures / M.A.

Text in English / This study indicates the strong link between the belief in the afterlife and the inception of testamentary dispositions in ancient Egypt. To understand law, and specifically succession law, the importance of religion must be understood. Religion was embedded in society. One of the most important principles of religion was maat, which formed the basis for law. The living and dead formed part of the same community. The belief in the afterlife implied an immortality, an eternal continuation of life. There was a moral relationship between the dead and living and the deceased was dependent on sustenance after death. There was an obligation for the family to sustain the deceased, but this piety diminished and a need arose to make arrangements for sustenance prior to death. This led to the inception of the testamentary disposition document. The purpose of succession law is to maintain and strengthen the socio-economic structure in society and it therefore fulfils a social function. At the heart is the nuclear family. In ancient Egypt two systems of succession law developed: customary intestate succession and testate succession (by way of testamentary disposition). Different types of documents were used in ancient Egypt to serve the purpose of a testamentary disposition, such as the pious foundation and the imyt-pr. Important concepts and elements of succession law from the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms are identified and discussed. These include fideicommissum, trusts, usufruct, habitatio, legacies, the importance to indicate ownership of property, etc. The testamentary disposition documents of ancient Egypt must be one of the earliest examples of testate succession law. The Egyptian testamentary disposition, with its concepts and elements of succession law, was established centuries before Rome and Roman law were established. The resemblance to our modern-day wills and testaments through our Roman testate succession law heritage is remarkable. / Classics and World Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)

Après des décennies de mise en œuvre d’une politique économique protectionniste et enfermée, l’Égypte a opté en 1991 pour l’économie du marché et l’ouverture de ses frontières aux échanges internationaux. Dès lors, il manquait une pièce importante de lutte contre les cartels et le pouvoir de marché de manière générale. En 2005, l’Égypte a finalement adopté sa première législation de concurrence. Au regard de l’importance de l’Égypte au niveau régional et mondial, sur le plan économique et politique, il est opportun de s’intéresser à l’effectivité du droit égyptien de la concurrence, dans le but d’apprécier ses avancées et ses faiblesses et de proposer des pistes de perfectionnement. Cette étude cible des aspects qu’elle juge prioritaires : les règles substantielles, procédurales et institutionnelles visant la lutte contre les ententes secrètes, les abus de position dominante et les concentrations. Les appréciations et propositions sont faites à partir d’une mise en perspective de systèmes juridiques qui ont été choisis en référence : ceux de deux pays en développement (Brésil et Afrique du sud) et ceux des pays développés (Union européenne, la France et, à titre subsidiaire, les États-Unis). Elles entendent également tirer profit des travaux d’organisations internationales. / After decades of adopting a protective and closed economic policy, Egypt has finally opted in 1991 for the market economy and the opening of its borders to international trade. However, an important aspect was missing ; the fight against cartels and market power in general. In 2005, Egypt has finally adopted its first competition law. Given the importance of Egypt at the regional and global levels, from both economic and political perspectives, it is timely to pay attention to the effectiveness of Egyptian competition law in order to evaluate its level of progress and its weaknesses and to propose methods and means of enhancement. This study is targeting issues and matters that are considered to be priorities: substantive, procedural and institutional rules aiming for fighting against cartels, abuse of dominance and mergers. The assessments and proposals set out in this study have been made in perspective of legal systems that have been chosen as reference: those of two developing countries (Brazil and South Africa) and those of developed countries (European Union, France and, alternatively, the United States). They also intend to benefit from the work of international organizations.