Cette thèse est consacrée à la dérivation des modèles de fracture comme limite de modèles d'endommagement.L'étude est justifiée essentiellement à travers des simulations numériques.On s'intéresse à étudier un modèle d'endommagement initié par Allaire, Jouve et Vangoethem.Nous apportons des améliorations significatives à ce modèle justifiant la cohérence physique de cette approche.D'abord, on ajoute une contrainte sur l'épaisseur minimale de la zone endommagée, puis on ajoute la condition d'irréversibilité forte.Nous considérons en outre un modèle de fracture avec pénalisation de saut obtenu comme limite asymptotique d'un modèle d'endommagement.Nous justifions ce modèle par une étude numérique et asymptotique formelle unidimensionnelle.Ensuite, la généralisation dans le cas 2D est illustrée par des exemples numériques. / This thesis is devoted to the derivation of fracture models as limit damage models.The study is justified mainly through numerical simulations.We are interested in studying a damage model initiated by Allaire, Jouve and Vangoethem.We are making significant improvements to this model justifying the physical consistency of the approach.First, we add a constraint on the minimum thickness of the damaged area and then we add a condition of strong irreversibility.We see also a fracture model with jump penalization obtained as an asymptotic limit of a damage model.We justify this model by a one-dimensional formal asymptotic numerical study.Then, the generalization in the case 2D is illustrated by numerical examples.

Le syndrome d'apnée obstructive du sommeil (SAOS), est une maladie chronique qui se caractérise par des interruptions répétées de la respiration durant le sommeil en raison de la fermeture temporaire des voies aériennes supérieures. L'hypoxie intermittente chronique (HI) résultante de cette fermeture transitoire des voies aériennes supérieures, constitue l’une des conséquences majeures du SAOS, et elle est la responsable de la plupart des complications liées à cette pathologie, dont nous citons: l’hypertension artérielle, l’infarctus de myocarde et plus généralement le remodelage cardiovasculaire.D’autre part, l’entrainement physique intensif(EI)est bien connu d’avoir des bénéfices sur le système cardiovasculaire, d’où nous avons poser l’hypothèse que l’EI peut inverser les effets délétères de l’HI sur la réactivité et le remodelage vasculaire ainsi que sur la signalisation calcique intracellulaire dans les cellules musculaires.Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons choisi le rat comme modèle animal, pour étudier l’effet potentiel de l'EI dans la prévention et l’inversion des effets délétères de (HI) en termes de réactivité et signalisation calcique dans les tissues musculaires.Des rats ont été exposés durant 21 jours à l’hypoxie intermittente dans des cages spécialement équipées pour maintenir un flux d’air alternant entre 21% et 5% de PO2 dans les cages contenant les rats hypoxique et a 21% de PO2 dans les cages contenant les rats contrôles. Durant les deux dernières semaines d’exposition à l’HI, un groupe des rats hypoxiques et un des rats normoxiques ont subi des sessions d'EI en courant sur un tapis roulant avec une vitesse allant de 16m/min jusqu'à 30 m/min.Les paramètres physiologiques ont été mesurés (Pression artérielle, fréquence cardiaque, hématocrites), l’aorte a été prélevé pour étudier la réactivité vasculaire, les cellules musculaires lisses de l’aorte ont été ensuite prélevés et cultivées pour étudier la signalisation calcique par microscopie à EPIfluorescence. Finalement les gènes codant pour les médiateurs de la signalisation calcique : RyR1, RyR2 RyR3, (ryanodine receptors), TRPV4 (transient receptor potential channel), SERCA1, SERCA2 (Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase) et IP3R1 (Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor) dans différentes tissues vasculaires et squelettiques ont été étudiés au niveau moléculaire par Q-PCR et Western Blot.Nos résultats montrent que l'HI induit une augmentation significative de pression artérielle et de l’hématocrite et une diminution dans la relaxation de l'aorte induite par l'acétylcholine pré contractée par la phénylnephrine. Ceci est conforme à notre observation selon laquelle HI augmente le niveau de calcium intracellulaire dans le muscle lisse aortique cultivé. D'autre part, l'EI induit une diminution significative de l’hématocrite et de la vasoconstriction aortique induite par la phénylnephrine et l'endothélie-1, conformément à l'observation que l'EI réduit la différence HI-N dans la réponse calcique. A l’échelle moléculaire, HI induit une augmentation significative de l'expression de RyR1, RyR2, RyR3, SERCA1, SERCA2, TRPV4 et IP3R1 au niveau de l'ARNm dans les tissus de tous les groupes, avec une plus grande quantité de RyR1,RyR2,et RyR3 dans les tissus HI des muscles lisses (principalement dans l'aorte thoracique et abdominale) et le SERCA1 (9 fois plus haut dans les tissus IH) et le SERCA2 (10 fois plus élevé dans les tissus HI) dans les muscles squelette (Gastrocnemius, plantaris et soléus). De plus, HI induit une augmentation significative de RYR1, RYR2 et TRPV4 au niveau protéique dans l'aorte thoracique et abdominale; et l'EI réduit la différence d'expression entre les animaux N et IH.Nos résultats suggèrent que l'EI représente un traitement prometteur non pharmacologique ou complémentaire pour limiter les complications cardio-vasculaires induites par l’HI et le remodelage musculaire chez les patients atteints de SAOS. / Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a chronic disease characterized by repeated interruptions of breathing during sleep due to the temporary closure of the upper airway. Its prevalence increases with the increasing in prevalence of obesity, especially in developed countries.Chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) resulting from this transient closure of the upper airway is one of the major consequences of OSAS and is responsible of most of the complications related to this pathology, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and more generally cardiovascular remodeling.On the other hand, intensive physical training(IT) is well known to have benefits on cardiovascular system, thus we hypothesize that physical training can reverse the deleterious effects of IH on reactivity and vascular remodeling as well as intracellular calcium signaling in muscle cells.To answer this question, we chose the rat as an animal model to study the potential effect of IT in the prevention and reversal of deleterious (IH) effects in terms of reactivity and calcium signaling in muscle tissue.Rats were exposed for 21 days to intermittent hypoxia and housed in cages specially equipped to maintain an airflow alternating between 21% and 5% PO2 in cages containing hypoxic rats and 21% PO2 in cages containing the control rats. During the last two weeks of exposure to IH, a group of hypoxic rats and one of the normoxic rats underwent IT sessions on a treadmill at a speed of 16m / min to 30m / min.Physiological parameters were measured (blood pressure, heart rate, hematocrit), the aorta was removed to study the vascular reactivity, then vascular smooth muscle cells were removed and cultured to study calcium signaling by EPIfluorescence microscopy. Finally, the genes coding for the key mediators of the calcium signaling: RyR1, RyR2 RyR3, (ryanodine receptors), TRPV4 (transient receptor potential channel), SERCA1, SERCA2 (Sarco / Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2 + -ATPase) and IP3R1 , 5-Trisphosphate Receptor) in various vascular and skeletal tissues were studied at the molecular level as mRNA by Q-PCR or as protein by Western Blot.Our results show that IH induces a significant increase in blood pressure and hematocrit and a decrease in acetylcholine-induced aortic relaxation pre-contracted with phenylnephrine. This was consistent with our observation that HI increases the level of intracellular calcium in cultured aortic smooth muscle. On the other hand, IT induced a significant decrease in hematocrit and aortic vasoconstriction induced by phenylnephrine and endothelial-1, consistant with the observation that IT reduces the IH-N difference in the calcium response. On the molecular scale, IH induces a significant increase in the expression of RyR1, RyR2, RyR3, SERCA1, SERCA2, TRPV4 and IP3R1 at the mRNA level in the tissues of all groups with a greater amount of RyR1,RyR2,& RyR3 higher in IH tissue of smooth muscles (mainly in the thoracic and abdominal aorta) and SERCA1 (9-fold higher in IH tissues) and SERCA2 (10-fold higher in IH tissues) in the skeletal muscles (Gastrocnemius, plantaris and soléus). In addition, IH induces a significant increase in RYR1, RYR2 and TRPV4 at the protein level in the thoracic and abdominal aorta; And IT reduces the difference in expression between animals N and IH.Our results suggest that IT is a promising, non-pharmacological or complementary treatment for limiting cardiovascular complications induced by IH and muscle remodeling in patients with OSAS.

The diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of evaluating the degradation of mechanical resistance of non-air-entrained concrete in the structure by frost cycles. The first part is focused on concrete, its resistance and test methods. This is followed by the definition of frost resistance, the effects of freeze-thaw on concrete at all stages of its service life and the possibilities of determining freeze-thaw resistance according to current standards. It describes in more detail selected test methods for determining frost resistance. In the practical part, it focuses on the determination of degradation resistance of test specimens made in molds and taken from the structure using reference and non-reference methods. In conclusion, it compares the different test methods and their suitability for the determination of freeze-thaw resistance.

The modulus of elasticity is one of the basic characteristics of concrete defining elastic deformation of concrete and it plays a significant role in the static design of structures. Due to current trends in concrete technology, offering a wide variability in the proposals of the composition of concrete, there are changes not only in strength characteristics but also in the modulus of elasticity of concrete. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to study the dependence of different compositions on modulus of elasticity of concrete. Design of concrete composition is prepared with respect to the use of different types of cement, mineral admixtures, types and fractions of aggregates. The work is mainly focused on the determination of static modulus of elasticity in compression with the addition of dynamic modules. In the first phase determined modulus of elasticity are compared with tabulated values according to Eurocode 2, which are derived for the specific strength class of concrete. Part of this work is the compilation of the main technological aspects of concrete which can favorably affect the modulus of elasticity.

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No description available.

This thesis investigates the numerical simulation of three-dimensional, mechanical deformation problems in the context of large deformations. The main focus lies on the prediction of non-linearly elastic, incompressible material. Based on the equilibrium of forces, we present the weak formulation of the large deformation problem. The discrete version can be derived by using linearisation techniques and an adaptive mixed finite element method. This problem turns out to be a saddle point problem that can, among other methods, be solved via the Bramble-Pasciak conjugate gradient method or the minimal residual algorithm. With some modifications the resulting simulation can be improved but we also address remaining limitations. Some numerical examples show the capability of the final FEM software. In addition, we briefly discuss the special case of linear elasticity with small deformations. Here we directly derive a linear weak formulation with a saddle point structure and apply the adaptive mixed finite element method. It is shown that the presented findings can also be used to treat the nearly incompressible case.

Many problems in continuum mechanics, especially in the theory of elastic materials, lead to nonlinear partial differential equations. The nonconvexity of their underlying energy potential is a challenge for mathematical analysis, since convexity plays an important role in the classical theories of existence and regularity. In the last years one main point of interest was to develop techniques to circumvent these difficulties. One approach was to use different notions of convexity like quasi-- or polyconvexity, but most of the work was done only for static (time independent) equations. In this thesis we want to make some contributions concerning existence, regularity and numerical approximation of nonconvex dynamical problems.

Product pricing is an always present issue and there are a number of different traditional pricing strategies that can be applied depending on the situation. With an increasing amount of available data, as well as new improved methods to take advantage of this information, companies are presented with the opportunity to become more data driven in their decision making. The aim of this this thesis is to examine the possibilities of using statistical machine learning methods, more specifically neural networks, to predict what effect price changes have on sales numbers, and to identify what features are of importance when making these predictions. This would allow us to use a more data driven pricing strategy. The work is done in collaboration with Kjell \& Company, a Swedish consumer electronics retailer.  The results of this thesis shows that no predictions regarding sales can be done with any meaningful accuracy using the limited features available at the time of this thesis. More work has to be done in order to identify and quantify more value contributing features. Due to the limitations of the results presented here, no conclusions can be made regarding applying neural networks for these types of problems in general, based on the results of this report. However, the author still believes that it is a promising area of research, and that with a greater domain knowledge, interesting results could be achieved using similar methods. / Prissättning är ett alltid närvarande problem, och det finns ett antal olika traditionella strategier för prissättning som kan användas beroende på situationen. I samband med att mer och mer data blir tillgänglig, samt att nya metoder som kan användas för att ta tillvara på informationen läggs fram, presenteras företag med möjligheter att bli mer datadrivna i sitt beslutsfattande. Syftet med den här rapporten är att undersöka möjligheterna att använda statiska maskininlärningsmetoder, specifikt neurala nätverk, för att förutsäga vilken påverkan prisändringar har på försäljning samt vilka faktorer som är viktiga för att kunna göra dessa förutsägningar. Detta skulle innebära att man kan en mer datadriven prisstrategi. Arbetet görs i sammarbete med Kjell \& Company, en svensk butikskedja med fokus på hemelektronik. Resultaten av det här projektet tyder inte på det går att göra förutsägningar med någon meningsfull noggrannhet med den data som var tillgänglig. Mer arbete måste göras för att identifiera och kvantifiera nya parametrar, föreslagsvis parametrar med större koppling till värdeskapande faktorer. Baserat på de begränsade resultaten från detta arbete, går det inte att dra några slutsatser angående användandet av neurala nätverk i denna typ av problem i allmänhet. Dock anser författaren att det är ett lovande område med stora möjligheter, och att man med bättre domänkunskap borde kunna få fram intressanta resultat med liknande metoder.

[pt] O estudo faz uso de modelos reconhecidos e aplicados em estudos internacionais para o cálculo da elasticidade da demanda de passageiros, como: Log-Log, Modelo de Ajuste Parcial (PAM) e técnicas de Cointegração conjugadas com o Modelo de Correção de Erros (ECM). Para o cálculo da elasticidade da demanda de passageiros pagantes por ônibus na cidade do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2004 a 2014 foi utilizado o modelo Log-Log. A fim de distinguir a elasticidade de curto e longo prazo foram empregados e comparados os resultados dos seguintes modelos: Modelo de Ajuste Parcial (PAM) e técnicas de Cointegração conjugadas com o Modelo de Correção de Erros (ECM). O estudo sugere que os fatores mais influentes na demanda de passageiros por ônibus na cidade do Rio de Janeiro são: Produto Interno Bruto, Tarifa e Número de Viagens realizadas pela frota. Como conclusão pode-se afirmar que há pouca distinção em termos de resultados quando se compara os modelos aplicados, exceto no caso do PIB, que apresentou demanda elástica e relação positiva no curto prazo para o modelo de ajuste parcial (PAM) e demanda inelástica e relação positiva usando o modelo de correção de erros (ECM). Tarifa apontou relação negativa para ambos os períodos, embora demanda inelástica para o curto prazo e elástica para o longo prazo. Por fim, Viagens realizadas pela frota exibiu relação positiva e inelástica para o curto e para o longo prazo. / [en] This study uses acknowledged models and which were applicable in international researches to figure up passenger demand elasticity, such as: Double Log, Partial Adjustment Model (PAM) and Cointegration techniques with Error Correction Model. In order to calculate the passenger demand elasticity by bus in the Rio de Janeiro s city from 2004 to 2014 was used Double Log. So as to distinguish short and long run elasticity was employed and compared the results of such models: Partial Adjustment Model (PAM) and Cointegration techniques with Error Correction Model (ECM). This study suggests that the most influential factors of passenger demand by bus in the Rio de Janeiro s city are: gross domestic product, bus fare and number of trips conducted by the fleet. As conclusion, we can claim that there is little distinction in terms of results when compares applied models, except for gross domestic product factor, which presented elastic demand and positive relation using Partial Adjustment Model (PAM) and inelastic demand and positive relation using Error Correction Model (ECM). Bus fare pointed a negative relation for both periods, although an inelastic demand for short run and an elastic demand for long run. Finally, number of trips conducted by the fleet exhibited positive relation and inelastic demand for short and long run.