An experiment showed that audiences react with more empathy to graphic war photographs accompanying news reports than non-graphic war photographs. Four war stories from four different countries, featuring either a graphic or non-graphic photograph representing a scene from each report, were used to test respondents’ reactions. Empathy measured higher after audience exposure to graphic war photographs, while recall, central processing, emotion, media attitudes, and civic participation all did not show significant differences from graphic to non-graphic. As a result of this study, editors and news organizations can be assured that audiences may not react with a significant amount of emotion, but will still care significantly more about an issue after being presented with graphic news photographs of war with war reports, as opposed to non-graphic photographs of war. / text

Building on Message Framing Theory and the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), this study examined how message frame impacts viewer attention to and cognitive processing of osteoporosis prevention print ads. Attention was measured with eye tracking technology, which calculated participants’ number of fixations and dwell time. Cognitive processing was assessed through a textual masked-recall exercise. Sixty women, with a mean age of 21.25+/-2.61 years, viewed the same 36 ads; however, the message frame changed on a randomized, rotating basis, resulting in each group viewing 12 gain-, 12 loss-, and 12 neutrally-framed ads. One-way repeated measures analyses of variance revealed that message frame significantly impacted viewers’ number of fixations, F(2,118)=8.18, p<.01, η2= .12 dwell time, F(2,118)=9.84, p<.01, η2= .14 and masked-recall results, F(2,118)=22.28, p<.01, η2 = .27. Viewers’ number of fixations, dwell time and recall of gain-framed osteoporosis prevention ads was significantly higher than to loss- or neutrally-framed ads, p<.01. Message frame was also positively correlated with number of fixations, r=.29, p<.02 and dwell time, r=.42, p<.01. Findings may help expand theory related to message framing and the ELM, while contributing to advancements in eye tracking literature and health communications practice. / Thesis (Master, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2009-08-27 16:13:32.848

Although direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertising is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, content analyses (Baird-Harris, 2009; Frosch, Krueger, Hornik, Cronbolm, & Berg, 2007; Kaphingst, DeJong, Rudd, & Daltroy, 2004; Wilkes, Bell, & Kravitz, 2000) and other studies (Davis, 2000, 2007) have suggested that advertisers may not disclose drug risks to the same extent that they describe drug benefits. This study builds on previous studies by Baird-Harris and Smith and Shaffer (2000) and aims to test the relationship between image congruency in televised DTC advertisements, recall of risks and benefits, and perceived ad persuasiveness. Advertisements for Nexium, Advair, and Lunesta were shown to college students in either their original (i.e., image incongruent) or modified (i.e., image neutral) form. In general, risks were easier to recall with image neutral advertisements (which were considered to be less persuasive), although results were not statistically significant. Gender had a significant interaction effect, suggesting that males and females process risks differently depending on images in a DTC advertisement. Despite its lack of significant findings, this study explores an underdeveloped area of research and provides a model for future studies.

Purpose: Response Elaboration Training (RET) is a treatment program for increasing the amount of information contained in the speech of individuals with aphasia. This study employed a sentence production task (SPT) to examine whether RET will (1) generalize to a task not worked on in treatment and (2) affect syntactic performance. Methods and Procedures: Three adults with chronic non-fluent Broca’s aphasia received RET in this prospective, repeated case study. The dependent variable was a SPT requiring the participant to put a verb in a sentence. Changes in the syntactic performance of the participant’s sentence productions were classified across three parameters: (1) syntactic structure, (2) grammatical completeness, and (3) semantic appropriateness. Results: Findings of this study indicate that RET improves the syntactic performance of individuals with chronic Broca’s aphasia and generalizes to a task not worked on in treatment. Participant responses to the SPT showed increased complexity in syntactic structures, improved grammaticality, and improved topic relevancy. In addition, qualitative improvements were seen in 5 randomly selected verbs for each participant. These improvements included increased length of sentences and fewer false starts, interjections, and disfluencies. Finally, improvements on the Western Aphasia Battery and two picture description tasks were evinced for two participants.

The primary objective of this study was to apply the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasive communication to consumers' perceptions of food additive labelling. The model was used to explain how consumer information processing influences consumers' decision-making and consequent purchasing behaviour with regard to food products that contain food additives. To date, few studies have explained consumers' perceptions, viewpoints and understanding of additive labelling, or of their related purchasing behaviour. However, the increased marketing of processed foods containing additives and the concern expressed by consumers regarding the risks of additives call for the development of a theoretical basis for research into these issues. There is currently a lack of such data in South Africa. This study was conducted from a phenomenological qualitative approach with a descriptive exploratory nature. Eight focus group sessions with 39 food additive label readers were held in the Vanderbijlpark-Vereeniging area. A content analysis of the focus group discussions resulted in the categorising of concepts, and 33 subtle underlying themes were identified. The main findings of the study were that the participants' general perceptions suggested that food additives can be defined as unnatural chemical substances that are added to food and that hold some benefits and/or risks to the consumer. The participants' use of food additive information was influenced by the situational factors associated with each individual participant. Moreover, the participants were more aware of tartrazine, MSG and aspartame than of any other food additive. Participants were also confronted with various blocking mechanisms when searching for and selecting food products containing additives. These included a lack of standardisation of terminology, illegible ingredient listing, a lack of food control and regulation, information overload, incomprehensible information, manufacturers' dishonesty, time constraints and incorrect, untrustworthy, insufficient information. On the other hand, participants used various coping or risk-reducing strategies to reduce their concerns. In order to interpret the results, the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasive communication was adapted and applied to food additive labels. The adapted model illustrates how the consumers' perceptions of additive labels and their search for additional information influence their purchasing behaviour to varying extents. It is recommended that more attention be given to consumer education with regard to additive-related terminology used on food labels and that the results be put to use in the current revision of labelling regulations. Marketers and retailers could use the information to better understand the behaviour of consumers who read food additive labels. The value of this study was to show that consumers' prior perceptions of food additives are an important determinant of their purchasing behaviour, / Thesis (Ph.D. (Consumer Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

This thesis presents a' detailed study of the regulation of Independent Local Radio by the Independent Broadcasting Authority. The I.B.A. is an independent regulatory agency established to decide questions affecting both public and private rights. Two key functions performed by regulatory agencies are identified: law-elaboration and law-application. Law-elaboration is a quasi-legislative power which involves both the making of policy and the subsequent articulation of that policy through rule-making. Law-application entails the application of those rules in individual decisions. It is argued that the exercise of such powers can usefully be analysed in terms of legitimacy. What can validate the exercise of legislative powers by an unelected and largely unaccountable agency? In addressing this question, use is made of four ideal-type models of regulatory legitimacy: (1) legislative; (2) accountability; (3) due process; and (4) expertise. The general conclusion drawn is that it would be problematical for the I.B.A. to claim legitimacy for its policies and rules on the basis of its legislative mandate, its accountability, its respect for due process or its expertise. In particular, it is argued that there is little direct correlation between the I.B.A.'s activities and its legislative mandate. This is stated to be a problem inherent in the nature of the relationship between the legislature and a regulatory agency. It is argued that the present system of regulating I.L.R. is in need of reform if it is to make out a more convincing case for its legitimacy. The two main approaches to reform are deregulation and procedural innovation. Administrative lawyers have tended to focus on the latter type of reform. It is argued that administrative lawyers should widen their horizons beyond the procedural and become concerned with the outcome of the regulatory process: the concern should be with substantive as well as procedural legitimacy.

Este estudo investigou os indicativos de resiliência parental no processo de comunicação do diagnóstico de autismo após a avaliação do filho. Esses indicativos representaram o construto da elaboração parental do diagnóstico de autismo. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi a construção de uma matriz de categorias indicativas de resiliência parental baseada em análise de conteúdo de seis entrevistas de casais com um filho com diagnóstico de autismo. Essa matriz foi base conceitual e empírica do Estudo 2, um estudo de caso cujos instrumentos foram quatro entrevistas de comunicação formal do diagnóstico com um casal de pais. Os objetivos deste foram compreender o papel das crenças dos pais na comunicação do diagnóstico do filho e investigar indicativos de resiliência parental que participaram do processo de elaboração do diagnóstico de autismo ao longo de quatro meses. Os resultados da Análise de Conteúdo apontaram a busca e atribuição de sentido ao jeito do filho e ao autismo como fatores de elaboração na comunicação do diagnóstico. Os resultados foram discutidos com base na concepção do construto de elaboração parental do diagnóstico de autismo. / This study investigated the indicatives of parental resilience in the process of communicating the diagnosis of autism. These indications represented the construct of parental elaboration of autism diagnosis by the parents. The goal of the first investigation was to build an array of categories indicating parental resilience based on content analysis of six interviews drawn from a database. This was the empirical and conceptual bases of the parents elaborations of the diagnostic, investigated on the second study. The goals of the second investigation were to understand the role of the beliefs of these parents in the communication of the diagnosis and to investigate parental resilience indicatives that participated in the process of elaboration of the diagnosis of autism of this couple over four months. The results of the Content Analysis showed the search and attribution of meaning to the characteristics of the son, and to autism as key indicators of elaboration during the communication of the diagnosis. The results were discussed on the base of building the construct of autism diagnostic elaboration by the parents.

Ce projet vise à fabriquer une nouvelle génération de membranes polymères hydrophiles à base d’un polymère biosourcé, l’Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC), pour une application dans le traitement des eaux de production. Ces membranes polymères viendront se substituer sur les plateformes offshores aux procédés classiques de traitement en raison de leur compacité, de leur légèreté et de leur aptitude à éliminer efficacement à la fois l’huile et les particules en suspension. Les membranes ont été élaborées via une méthode d’inversion de phase originale par augmentation de la température au-dessus de la température critique (LCST-TIPS process). Deux voies d’élaboration ont été étudiées au cours de la thèse selon le mode de réticulation chimique envisagé, l’une en voie acide et l’autre en voie basique. En voie acide, la réticulation a été effectuée à l’aide du Glutaraldéhyde alors qu’en voie basique, elle a été réalisée via un PEGDE. Le processus d’élaboration a été contrôlé pour maîtriser les cinétiques des phénomènes élémentaires (séparation de phase, évaporation, réticulation chimique). Les membranes ont été caractérisées via un suivi rhéologique, l’analyse de la morphologie membranaire (MEB) et les performances en filtration ont été étudiées in fine. La fabrication des membranes sous forme de fibres creuses a également été initiée aux cours de la thèse. / This project aims to develop a new generation of hydrophilic polymer membranes based on a biosourced polymer, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC), for application in the treatment of produced water. These polymeric membranes should replace on offshore platforms the conventional treatment processes because of their compactness, their lightness and their ability to effectively remove both oil and suspended particles. The membranes were developed using an original phase inversion method by increasing the temperature above the critical temperature (LCST-TIPS process). Two ways of membrane formation were investigated in this work according to the mode of chemical crosslinking considered, one in acid medium and the other in basic medium. Considering the acid route, the crosslinking was carried out using glutaraldehyde, while for the basic route it was carried out via PEGDE molecule. A fine control of the membrane formation process was conducted in order to control the kinetics of the whole elementary phenomena involved in the membrane morphogenesis (phase separation, solvent evaporation, and chemical crosslinking). The membranes were characterized via rheological monitoring, the analysis of the membrane morphology (SEM) and the filtration performances were investigated. The issue of hollow fibers fabrication has been also addressed during the thesis.

Data de aprova??o retirada da vers?o impressa do trabalho. / Orientador consta como membro da banca na Folha de Aprova??o, conforme vers?o impressa do trabalho. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-03-13T20:37:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) fernando_carvalho_pires.pdf: 1650705 bytes, checksum: f480e24f4535555c1fb39b5b315683e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-03-29T12:25:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) fernando_carvalho_pires.pdf: 1650705 bytes, checksum: f480e24f4535555c1fb39b5b315683e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-29T12:25:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) fernando_carvalho_pires.pdf: 1650705 bytes, checksum: f480e24f4535555c1fb39b5b315683e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / A presente disserta??o visa a investigar o processo de constru??o e implementa??o do Plano Municipal de Educa??o ? PME da cidade de Espinosa (MG). O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi analisar o processo de constru??o e implementa??o do Plano Municipal de Educa??o desse Munic?pio, al?m de discutir os fundamentos legais que endossam a formula??o de um PME, identificar as etapas de sua elabora??o, apontar as estrat?gias de constru??o do Plano, e observar como a participa??o popular foi garantida na formula??o do Plano Municipal de Educa??o da cidade em quest?o. Essa pesquisa cont?m as seguintes classifica??es: quanto ? abordagem, a pesquisa ? qualitativa, uma vez que sua inten??o ? investigar um processo social de relev?ncia, ao mesmo tempo em que busca entender o comportamento dos sujeitos atuantes nesse mesmo processo; quanto aos objetivos, trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, pois tenta mapear o processo hist?rico de constru??o de um ordenamento jur?dico-social, delineado por um grupo social espec?fico; e quanto aos procedimentos, a pesquisa ? documental, pois avalia e examina documentos e pe?as oficiais que ensejaram a cria??o do Plano Municipal de Educa??o de Espinosa/MG. Os instrumentos empregados para levantar informa??es foram a An?lise Documental e o Question?rio. Atrav?s da An?lise Documental, fez-se o exame das Atas da Reuni?o da C?mara de Vereadores que aprovou a Lei do PME de Espinosa/MG, dos textos de leis Federais, Estaduais e Municipais relacionados ao tema e de documentos produzidos pela Secretaria Municipal de Educa??o. As informa??es utilizadas nessa pesquisa constam da Constitui??o Federal de 1988, da Lei Federal n? 13.005, de 25 de junho de 2014, dos Documentos Orientadores emanados do Minist?rio da Educa??o inerentes ? formula??o dos Planos, dos sites oficiais desse Minist?rio, da Lei Municipal n? 1.568 ? Plano Municipal de Educa??o ?, da Lei Org?nica do Munic?pio de Espinosa e dos Atos Administrativos expedidos por este munic?pio. Por meio do Question?rio, obtivemos informa??es suplementares aos documentos citados, uma vez que a documenta??o de que se tinha ? disposi??o n?o garantiu o alcance dos objetivos aqui determinados. O Marco Te?rico foi constru?do a partir das publica??es de diversos estudiosos alinhados ?s tem?ticas do Planejamento Estrat?gico, Pol?ticas P?blicas, Sistema, Plano e Gest?o Municipal de Ensino, al?m de Democracia e Participa??o. No cap?tulo 2 h? a discuss?o do conceito de democracia e suas subdivis?es, demonstrando sua relev?ncia para a compreens?o do processo de participa??o social. Tal cap?tulo foi constru?do com base nos estudos de Bobbio (2015), Dallari (2010), Ferreira Filho (2010) e Nogueira (2005). No cap?tulo 3, ? discutido o conceito de planejamento governamental como uma modalidade de pol?tica p?blica, por se tratar de um conjunto de a??es articuladas e organizadas pelo poder p?blico com vistas ao atendimento da coletividade. Utilizou-se os trabalhos de Bruel (2010), Parente (2010), Ferreira (2015) e Bordignon (2013) para respaldar a discuss?o. Ao fim da disserta??o, nas considera??es finais, chegou-se a importantes conclus?es. Uma delas, em rela??o ?s etapas de elabora??o do Plano ? luz dos te?ricos, verifica-se que houve, na fase de constru??o, a observ?ncia quase que un?nime aos princ?pios defendidos por estudiosos do campo educacional. Enfatiza-se, por?m, um ponto que n?o foi observado pelo Munic?pio: a capacita??o e prepara??o dos membros da Comiss?o para lidar com a fun??o relevante de participar dos debates deste documento inestim?vel para a educa??o municipal. Sobre a participa??o da sociedade civil, o Question?rio demonstrou que houve uma t?mida participa??o popular na formula??o do Plano, demonstrando um trabalho quase limitado aos pr?prios membros da Comiss?o. N?o se conseguiu, contudo, responder ?s quest?es inerentes ? implementa??o e monitoramento das metas do PME. Espera-se que, a partir deste trabalho, outros estudos possam ser realizados a fim de se investigar os pontos n?o respondidos ? ou at? mesmo que novas ideias sejam reveladas a partir daqui. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The present master?s thesis aims at investigating the process construction and implementation of the Municipal Education Plan ? PME of the city of Espinosa (MG). The general objective was to analyze the process of construction and implementation of the Municipal Education Plan of that city, besides discussing the legal foundations that support the formulation of a PME, identifying the stages of its elaboration, pointing out the strategies applied for the PME construction, and observing how the people participation was granted in the formulation of the Municipal Education Plan of the city.This research relies on the follow classification: regarding the approach, the research is qualitative, since its aim is investigate a relevant social process, at the same time it seeks to understand the behavior of the subjects that act upon this process; regarding its objectives, it is a descriptive research, for it maps the historical process of construction of a juridical-social planning, delineated by a specific social group; and regarding the procedures, the research is documental, for it evaluates and exams documents and official pieces that gave rise to the creation of the Municipal Education Plan of Espinosa. The tools applied for data gathering were Document Analysis and Questionnaire. Through Document Analysis, we have examined the Reports of the Meetings of Chamber of Councilors that has approved the Law of PME of Espinosa, of the text of the Federal, State and Municipal laws related to the theme and to the documents produced by the Municipal Education Secretary. The information used in this research consists of the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988, the Federal Law n? 13.005, in June, 25, 2014, of the Guiding Document emanated by the Education Ministry related to the Plan formulation, of the official sites of that Ministry, of the Municipal Law n. 1.568 ? Municipal Education Plan -, of the Organic Law of the city of Espinosa and the Administrative Acts expedited by this city. By means of the Questionnaire, we have gathered supplementary information about the afore mentioned documents, since the documentation to what we had access did not granted to reach the objectives determined here. The theoretical foundation was constructed upon the publication of several studies aligned the themes of Strategic Planning, Public Policies, System, Municipal Plan and Management, besides Democracy and Participation. In the second chapter we found the discussion of the concept of democracy and its subdivisions, demonstrating its relevancy for the understanding of the process of social participation. That chapter was constructed based upon the studies of Bobbio (2015), Dallari (2010), Ferreira Filho (2010) and Nogueira (2005). In the third chapter, we discuss the concept of government planning as a modality of public policy, for it is a set of articulated and organized actions by the public power aiming to serve the collectivity. We have used the works of Bruel (2010), Parente (2010), Ferreira (2015) and Bordignon (2013) to support the discussion. At the end of the master?s thesis, at the final consideration, we came to important conclusions. One of them, in relation the stages of the elaboration of the plan from the theorists? point of view, we found that there was, at the construction stage, the observation almost unanimous to the principles held by the scholars of educational field. We emphasize, though, one point that was not observed by the city: the training and preparation of the members of the Commission for dealing with the relevant function of participating of the debates of that invaluable document for municipal education. About the participation of civil society, the questionnaire proved that there was a timid people participation on the plan formulation, showing a work almost limited to the members of the commission themselves. We could not, though, to answer the question inherent to the implementation and monitoring of the goals of PME. We hope that, from the present work, other studies can be carried on in order to investigate the points that were not answered, or even that new ideas be revealed from here.

Este estudo investigou os indicativos de resiliência parental no processo de comunicação do diagnóstico de autismo após a avaliação do filho. Esses indicativos representaram o construto da elaboração parental do diagnóstico de autismo. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi a construção de uma matriz de categorias indicativas de resiliência parental baseada em análise de conteúdo de seis entrevistas de casais com um filho com diagnóstico de autismo. Essa matriz foi base conceitual e empírica do Estudo 2, um estudo de caso cujos instrumentos foram quatro entrevistas de comunicação formal do diagnóstico com um casal de pais. Os objetivos deste foram compreender o papel das crenças dos pais na comunicação do diagnóstico do filho e investigar indicativos de resiliência parental que participaram do processo de elaboração do diagnóstico de autismo ao longo de quatro meses. Os resultados da Análise de Conteúdo apontaram a busca e atribuição de sentido ao jeito do filho e ao autismo como fatores de elaboração na comunicação do diagnóstico. Os resultados foram discutidos com base na concepção do construto de elaboração parental do diagnóstico de autismo. / This study investigated the indicatives of parental resilience in the process of communicating the diagnosis of autism. These indications represented the construct of parental elaboration of autism diagnosis by the parents. The goal of the first investigation was to build an array of categories indicating parental resilience based on content analysis of six interviews drawn from a database. This was the empirical and conceptual bases of the parents elaborations of the diagnostic, investigated on the second study. The goals of the second investigation were to understand the role of the beliefs of these parents in the communication of the diagnosis and to investigate parental resilience indicatives that participated in the process of elaboration of the diagnosis of autism of this couple over four months. The results of the Content Analysis showed the search and attribution of meaning to the characteristics of the son, and to autism as key indicators of elaboration during the communication of the diagnosis. The results were discussed on the base of building the construct of autism diagnostic elaboration by the parents.