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Trijų Lietuvoje sutinkamų nėgių: mažosios nėgės (Lampetra planeri), upinės nėgės (Lampetra fluviatilis) ir jūrinės nėgės (Petromyzon marinus) vingilių pasiskirstymo ir tankumo tyrimai buvo vykdyti Vakarų ir Rytų Lietuvos upėse, į kurias nėgės dažniausiai migruoja neršti. Tyrimai buvo atlikti Minijos, Danės–Akmenos, Merkio, Žeimenos ir Šventosios upės baseinuose (pabaseiniuose) 2007 09 13 d. – 2010 04 11 d. Nėgės buvo tirtos 67 iš anksto pasirinktose stotyse. Kadangi nėgių vingiliai yra bentosiniai gyvūnai, tad jų kiekio įvertinimas mėginyje buvo atliekamas hidrobiologiniu metodu: individų skaičiumi kvadratiniame metre. Mėginiai pneumatiniu ir bentosiniu semtuvais imti optimaliuose arba suboptimaliuose biotopuose. Vingiliai buvo aptikti 50 stočių. Visi grunte rasti vingiliai prieš juos skaičiuojant ir matuojant buvo anestezuojami 3-4 % dietilo eterio tirpalu, o vėliau paleidžiami atgal į tą patį biotopą. Vingiliai buvo identifikuoti kaip Lampetra spp. ar P. marinus rūšies individai pagal 2003 m. R.Gardiner sukurtą raktą. Iš viso buvo sugauti 848 Lampetra spp. vingiliai, 1 L. fluviatilis vingilis su prasidėjusia metamofoze ir 6 L. planeri suaugėliai. Tyrimų metu buvo sugautas tik 1 P. marinus vingilis. Vingilių tankumas stotyse svyravo nuo 0 ind./m2 iki 54,3 ind./m2. Aukščiausias tankumas nustatytas Mišupės upėje, Minijos pabaseinyje, tačiau toks didelis tankumas nustatytas tik šioje upėje. Lyginant surinktus duomenis su ankstesnių vingilių tyrimų duomenimis, pastebimas smarkus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / A survey for the presence and abundance of brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri), river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) ammocoetes were conducted in West and East Lithuania rivers, which are mainly chosen for lampreys to spawn. The research was carried out in Minija, Danė–Akmena, Merkys, Žeimena and Šventoji River basins during 2007 09 013 – 2010 04 11 period. Lampreys were surveyed at 67 pre-selected sites. Ammocoetes habitat was present at each site and full quantitative sampling was undertaken using a 1m2 quadrant and the density estimated by scooping out substrate. All lampreys encountered were retained and examined under anaesthesia (3-4% diethyl ether water solution) prior to being returned to the water unharmed. Ammocoetes were examined and identified as either Lampetra spp. or P. marinus (Gardiner, 2003). A total of 848 Lampetra spp. ammocoetes, 1 transformer of L. fluviatilis and 6 L. planeri adults were sampled from the 50 sites. As well 1 P. marinus ammocoete occurred in samples. The mean densities of sites ranged from 0 m–2 to 54,3 m–2. The highest density occurred at River Mišupė, in the River Minija basin, although this was a single case with such a high density. Overall comparing ammocoetes densities with the available data from former studies a huge decline in ammocoetes density is observed during 4 decades (from 15 to 30 times). This is mainly the impact of increasing environmental pressure on rivers such as dam construction... [to full text]

A probe for measuring the specific heat of superconductors at low temperatures and in high magnetic fields has been built and commissioned. The probe has been tested using the relaxation method on samples of copper and the accuracy of the data is 1.3 % between 5 K and 30 K, data taken using the long range pulse method has a resolution of 10 mK. Specific heat measurements have been performed on members of the series (Pb(_1)-(_x))Cu(_1.8x)Mo(_6)S(_8), (Sn(_1-x))Eu(_x)Mo(_6)S(_8) and (Pb(_1-x)M(_x))Mo(_6)S(_8) where M = Gd and Eu, from 3 K up to 30 K and in magnetic fields up to 15 T. Additional results from resistivity, susceptibility, magnetisation. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and electron dispersive-ray measurements are also presented. These data have been compared to results from other authors and are analysed in terms of the BCS and GLAG theories of superconductivity and the magnetic properties of these materials. The mean field model has been used to calculate numerically the magnetic contribution to the specific heat (cm) of both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems as a function of temperature and applied field both above and below the ordering temperature. In addition an approximate analytic form for the magnetisation has been used to calculate Cm above the ordering temperature. Expressions have been derived for the saturation value of the peak in C(_m): C(^sat)(_m) = 1.1245n(_cell)RJI(J+1) and the temperature dependence of the peak with applied field ȡ(μ(_o)H(_ext))/ȡT(_peak)=6.540/g(_J)(J+1). They allow the simple calculation of the values of J and g(_J)(J + 1) from specific heat data. The magnetic contribution to the specific heat of the samples (Sn(_0.65)Eu(0.35)Mo(_6)S(_8)) and (Sn(0.50)Eu(_0.50)Mo(_6)S(_8)) have been modelled using these calculations and excellent agreement is found by considering the magnetic ions as free ions. The sample is accurately modelled by including an additional minority phase (Gd(_2)S(_3)). The approximate expressions have also been used to analyse data on high temperature superconductors producing values of J and g(_J)}{J + 1) consistent with a doublet ground state. The properties of Chevrel phase materials have been determined as a function of doping level. The critical temperature is degraded by doping but an increase in the critical current density is observed in the series (Pb(_1-x)Cu(_1-8x)Mo(_6)S(_8) for very low levels of doping. Increases of up to 28 % in the upper critical field, that are probably due to the compensation effect and an increase in the normal state resistivity, are also observed in the series (Sn(_1-x)Eu(_x)Mo(_6)S(_8)) at high levels of doping and in the series (Pb(_1-x)Gd(_x)Mo(_6)s(_8) for low levels of doping.

This thesis deals with the development and application of Monte Carlo simulations to study electron transport in bulk GaN in the wurtzite crystal structure and the properties of field effect transistors made from the material. There is a particular emphasis on transport in the high electric field regime and transistors operating at high voltages. The simulation model includes five sets of non-parabolic conduction band valleys which can be occupied by electrons during high field transport. The effects on electron transport of impurities and the relevant phonon scattering mechanisms have been considered. Results for electron transport at both low and high electric field are presented and compared with the properties of GaN in the zincblende structure, of other group-III nitride semiconductors, and of GaAs. The dependence of the transport properties on the material parameters is discussed and also with regard to the temperature, donor concentration and electric field magnitude and direction. The transport properties of electrons in wurtzite GaN n+-i(n)-n+ diodes are also explored, including the effect of the upper valleys and the temperature on hot electron transport. Simulations have also been carried out to model the steady-state and transient properties of GaN MESFETs that have recently been the subject of experimental study. It has been suggested that traps have a substantial effect on the performance of GaN field effect transistors and we have developed a model of a device with traps to investigate this suggestion. The model includes the simulation of the capture and release of electrons by traps whose charge has a direct effect on the current flowing through the transistor terminals. The influence of temperature and light on the occupancy of the traps and the /- V characteristics are considered. It is concluded that traps are likely to play a substantial role in the behaviour of GaN field effect transistors. Further simulations were performed to model electron transport in AlGaN/GaN hetero-junction FETs. So called HFET structures with a 78 nm Alo.2Gao.8N pseudomorphically strained layer have been simulated, with the inclusion of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization effects in the strained layer. The polarization effects are shown to not only increase the current density, but also improve the electron transport by inducing a higher electron density close to the positive charge sheet that occurs in the channel.

Investiga-se a influência de diferentes tratamentos sobre o sistema alumínio com cobertura de óxido de alumínio. A anodização do alumínio em meio de ácido sulfúrico e meio misto de sulfúrico e fosfórico foi empregada para alterar a resistência à corrosão, a espessura, o grau de cobertura e a microdureza do óxido anódico; e a eletrodeposição de ferro no interior óxido anódico em meio de sulfato com tratamento químico de selagem com cério, para alterar a sua condutividade elétrica e a sua resistência à corrosão. Para a eletrodeposição de ferro aplicou-se corrente contínua e pulsada e diversificou-se a composição do eletrólito de Fe(SO4)2(NH4)2.6H2O, com a adição dos ácidos bórico e ascórbico e para o tratamento de selagem, variou-se a concentração do CeCl3. A espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios X (EDS), a fluorescência de raios X (FRX) e a análise morfológica por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) permitiram verificar que, a corrente pulsada eleva o teor de ferro na camada anódica e a presença dos aditivos inibe a oxidação do ferro. As curvas cronopotenciométricas obtidas durante a eletrodeposição de ferro indicaram que a mistura dos ácidos bórico e ascórbico aumentaram a eficiência do processo de eletrodeposição. A espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE), medidas de microdureza Vickers (H) e análise morfológica evidenciaram que o tratamento de selagem melhora a resistência à corrosão do filme óxido modificado com ferro. As medidas de impedância elétrica por duas pontas permitiram comprovar o aumento da condutividade elétrica do alumínio anodizado com ferro, mesmo após o tratamento com baixas concentrações de cério. Nanofios de ferro foram preparados utilizando os poros do óxido anódico como matriz. / The influence of different treatments on the aluminum system covered with aluminum oxide is investigated. The aluminum anodization in sulphuric media and in mixed sulphuric and phosphoric media was used to alter the corrosion resistance, thickness, coverage degree and microhardness of the anodic oxide. Iron electrodeposition inside the anodic oxide was used to change its electric conductivity and corrosion resistance. Direct and pulsed current were used for iron electrodeposition and the Fe(SO4)2(NH4)2.6H2O electrolyte composition was changed with the addition of boric and ascorbic acids. To the sealing treatment the CeCl3 composition was varied. The energy dispersive x-ray (EDS), the x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (FRX) and the morphologic analysis by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) allowed to verify that, the pulsed current increase the iron content inside the anodic layer and that the use of the additives inhibits the iron oxidation. The chronopotentiometric curves obtained during iron electrodeposition indicated that the boric and ascorbic acids mixture increased the electrodeposition process efficiency. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIE), the Vickers (H) microhardness measurements and morphologic analysis evidenced that the sealing treatment improves the corrosion resistance of the anodic film modified with iron. The electrical impedance (EI) technique allowed to prove the electric conductivity increase of the anodized aluminum with iron electrodeposited even after the cerium low concentration treatment. Iron nanowires were prepared by using the anodic oxide pores as template.

Tendo como vantagem a elevada resistência ao choque térmico da zircônia:magnésia e a alta condutividade iônica da zircônia:ítria, compósitos dessas cerâmicas foram preparados por meio da mistura, em diferentes concentrações, de eletrólitos sólidos de ZrO2: 8,6 mol% MgO e de ZrO2: 3 mol% Y2O3, compactação e sinterização. A caracterização microestrutural foi feita por meio de difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A análise do comportamento térmico foi feita por dilatometria. As propriedades elétricas foram estudadas por meio de espectroscopia de impedância. Foi feita uma montagem experimental para monitorar a resposta elétrica gerada em função do teor de oxigênio a altas temperaturas. Os principais resultados mostram que os compósitos cerâmicos são parcialmente estabilizados nas fases monoclínica, cúbica e tetragonal, e apresentam comportamento térmico similar ao apresentado por eletrólitos sólidos de zircônia:magnésia de dispositivos sensores de oxigênio. Além disso, os resultados de análise de espectroscopia de impedância mostram que a adição da zircônia:ítria melhora o comportamento elétrico da zircônia:magnésia, e que resposta elétrica gerada é dependente do teor de oxigênio a 1000 °C, mostrando ser possível construir sensores de oxigênio utilizando compósitos cerâmicos. / Taking advantage of the high thermal shock resistance of zirconia-magnesia ceramics and the high oxide ion conductivity of zirconia-yttria ceramics, composites of these ceramics were prepared by mixing, pressing and sintering different relative concentrations of ZrO2: 8.6 mol% MgO and ZrO2: 3mol% Y2O3 solid electrolytes. Microstructural analysis of the composites was carried out by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The thermal behavior was studied by dilatometric analysis. The electrical behavior was evaluated by the impedance spectroscopy technique. An experimental setup was designed for measurement the electrical signal generated as a function of the amount of oxygen at high temperatures. The main results show that these composites are partially stabilized (monoclinic, cubic and tetragonal) and the thermal behavior is similar to that of ZrO2: 8.6 mol% MgO materials used in disposable high temperature oxygen sensors. Moreover, the results of analysis of impedance spectroscopy show that the electrical conductivity of zirconia:magnesia is improved with zirconia-yttria addition and that the electrical signal depends on the amount of oxygen at 1000 °C, showing that the ceramic composites can be used in oxygen sensors.

Investiga-se a influência de diferentes tratamentos sobre o sistema alumínio com cobertura de óxido de alumínio. A anodização do alumínio em meio de ácido sulfúrico e meio misto de sulfúrico e fosfórico foi empregada para alterar a resistência à corrosão, a espessura, o grau de cobertura e a microdureza do óxido anódico; e a eletrodeposição de ferro no interior óxido anódico em meio de sulfato com tratamento químico de selagem com cério, para alterar a sua condutividade elétrica e a sua resistência à corrosão. Para a eletrodeposição de ferro aplicou-se corrente contínua e pulsada e diversificou-se a composição do eletrólito de Fe(SO4)2(NH4)2.6H2O, com a adição dos ácidos bórico e ascórbico e para o tratamento de selagem, variou-se a concentração do CeCl3. A espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios X (EDS), a fluorescência de raios X (FRX) e a análise morfológica por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) permitiram verificar que, a corrente pulsada eleva o teor de ferro na camada anódica e a presença dos aditivos inibe a oxidação do ferro. As curvas cronopotenciométricas obtidas durante a eletrodeposição de ferro indicaram que a mistura dos ácidos bórico e ascórbico aumentaram a eficiência do processo de eletrodeposição. A espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE), medidas de microdureza Vickers (H) e análise morfológica evidenciaram que o tratamento de selagem melhora a resistência à corrosão do filme óxido modificado com ferro. As medidas de impedância elétrica por duas pontas permitiram comprovar o aumento da condutividade elétrica do alumínio anodizado com ferro, mesmo após o tratamento com baixas concentrações de cério. Nanofios de ferro foram preparados utilizando os poros do óxido anódico como matriz. / The influence of different treatments on the aluminum system covered with aluminum oxide is investigated. The aluminum anodization in sulphuric media and in mixed sulphuric and phosphoric media was used to alter the corrosion resistance, thickness, coverage degree and microhardness of the anodic oxide. Iron electrodeposition inside the anodic oxide was used to change its electric conductivity and corrosion resistance. Direct and pulsed current were used for iron electrodeposition and the Fe(SO4)2(NH4)2.6H2O electrolyte composition was changed with the addition of boric and ascorbic acids. To the sealing treatment the CeCl3 composition was varied. The energy dispersive x-ray (EDS), the x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (FRX) and the morphologic analysis by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) allowed to verify that, the pulsed current increase the iron content inside the anodic layer and that the use of the additives inhibits the iron oxidation. The chronopotentiometric curves obtained during iron electrodeposition indicated that the boric and ascorbic acids mixture increased the electrodeposition process efficiency. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIE), the Vickers (H) microhardness measurements and morphologic analysis evidenced that the sealing treatment improves the corrosion resistance of the anodic film modified with iron. The electrical impedance (EI) technique allowed to prove the electric conductivity increase of the anodized aluminum with iron electrodeposited even after the cerium low concentration treatment. Iron nanowires were prepared by using the anodic oxide pores as template.