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South African electricity tariffs were relatively low compared to the rest of the world. The average South African business has for long taken this advantage for granted and is now surprised to realise that electricity is becoming an expensive and scarce commodity. The South African electricity supply industry is far more complex than the average person may think. The infrastructure supporting this industry is extremely costly; takes long to develop and build and requires careful planning and management. There are many sources of energy and many technologies for generating electricity. However, many of these do not appear quite ready to serve the needs of the industry. The manufacturing industry depends heavily on electricity. The recent power outages and tariff increases have served as a cruel reminder of this fact. The automotive sector has lost many days of production and the increasing electricity costs erode the profitability of the affected companies. The automotive suppliers and vehicle manufacturers have expressed their concerns. Indications are that some have reduced the number of employees and may even face bankruptcy. This research aims to gain the perspective of senior managers in the automotive industry regarding the impact of the increased electricity tariffs on their manufacturing costs. Naturally, all electricity consumers will be affected by this. However, this research aims to investigate the significance of the effect on the automotive industry as well as obtain some indication of which factors determine the level of dependency. Each company has to react strategically to the situation and apply those measures which are available to them. This research determines how strongly the industry feels about reacting and which strategic measures they will apply. The outcome is descriptive of the circumstances in the industry and indisputably serves as an indication of the financial impact of electricity tariff increases.

by Auyang Wai Keung. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-59). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / PREFACE --- p.vii / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Background of Electric Power Industry --- p.2 / History of Utilities Pricing --- p.4 / Peak-load Pricing --- p.5 / "Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution" --- p.6 / Form of Power Generation and Their Cost Structure --- p.7 / Nuclear Power --- p.7 / Hydropower --- p.8 / Thermal Power --- p.9 / Load Curve Analysis --- p.11 / Summary --- p.12 / Chapter II --- METHODOLOGY --- p.14 / Chapter III --- EFFICIENCY PRICING --- p.15 / Assumption of the Study --- p.15 / Overview of Natural Monopoly --- p.15 / Marginal Cost Pricing with Subsidization --- p.17 / Deviate from Marginal Cost Pricing --- p.18 / Efficiency Pricing Using Linear Pricing --- p.18 / Ramsey Pricing --- p.19 / Efficiency Pricing Using Nonlinear Pricing --- p.23 / Uniform Two-part Tariffs --- p.23 / Block Tariffs or Multipart Tariffs --- p.23 / Hopkinston Electricity Tariff --- p.25 / Rationale for Two-part Tariff --- p.26 / Chapter IV --- PEAK-LOAD PRICING --- p.28 / Model of Peak-load Pricing --- p.28 / Implication of the Model --- p.32 / Full Capacity Never Reach --- p.32 / Peak-period Price Exceeds the Off-peak-period Price --- p.32 / Deficit or not at Optimum Prices --- p.33 / Welfare Maximization --- p.34 / Diverse Technology --- p.36 / Case 1 --- p.38 / Case 2 --- p.38 / Case 3 --- p.38 / Practical Considerations for Peak-load Pricing --- p.40 / Benefit Analysis --- p.40 / Principle Cost of Adopting PLP --- p.43 / Chapter V --- CASE STUDY: A UTILITY IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE --- p.44 / Background of the CPC --- p.44 / Purchasing Process of Energy from Network and Local Power Plants by CPC --- p.45 / Selling Process of Energy to Consumers by CPC --- p.46 / Reasons of Unsuccessful Peak-load Pricing in Guangdong Province and CPC --- p.48 / Supply and Demand --- p.48 / Demand Elasticity --- p.51 / Substitution --- p.52 / Chapter VI --- CONCLUSION --- p.53 / Energy Purchasing from Network --- p.53 / Power Generation Separate from Utility --- p.54 / Pool Pricing --- p.54 / Conclusion --- p.56 / Appendix 1 --- p.57 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.58

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 278-286. / by Randall Poor Ellis. / Ph.D.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references. / The electric utilities in the United States have entered a period of slow growth due to a combination of increased capital costs and a staggering rise in the costs for fuel. In addition to this, the rise in peak power demand continues almost at historical levels resulting in lower plant utilization. Current rate schedules do little to improve the utilities' load factors and,in fact, encourage consumption. Time of day rate structures have been suggested as one load management device. This thesis investigates the impact of commercial cooling systems on the utilities supply picture and describes an off-peak cooling system which would enable a building operator to shift chiller operation to off-peak hours. The chillers draw heat from a water/glycol coolant, cooling it to 20°F. The coolant circulates through a series of coiled pipes inside a water filled storage tank. As heat is drawn from the water, ice forms around the pipe heat exchanger. With a cool ant temperature of 20°F the ice cylinder will form out to a diameter of 3.4" in 10 hours. Optimum pipe spacing is 3.5" on center. Polyethylene pipe is preferred to copper pipe for cost and fabrication reasons. The plastic pipes are grouped in discrete modules which allow flexibility in design. Building cooling loads are managed by circulating the remaining 32°F tank water through a heat exchanger coupled to the air handling units cooling coils. The warm water is returned to the tank where the heat is absorbed by the ice. Economic analysis using the present electric schedules indicate a favorable return on investment Time of day rates would make the system look even more desirable. / by Edward M. Quinlan. / M.S.

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This thesis focuses on the development of a forecasting model for short- to medium-term electricity spot prices, based on modelling the dynamics of the supply and demand functions. It is found that the equilibrium assumption frequently adopted in electricity price models does not always hold; to overcome this problem, a notional demand process derived from the market clearing condition is proposed. Not only is this demand process able to capture all the price-affecting factors in one variable, but it also allows the equilibrium assumption to be satisfied and a spot price model to be built, using any appropriate form of hypothetical supply function. In addition, this thesis presents a model for approximating and modelling the bid stacks by capturing the points that govern their shape and location. Integrating these two models provides a realistic model that has a mean absolute percentage error of approximately 19% and 24% for week- and month-ahead forecasts respectively, when applied to the New South Wales (NSW) half-hourly electricity spot prices. Additionally, the density forecasting evaluation method proposed by Diebold et al. (1998) is employed in the thesis to assess the performance of the model. Besides the development of a spot price model, a two-part empirical study is made of the prices of NSW electricity futures contracts. The first part of the study develops a method based on the principle of certainty equivalence, which enables the market utility function to be recovered from a set of futures market quotes. The method is tested with two different sets of simulated data and works as expected. However, it is unable to obtain useful results from the NSW market quotes due to the poor data quality. The second part uses a regression method to investigate the relationship between futures prices and the descriptive statistics of the underlying spot prices. The result suggests that futures prices in NSW are linear combinations of the median and volatility of the final payoff.

Thesis. 1978. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / Ph.D.

Thesis (Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Industry, which forms the lifeblood of South Africa’s economy, is under threat as a result of increased electricity pricing and unstable supply. Wheeling of energy, which is a method to transport electricity generated from an Independent Power Producer (IPP) to an industrial consumer via the utility’s network, could potentially address this problem. Unlike South Africa’s electricity landscape, which is highly regulated and monopolized by Eskom, most developed countries have deregulated their electricity market, which has led to greater competition for electricity supply. This thesis, presents an evaluation of the economic viability and technical concerns arising from third party transportation of energy between an IPP and an industrial consumer. IPP’s are able to generate electricity from various renewable distributed generation (DG) sources, which are often physically removed from the load. In practice, electricity could be generated by an IPP and connected to a nearby Main Transmission Substation (MTS) in a region with high solar, wind or hydropower resources and sold to off-takers a few hundred kilometres away. Using two software simulation packages, technical and economic analysis have been conducted based on load data from two industrial sites, to determine the viability of wheeling energy between an IPP and off-taker. The viability will be evaluated based on levelized cost of electricity (LCOE); net present cost (NPC); DG technology; distance from the load; available renewable resources; impact on voltage profile, fault contribution, thermal loading of the equipment and power loss. The results from both case studies show that the impact of DG on the voltage profile is negligible. The greatest impact on voltage profile was found to be at the site closest to the load. Asynchronous and synchronous generators have a greater fault contribution than inverter-based DG. The fault contribution is proportional to the distance from the load. Overall, thermal loading of lines increased marginally, but decreased based on distances from the load. Power loss on short lines is negligible but there is a significant loss on the line between the load and DG based on the distance from the load. Electricity generated from wind power is the most viable based on LCOE and NPC. For larger wind systems, as illustrated by the second case study, grid parity has already been reached. Wheeling of wind energy has already proven to be an economically viable option. According to future cost projection, large scale solar energy will become viable by 2019. The concept of wheeling energy between an IPP and off-taker has technical and economic merit. Wheeling charges are perceived to be high, but this is not the case as wheeling tariffs consist of standard network charges. In the future, renewable energy will continue to mature based on technology and cost. Solar energy, including lithium-ion battery back-up technology, looks promising based on future cost projections. Deregulation of the electricity market holds the key to the successful implementation of energy wheeling as it will open the market up for greater competition.

Thesis. 1975. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Bibliography: leaves 121-125. / M.C.P.