Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis presents the development, experimentation and validation of a reliable and robust system to monitor the injector pulse generated by an Engine Control Module (ECM) and send the corresponding fueling quantity to the real-time computer in a closed loop Hardware In the Loop (HIL) bench. The system can be easily calibrated for different engine platforms as well. The fueling quantity that is being injected by the injectors is a crucial variable to run closed loop HIL simulation to carry out the performance testing of engine, aftertreatment and other components of the vehicle. This research utilized Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) and Direct Memory Access (DMA) transfer capability offered by National Instruments (NI) Compact Reconfigurable Input-Output (cRIO) to achieve high speed data acquisition and delivery. The research was conducted in three stages. The first stage was to develop the HIL bench for the research. The second stage was to determine the performance of the system with different threshold methods and different sampling speeds necessary to satisfy the required accuracy of the fueling quantity being monitored. The third stage was to study the error and its variability involved in the injected fueling quantity from pulse to pulse, from injector to injector, between real injector stators and cheaper inductor load cells emulating the injectors, over different operating conditions with full factorial design of experimentation and mixed model Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). Different thresholds were experimented to find out the best thresholds, the Start of Injection (SOI) threshold and the End of Injection (EOI) threshold that captured the injector “ontime” with best reliability and accuracy. Experimentation has been carried out at various data acquisition rates to find out the optimum speed of data sampling rate, trading off the accuracy of fueling quantity. The experimentation found out the expected error with a system with cheaper solution as well, so that, if a test application is not sensitive to error in fueling quantity, a cheaper solution with lower sampling rate and inductors as load cells can be used. The statistical analysis was carried out at highest available sampling rate on both injectors and inductors with the best threshold method found in previous studies. The result clearly shows the factors that affect the error and the variability in the standard deviations in error; it also shows the relation with the fixed and random factors. The real-time application developed for the HIL bench is capable of monitoring the injector waveform, using any fueling ontime table corresponding to the platform being tested, and delivering the fueling quantity in real-time. The test bench made for this research is also capable of studying injectors of different types with the automated test sequence, without occupying the resource of fully capable closed loop test benches for testing the ECM unctionality.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis focuses on optimization of wind power tracking control systems in order to capture maximum wind power for the generation system. In this work, a mathematical simulation model is developed for a variable speed wind turbine power generation system. The system consists a wind turbine with necessary transmission system, and a permanent magnet synchronous generator and its vector control system. A new fuzzy based hill climbing method for power tracking control is proposed and implemented to optimize the wind power for the system under various conditions. Two existing power tracking control methods, the tip speed ratio (TSR) control method and the speed sensorless control method are also implemented with the wind power system. The computer simulations with a 5 KW wind power generation system are performed. The results from the proposed control method are compared with those obtained using the two existing methods. It is illustrated that the proposed method generally outperforms the two existing methods, especially when the operating point is far away from the maximum point. The proposed control method also has similar stable characteristic when the operating point is close to the peak point in comparison with the existing methods. The proposed fuzzy control method is computationally efficient and can be easily implemented in real-time.

Orientador: Sérgio Kurokawa / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de representação de sistemas de aterramento elétrico diretamente no domínio do tempo, tendo como vantagem os benefícios da modelagem realizada no domínio da frequência, com os resultados fornecidos diretamente no domínio do tempo, sem passar por transformadas inversas (Laplace ou Fourier). Os modelos no domínio do tempo são facilmente inseridos nos softwares convencionais de análise transitória, onde as tensões e correntes são melhor compreendidas. A maior contribuição deste trabalho está no desenvolvimento de uma técnica capaz de representar o aterramento com elementos discretos e positivos de circuitos (resistores-R, capacitores-C e indutores-L). Assim, o circuito equivalente representativo do aterramento será sempre um circuito possível de ser implementado fisicamente. Nesta proposta o aterramento é inicialmente modelado no domínio da frequência, sua impedância harmônica é obtida e representada por meio de elementos discretos de circuitos (RLC) associados em série e/ou paralelo. Aterramentos constituídos por um eletrodo horizontal ou uma haste vertical foram representados por meio de aproximação usando o método dos mínimos quadrados (vector fitting), que permite obter a função racional equivalente à admitância do aterramento, a partir da qual são extraídos os ramos de circuitos e consequentemente o circuito equivalente. Apesar de ser possível representar uma infinidade de aterramentos, dependendo do comprimento e diâmetro do eletrodo/ha... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Submitted by CLAUDINER MENDES DE SEIXAS null (claudiner2010@gmail.com) on 2017-10-21T02:06:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Claudiner_seixas_ac_dr_ilha.pdf: 3441885 bytes, checksum: 9e1f3e2ff82a0a8220457c535d4cea55 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-10-26T14:27:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 seixas_cm_dr_ilha.pdf: 3441885 bytes, checksum: 9e1f3e2ff82a0a8220457c535d4cea55 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-26T14:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 seixas_cm_dr_ilha.pdf: 3441885 bytes, checksum: 9e1f3e2ff82a0a8220457c535d4cea55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de representação de sistemas de aterramento elétrico diretamente no domínio do tempo, tendo como vantagem os benefícios da modelagem realizada no domínio da frequência, com os resultados fornecidos diretamente no domínio do tempo, sem passar por transformadas inversas (Laplace ou Fourier). Os modelos no domínio do tempo são facilmente inseridos nos softwares convencionais de análise transitória, onde as tensões e correntes são melhor compreendidas. A maior contribuição deste trabalho está no desenvolvimento de uma técnica capaz de representar o aterramento com elementos discretos e positivos de circuitos (resistores-R, capacitores-C e indutores-L). Assim, o circuito equivalente representativo do aterramento será sempre um circuito possível de ser implementado fisicamente. Nesta proposta o aterramento é inicialmente modelado no domínio da frequência, sua impedância harmônica é obtida e representada por meio de elementos discretos de circuitos (RLC) associados em série e/ou paralelo. Aterramentos constituídos por um eletrodo horizontal ou uma haste vertical foram representados por meio de aproximação usando o método dos mínimos quadrados (vector fitting), que permite obter a função racional equivalente à admitância do aterramento, a partir da qual são extraídos os ramos de circuitos e consequentemente o circuito equivalente. Apesar de ser possível representar uma infinidade de aterramentos, dependendo do comprimento e diâmetro do eletrodo/haste combinado com determinadas resistividade e permissividade elétricas do solo, esse método pode não garantir que todos os elementos RLC sejam positivos. Por isso foi desenvolvido uma nova técnica e testada em aplicações com configurações de aterramento mais complexas (malhas). Essa técnica fornece resultados precisos e garante que todos os elementos RLC serão positivos. Sua validação foi realizada comparando os resultados propostos com os resultados obtidos pelo modelo de linha de transmissão (no caso de eletrodo/haste) e pelo modelo eletromagnético híbrido HEM (no caso das malhas). Essa técnica permite o uso de qualquer modelo capaz de fornecer a impedância harmônica, podendo ser aplicada a configurações genéricas de aterramento, o que a torna muito versátil e atrativa. / This work presents a proposal to represent of electrical grounding systems directly in time domain, taking into account the benefits in frequency domain modelling, without employing inverse Laplace or Fourier transforms. The time domain models are easily inserted in conventional electromagnetic transient software, where voltages and currents are better understood. The main contribution of this work is the development of a technique that can represent grounding by discrete and positive circuits elements (R-resistors, C-capacitors and L-inductors). The representation of the grounding is an electric circuit, possible to be implemented physically. Grounding systems is initially modelled in the frequency domain, where its harmonic impedance is obtained and then represented by elements of circuit (RLC) made in series and/or parallel association. Grounding systems constituted by a horizontal electrode or a vertical rod were represented by means of an approximation using the method of the least squares (vector fitting). It reproduces the rational function equivalent to the admittance of the grounding, which branches of circuits are extracted, forming an equivalent circuit. Although it is possible to represent an infinity of groundings, depending on the length and diameter of the electrode / rod combined with certain electrical resistivity and permittivity of the soil, this technique may not guarantee that all RLC elements are positive. However, a new technique was developed and tested in more complex grounding systems (grids). This technique provides accurate results and ensures that all RLC elements will be positive. Its validation was performed comparing the proposed results with the results obtained by the TLM (Transmission Line Model) employed for the horizontal electrodes and vertical rods and by the HEM (Hybrid Electromagnetic Model) employed for grounding grids. This technique allows the use of any model capable of providing harmonic impedance, and can be applied to generic ground configurations, making it very attractive to electromagnetics transient analyses.

FUMDES/UNIEDU; FITEJ; / Este trabalho apresenta a concepção de estruturas eletrônicas que podem ser utilizadas para a leitura de tensão e de corrente em conversores estáticos de energia, chaveados ou não, que trabalham em frequências superiores a 100 kHz, em especial as frequências eletrocirúrgicas (300 kHz..5 MHz). Além das estruturas de leitura, também a potência instantânea e a potência ativa são determinadas de forma analógica, possibilitando o futuro desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle da potência ativa de saída de um equipamento eletrocirúrgico. O objetivo é apresentar uma estrutura cuja reatância seja desprezível na faixa de frequências considerada, ou cujo efeito possa ser compensado, possibilitando a criação de circuitos amostradores de sinais complexos, de alta frequência, com um baixo custo de implementação, e usar estas amostras para determinar a potência ativa entregue. Um breve estudo das características reais dos resistores axiais de sinal (resistores com corpo cilíndrico, revestido por um filme de carbono ou filme metálico e com fixação por terminais através de furos na placa de circuito impresso, do inglês Pin Through Hole - PTH), de superfície (Surface Mounted Device - SMD) e resistores de potência de fio também é apresentado. Em seguida, dois modelos simplificados, porém realísticos, são apresentados, sendo um para resistências inferiores a 100 Ohms (Ω) e outro para resistências superiores a 100 Ω. Na sequência, um sistema analógico que realiza a amostragem dos sinais de tensão e de corrente de saída é proposto, bem como um sistema que determina a potência ativa em tempo real. Cada sistema é desenvolvido e testado individualmente, sendo que os resultados validados de um estágio são utilizados para aferir a eficácia do estágio subsequente. Ao final, o conjunto é testado, por meio de uma sequência de ensaios, cujos resultados são analisados e as considerações acerca do sistema como um todo são apresentadas, enfatizando que o erro máximo no cálculo da potência ativa ficou abaixo de 20%, como exige a norma NBR IEC 60601-2-2, assim como o baixo custo de implementação foi alcançado. Por fim, estes resultados mostram uma maneira viável de implementar um sistema de medição de potência ativa para saídas de equipamentos eletrocirúrgicos. / This work presents the design of electronic structures that can be used for voltage and current probing in static power converters, switched or not, which work at frequencies above 100 kHz, in particular electrosurgical frequencies (300 kHz..5 MHz). In addition, also the instantaneous power and the active power are determined analogically, allowing the development of a control system that stabilizes active output power of an electrosurgical unit. The purpose of this work is to find a structure with neglectable reactance in the frequency band considered, or compensate them, creating low cost sampler circuits for complex high frequency signals. A brief study of Pin Through Holes (PTH) signal resistors, Surface Mounted Devices (SMD) signal resistor, and power wire resistors above 100 Ω characteristics is presented. Two realistic simplified models are proposed. One for signal resistances lower than 100 Ω and power wire resistors lower than 100 Ω. Another one for signal resistance greater than 100 Ω. Further, an analog system for reading the output voltage and current are proposed as well as one for real time active power determination. Each system is individually designed and tested. Validated results of one stage are used to assess the effectiveness of the subsequent stage. In the end, the full circuit is tested, and the results are analyzed demonstrating that a lower than 20% error is achieved as well as the low implementation cost. Finally, these results show a way to implement an active power measurement system for electrosurgical units that is unprecedented up to now.

FUMDES/UNIEDU; FITEJ; / Este trabalho apresenta a concepção de estruturas eletrônicas que podem ser utilizadas para a leitura de tensão e de corrente em conversores estáticos de energia, chaveados ou não, que trabalham em frequências superiores a 100 kHz, em especial as frequências eletrocirúrgicas (300 kHz..5 MHz). Além das estruturas de leitura, também a potência instantânea e a potência ativa são determinadas de forma analógica, possibilitando o futuro desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle da potência ativa de saída de um equipamento eletrocirúrgico. O objetivo é apresentar uma estrutura cuja reatância seja desprezível na faixa de frequências considerada, ou cujo efeito possa ser compensado, possibilitando a criação de circuitos amostradores de sinais complexos, de alta frequência, com um baixo custo de implementação, e usar estas amostras para determinar a potência ativa entregue. Um breve estudo das características reais dos resistores axiais de sinal (resistores com corpo cilíndrico, revestido por um filme de carbono ou filme metálico e com fixação por terminais através de furos na placa de circuito impresso, do inglês Pin Through Hole - PTH), de superfície (Surface Mounted Device - SMD) e resistores de potência de fio também é apresentado. Em seguida, dois modelos simplificados, porém realísticos, são apresentados, sendo um para resistências inferiores a 100 Ohms (Ω) e outro para resistências superiores a 100 Ω. Na sequência, um sistema analógico que realiza a amostragem dos sinais de tensão e de corrente de saída é proposto, bem como um sistema que determina a potência ativa em tempo real. Cada sistema é desenvolvido e testado individualmente, sendo que os resultados validados de um estágio são utilizados para aferir a eficácia do estágio subsequente. Ao final, o conjunto é testado, por meio de uma sequência de ensaios, cujos resultados são analisados e as considerações acerca do sistema como um todo são apresentadas, enfatizando que o erro máximo no cálculo da potência ativa ficou abaixo de 20%, como exige a norma NBR IEC 60601-2-2, assim como o baixo custo de implementação foi alcançado. Por fim, estes resultados mostram uma maneira viável de implementar um sistema de medição de potência ativa para saídas de equipamentos eletrocirúrgicos. / This work presents the design of electronic structures that can be used for voltage and current probing in static power converters, switched or not, which work at frequencies above 100 kHz, in particular electrosurgical frequencies (300 kHz..5 MHz). In addition, also the instantaneous power and the active power are determined analogically, allowing the development of a control system that stabilizes active output power of an electrosurgical unit. The purpose of this work is to find a structure with neglectable reactance in the frequency band considered, or compensate them, creating low cost sampler circuits for complex high frequency signals. A brief study of Pin Through Holes (PTH) signal resistors, Surface Mounted Devices (SMD) signal resistor, and power wire resistors above 100 Ω characteristics is presented. Two realistic simplified models are proposed. One for signal resistances lower than 100 Ω and power wire resistors lower than 100 Ω. Another one for signal resistance greater than 100 Ω. Further, an analog system for reading the output voltage and current are proposed as well as one for real time active power determination. Each system is individually designed and tested. Validated results of one stage are used to assess the effectiveness of the subsequent stage. In the end, the full circuit is tested, and the results are analyzed demonstrating that a lower than 20% error is achieved as well as the low implementation cost. Finally, these results show a way to implement an active power measurement system for electrosurgical units that is unprecedented up to now.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis proposes a family of non-isolated bidirectional converter in order to interface dc and ac variables. Such power electronics solutions guarantee: (i) bidirectional power flow between dc and ac converter sides, (ii) independent control in both converter sides, (iii) high level of integration with a reduction of one power switch and its drive circuits, (iv) implementation of two functions by using a unique power conversion stage and (v) reduction of the capacitor losses. Despite proposing new power converter solutions, this thesis presents an analysis of the converters in terms of pulse-width-modulation (PWM) strategy, dc-link capacitor variables, and suitable a control approach. Solutions for single-phase, three-phase and three-phase four-wire systems are proposed by employing a converter leg with three switches. A possible application of this converter is in Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems and interfacing dc microgrid with a utility grid. In addition to the new power electronics converters proposed in this thesis, an experimental setup has been developed for validation of the simulated outcomes. The proof-of-concept experimental setup is constituted by: DSP, Drivers & Integrating Board, Power Supply and, Power Converter & Heat-Sink .

Diese Arbeit widmet sich der Simulation von elektrischen/elektronischen Schaltungen welche um elektromagnetische Bauelemente erweitert werden. Im Fokus stehen unterschiedliche Kopplungen der Schaltungsgleichungen, modelliert mit der modifizierten Knotenanalyse, und den elektromagnetischen Bauelementen mit deren verfeinerten Modell basierend auf den vollen Maxwell-Gleichungen in der Lorenz-geeichten A-V Formulierung welche durch Finite-Integrations-Technik räumlich diskretisiert werden. Eine numerische Analyse erweitert die topologischen Kriterien für den Index der resultierenden differential-algebraischen Gleichungen, wie sie bereits in anderen Arbeiten mit ähnlichen Feld/Schaltkreis-Kopplungen hergeleitet wurden. Für die Simulation werden sowohl ein monolithischer Ansatz als auch Waveform-Relaxationsmethoden untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei Zeitintegration, Skalierungsmethoden, strukturelle Eigenschaften und ein hybride Ansatz zur Lösung der zugrundeliegenden linearen Gleichungssysteme welcher den Einsatz spezialisierter Löser für die jeweiligen Teilsysteme erlaubt. Da die vollen Maxwell-Gleichungen zusätzliche Ableitungen in der Kopplungsstruktur verursachen, sind bisher existierende Konvergenzaussagen für die Waveform-Relaxation von gekoppelten differential-algebraischen Gleichungen nicht anwendbar und motivieren eine neue Konvergenzanalyse. Auf dieser Analyse aufbauend werden hinreichende topologische Kriterien entwickelt, welche eine Konvergenz von Gauß-Seidel- und Jacobi-artigen Waveform-Relaxationen für die gekoppelten Systeme garantieren. Schließlich werden numerische Benchmarks zur Verfügung gestellt, um die eingeführten Methoden und Theoreme dieser Abhandlung zu unterstützen. / This work is devoted to the simulation of electrical/electronic circuits incorporating electromagnetic devices. The focus is on different couplings of the circuit equations, modeled with the modified nodal analysis, and the electromagnetic devices with their refined model based on full-wave Maxwell's equations in Lorenz gauged A-V formulation which are spatially discretized by the finite integration technique. A numerical analysis extends the topological criteria for the index of the resulting differential-algebraic equations, as already derived in other works with similar field/circuit couplings. For the simulation, both a monolithic approach and waveform relaxation methods are investigated. The focus is on time integration, scaling methods, structural properties and a hybrid approach to solve the underlying linear systems of equations with the use of specialized solvers for the respective subsystems. Since the full-Maxwell approach causes additional derivatives in the coupling structure, previously existing convergence statements for the waveform relaxation of coupled differential-algebraic equations are not applicable and motivate a new convergence analysis. Based on this analysis, sufficient topological criteria are developed which guarantee convergence of Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi type waveform relaxation schemes for introduced coupled systems. Finally, numerical benchmarks are provided to support the introduced methods and theorems of this treatise.

The purpose of the study is to explore teacher’s classroom practices when teaching electric circuits in a grade 12 classroom. This qualitative interpretive study involves three participants who perceive electric circuits to be a difficult topic to teach in the Tshwane west district, Gauteng Province. The study uses the Classroom Practice Diagnostic framework to present and analyse results. Pseudonyms are used to protect the identities of the participants. The study reveals that teachers’ classroom practices differ from one participant to the other, despite the same perception that electric circuits is a difficult topic to teach. / Ndivho khulwane ya ngundo/Tsedzusulo iyi ndi u bveledza na u tandavhudza mugudisi kha ngudo dza kilaŝini musi a tshi gudisa sekhethe dza mudagasi kha gireidi ya 12(ya vhufumbili) kilasini. Nyangaredzo ya thaluso ya ngudo I katela vhashelamulenzhe vhararu vhane vha vhona sekhete dza mudagasi dzi tshi konda kha Tshitiriki tsha Tswane Vhubhaduvha; na kha vunda la Gauteng. Ngudo iyi I shuma u ita tsedzuluso u itela u netshedza na u ita tsedzuluso yo dzhenelelaho ya mvelelo. Madzina o dzumbamiswaho o shumisa u nwala muvhigo u tsereledza vhashelamuledhe vha ngudo iyi. Tsedzuluso yo dzumbulula uri zwine vhagudisi vha ita kilasini zwi fhambana u bva kha munwe mudededzi uya kha munwe; nga nnda ha ndavhelelo ya uri ngudo ya sekethe ya mudagasi I a konda u funza. / Maikaelelo a serutwa se ke go katisa morutabana gore a nne le bokgone jwa go ruta sekete ya motlakase ka mo phaposing ya gagwe ya materiki. Ka kakaretso tlhaloso ya serutwa se sa sekete ya motlakase se akaretsa batsaya karolo ba ba raro ba ba reng serutwa se se thata, mme ba tswa kwa Tshwane West le kwa Porofenseng ya Gauteng. Serutwa se se dirisiwa go dira dipatlisiso le go neela dipatlisiso tse di tseneletseng tsa dipholo tsa batsaya karolo. Mo dipatlisisong tse go dirisitswe maina a a bofitlha go sireletsa batsaya karolo ba patlisiso e. Serutwa se kgotsa patliso e,e re lemosa gore se barutabana ba se dirang mo phaposing se a farologana go tswa go morutabana mongwe le mongwe, ka ntlha ya gore serutwa sa sekete ya motlase se thata. / Science and Technology Education / M. Ed. (Specialisation in Natural Science Education)

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This research proposes state-of-the-art multilevel converter topologies and their modulation strategies, the implementation of a conventional flying-capacitor converter topology up to four-level, and a new four-level flying-capacitor H-Bridge converter confi guration. The three phase version of this proposed four-level flying-capacitor H-Bridge converter is given as well in this study. The highlighted advantages of the proposed converter are as following: (1) the same blocking voltage for all switches employed in the con figuration, (2) no capacitor midpoint connection is needed, (3) reduced number of passive elements as compared to the conventional solution, (4) reduced total dc source value by comparison with the conventional topology. The proposed four-level capacitor-clamped H-Bridge converter can be utilized as a multilevel inverter application in an electri fied railway system, or in hybrid electric vehicles. In addition to the implementation of the proposed topology in this research, its experimental setup has been designed to validate the simulation results of the given converter topologies.