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There are presently worldwide targets for decreasing anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions owing to global climate change concerns. Here in the United Kingdom, the government has committed to reduce its GHGs emissions by at least 80% by 2050 relative to 1990 levels. In order to achieve the ambitious 2050 targets and minimise cumulative emissions along the way, modern power systems are facing a series of great challenges. These challenges include extensive utilisation of renewable generation, diverse demand--side participation in power system operation and planning, as well as considerable application of emerging smart devices and appliances. All of these challenges will significantly increase the complexity of future power systems in terms of both operation and design. Regardless, the primary objective of power systems remains the same. That is the system must supply all the customers (responsive ones and non-responsive ones) with electricity as economically as possible and with an adequate level of continuity and quality. With the widespread utilisation of smart meters and appliances as well as the large-scale installation of different storage technologies, the services that demand response (DR) and electrical energy storage (EES) resources can provide will cover a wide range of ancillary services. More importantly, the grid-scale penetration of DR and EES resources is able to provide energy management and capacity support services, which can be considered as the alternative to generation resources. In this light, considerable amount of research has been done focusing on engaging particular types of electricity users with different kinds of incentives and/or tariff schemes, so that the economic benefits to both utilities and customers are optimised. However, no general framework for systematic assessment of the contribution to power system adequacy of supply from potential grid-scale penetration of DR and EES resources is available up till now, particularly taking specific consideration of DR's flexibility and payback characteristics as well as EES's operational parameters. The research work in this thesis therefore emphasises exclusively on the potential of grid-scale DR and EES resources to serve as alternative resources to electricity generation within the context of power system adequacy of supply. More specifically, based on literature survey of existing studies in similar topics, this thesis has made some substantial contributions and innovations, such as developing novel models of these emerging demand-side resources, implementing a systematic adequacy of supply assessment with new aspect to measure the level of adequacy of supply (new indices), proposing a novel and comprehensive framework for evaluation of the capacity credit of DR and EES, and analysing the economic value based on power system fundamental long--term costs of interruption and supply. Ultimately, this thesis has established a comprehensive framework for assessment of the contribution of DR and EES to power system adequacy of supply. Additionally, the numerical studies carried out in this thesis have enabled the inference of general adequacy of supply implications in terms of deploying DR and EES resources to provide capacity support to power systems.

O mercado das distribuidoras de energia elétrica é composto por consumidores cativos, especiais potencialmente livres e potencialmente livres. Neste trabalho, considera-se consumidores cativos aqueles com demanda menor que 500kW, especiais potencialmente livres aqueles com demanda igual ou superior a 500kW e menor que 3MW e potencialmente livres aqueles com demanda igual ou superior a 3 MW. De acordo com a Lei no 9427 de 1996, consumidor especial é qualificado segundo o critério de demanda contratada, ou seja, com demanda igual ou superior a 500 kW. Esse consumidor tem a alternativa de migrar para o mercado livre, desde que adquira energia somente de fontes incentivadas, como, pequenas centrais hidroelétricas, eólicas, biomassa e solar. Esta alternativa de migração resulta em uma fonte de incerteza nos estudos de mercado da distribuidora e, consequentemente, no volume de energia a ser adquirida para atendimento de seu mercado. A metodologia tradicional de projeção de mercado de energia elétrica da classe industrial não considera o consumidor especial de forma explícita. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para projeção de mercado da classe industrial a longo prazo, considerando os consumidores especiais. Para avaliar o efeito desta migração sobre o mercado das distribuidoras foi construído um modelo de simulação, que contempla a decisão dos consumidores especiais. Com base no modelo proposto, são apresentados cenários de projeção de mercado, que comprovam a necessidade de considerar os consumidores especiais de forma explícita nos estudos de mercado e os efeitos na evolução do mercado das distribuidoras. / The market for power utilities consists of captive consumers, special potentially free and potentially free. Here, one considers captives consumer, those with less than 500kW demand, special potentially free, those with demand greater than or equal to 500kW and less than 3 MW, and potentially free, those with demand greater than or equal to 3 MW. According to Law n. 9427 of 1996, special consumer is qualified according to the contracted demand criteria with demand equal to or greater than 500 kW. This consumer has the option to migrate to the free market, provided that they acquire energy only from encouraged sources, such as small hydropower, windpower, biomass power and solar power. This alternative of migration leads to an uncertainty in the power utilities market research and, consequently, in the amount of energy to be purchased to supply their market. The traditional methodology of forecasting the market the electrical energy for industrial class does not consider the particular consumer explicitly. In this sense, this work presents a methodology for forecasting the market for industrial class long-term, considering the special consumers. In order to evaluate the effect of migration on the distribution market, a simulation model was built, which includes the decision of the special consumers. Based on the proposed model, one presents scenarios of market forecasting, establishing the need to consider the special consumers explicitly in power utilities market research and its effects on evolution of market distribution.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Douglas Alves Cassiano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2016. / Estudos recentes apontam que, diante do crescimento do valor da tarifação de energia elétrica, tem-se considerado o emprego de grupos moto geradores (GMG) diesel como alternativa ao fornecimento de energia elétrica por parte das concessionárias, visando condições financeiras mais competitivas e assegurar o atendimento à demanda e a não interrupção do abastecimento. Para a utilização do GMG se faz necessário considerar os aspectos: técnico, ambiental e financeiro. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a análise tecno-financeira da utilização de grupo moto gerador diesel, em atendimento à demanda de energia elétrica de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES), bem como os impactos e consequências desta utilização, fazendo uso de simulação computacional. Realizaram-se simulações utilizando o Software Homer Energy envolvendo o emprego do grupo moto gerador operando com diesel, biodiesel e misturas combustível B5, B7, B10 e B20, em horário de ponta e fora dele, em instalação existente no campus Santo André da Fundação Universidade Federal do ABC. Concluiu-se que, do ponto de vista técnico, o GMG existente tem plena capacidade de atendimento à demanda de energia elétrica considerada. Com relação às emissões, a utilização do GMG gerador seria mais agressiva ao meio ambiente que a aquisição de energia elétrica junto à concessionária, independentemente do combustível utilizado. Financeiramente, a operação do GMG se apresenta mais onerosa do que o fornecimento por parte da concessionária, considerando-se os valores praticados atualmente. Mantidas as demais condições e a incidência da bandeira tarifária vermelha, se o preço de compra da mistura combustível atingir valor igual ou inferior a R$ 1,72/l a utilização do GMG seria viável em associação ao fornecimento da rede pública e, se o valor atingir valor igual ou inferior à R$ 0,40/l haveria viabilidade financeira sua utilização como fonte exclusiva de energia elétrica, enquanto considerando-se a não incidência da bandeira tarifária vermelha, se o preço de compra da mistura combustível atingir valor igual ou inferior à R$ 1,55/l a utilização do GMG seria viável em associação ao fornecimento da rede pública e, se o valor atingir valor igual ou inferior à R$ 0,34/l haveria viabilidade financeira sua utilização como fonte exclusiva de energia elétrica. / Recent studies indicate that, before the value of the electricity tariff growth, has considered the use of diesel moto-generator groups (GMG) diesel as an alternative to the supply of electricity by the utilities, targeting more competitive financial conditions and ensure meet demand and no supply interruption. To use the GMG is necessary to consider the aspects: technical, environmental and financial. This study aimed to techno-financial analysis of the diesel moto-generator group, in response to demand for electricity of a Higher Education Institution (HEI) as well as the impacts and consequences of use, making use of computer simulation. Performed simulations using the software Homer Energy involving the use of the diesel moto-generator set operating with diesel, biodiesel and fuel mixtures B5, B7, B10 and B20, in peak hours and off in existing plant in Santo André campus of the University Foundation Federal ABC. It was concluded that, from a technical point of view, the existing GMG has full capacity to meet the electricity demand considered. With respect to emissions, the use of GMG would be more aggressive to the environment that the purchase of electricity by the licensee, regardless of the fuel used. Financially, the operation of GMG presents more costly than the provision by the concessionaire, considering the current values. Kept the other conditions and the incidence of red flag tariff, if the purchase price of the fuel mixture reaches less than or equal to R $ 1.72 / her use of GMG would be feasible in connection with the provision of public services and the value achieving less than or equal to R $ 0.40 / l would be financially viable its use as a sole source of electricity, while considering the non-levy tariff red flag if the purchase price of the fuel mixture reaches equal or lesser value to R $ 1.55 / her use of GMG would be feasible in connection with the provision of public services and the value reaches less than or equal to R $ 0.34 / l would be financially viable its use as a sole source of electricity.

Nowadays none of us can imagine world without electricity, we need it in everyday life. Perhaps that is why we can't imagine what could happen in case of power failure on larger area of Czech Republic. What else consequences it could cause, in particular on our health, or lives. Thesis focuses on finding, if large power failure impacts our lives or health. Immediate impact after beginning of blackout we already know, but we need to find out, what consequences could come after several days. The purpose of thesis is to find out environmental impact of power failure on health of population. I decided to research in section of drinking water and wastewater, from view of epidemiologist of regional hospital, doctor from KHS Český Krumlov and clerk of crisis department ORP Český Krumlov. To meet the goal of thesis, there was created analysis of research of several power outs, which happened in various states all over the world. Other part presents interviews with experts and evaluation of their answers, by which reached the goal of thesis. The research question, of an impact of large power failure on health and lives, we could answer, that the most serious impact it would have on people who had to be accommodated in spare accommodation facilities. They would be endangered by alimentary, infection and respiratory diseases. Concerning drinking water and wastewater, the large impact on human health wasn't detected.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:54:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 volpato_pr_me_bauru.pdf: 853774 bytes, checksum: cc7fcec621e660a4255c9498f2c10913 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As profundas transformações pelas quais passou o setor de energia elétrica no Brasil nos últimos anos, particularmente no que se refere à desverticalização das atividades de transmissão, geração e distribuição, teve como consequência, entre outras, o surgimento de empresas especializadas na atividade de transmissão de energia elétrica. Essas empresas, individualmente ou em consórcios, principalmente através de financiamentos estruturados na modalidade Project Finance, têm disputado avidamente os lotes submetidos a leilão pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica - ANEEL, aceitando deságios surpreendentemente elevados em relação à receita teto definida pelo poder concedente. Uma vez aceitos esses deságios, levando em conta os critérios adotados pela agência, as receitas oriundas da disponibilidade desses ativos ao sistema elétrico, não cobririam os investimentos, tornando pouco atraente ou mesmo proibitivo às empresas fazer investimentos em transmissão de energia elétrica no Brasil. Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar, dentre as variáveis que compõem uma avaliação de investimento, quais poderiam explicar a tomada de decisão final em oferecer um lance num leilão, com o objetivo de obter uma concessão para construir e operar ativos de transmissão de energia elétrica. Ainda como objetivos secundários, apresenta a atual estrutura do setor elétrico brasileiro e as características de uma empresa de transmissão. O trabalho pretende, assim, responder a uma indagação frequente nos meios especializados acerca das razões que levam os investidores a aceitar empreender capital com expectativa de retornos tão reduzidos. A pesquisa conclui que os valores considerados pelo poder concedente para definir as receitas futuras dos empreendimentos em transmissão de energia elétrica, particularmente no leilão analisado, não condizem com os valores... / The deep changes in which the electrical energy sector went through in Brazil in the past few years, in particular the split of the activities of generation, transmission, and distribution, caused as consequence, among others, the arising of specialized companies in the electrical energy transmission activity. These companies, individually or in consortiums, have greedily disputed the lots submitted to auctions by the National Agency of Electric Energy (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica - ANEEL), mainly through the financy structrured modality of Project Finance, accepting surprising elevated discounts in comparison with previous values of incomes defined by the government. Since these discounts are accepted, taking into account the criteria adopted by the agency, the incomes originated for the availability of these assets to the electrical systems would not compensate the investments, making this business not attactive or even prohibitive to the companies that intent to invest in the transmission of electrical energy in Brazil. This work has the objective to identify, among the variables that forms an investment analysis, which ones would be able to explain the final decision in offer a proposal in a auction, with the objective to obtain a concession to build and operate electrical energy transmission assets. As complementary objectives, it shows the present structure of the Brazilian electrical sector and the characteristics of transmission companies. This work intents, yet, to find answers to a frequent question in the specialized press about what are the reasons that lead investors to accept to invest capital even when they have so reduced expectations o returns. This research concludes that the values considered by the government to define futures incomes of the undertakings in electrical energy transmission, particularly in this analyzed auction, do not correspond to the values... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O mercado das distribuidoras de energia elétrica é composto por consumidores cativos, especiais potencialmente livres e potencialmente livres. Neste trabalho, considera-se consumidores cativos aqueles com demanda menor que 500kW, especiais potencialmente livres aqueles com demanda igual ou superior a 500kW e menor que 3MW e potencialmente livres aqueles com demanda igual ou superior a 3 MW. De acordo com a Lei no 9427 de 1996, consumidor especial é qualificado segundo o critério de demanda contratada, ou seja, com demanda igual ou superior a 500 kW. Esse consumidor tem a alternativa de migrar para o mercado livre, desde que adquira energia somente de fontes incentivadas, como, pequenas centrais hidroelétricas, eólicas, biomassa e solar. Esta alternativa de migração resulta em uma fonte de incerteza nos estudos de mercado da distribuidora e, consequentemente, no volume de energia a ser adquirida para atendimento de seu mercado. A metodologia tradicional de projeção de mercado de energia elétrica da classe industrial não considera o consumidor especial de forma explícita. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para projeção de mercado da classe industrial a longo prazo, considerando os consumidores especiais. Para avaliar o efeito desta migração sobre o mercado das distribuidoras foi construído um modelo de simulação, que contempla a decisão dos consumidores especiais. Com base no modelo proposto, são apresentados cenários de projeção de mercado, que comprovam a necessidade de considerar os consumidores especiais de forma explícita nos estudos de mercado e os efeitos na evolução do mercado das distribuidoras. / The market for power utilities consists of captive consumers, special potentially free and potentially free. Here, one considers captives consumer, those with less than 500kW demand, special potentially free, those with demand greater than or equal to 500kW and less than 3 MW, and potentially free, those with demand greater than or equal to 3 MW. According to Law n. 9427 of 1996, special consumer is qualified according to the contracted demand criteria with demand equal to or greater than 500 kW. This consumer has the option to migrate to the free market, provided that they acquire energy only from encouraged sources, such as small hydropower, windpower, biomass power and solar power. This alternative of migration leads to an uncertainty in the power utilities market research and, consequently, in the amount of energy to be purchased to supply their market. The traditional methodology of forecasting the market the electrical energy for industrial class does not consider the particular consumer explicitly. In this sense, this work presents a methodology for forecasting the market for industrial class long-term, considering the special consumers. In order to evaluate the effect of migration on the distribution market, a simulation model was built, which includes the decision of the special consumers. Based on the proposed model, one presents scenarios of market forecasting, establishing the need to consider the special consumers explicitly in power utilities market research and its effects on evolution of market distribution.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marinho_gsp_me_ilha.pdf: 1619719 bytes, checksum: 5c730f6b0eeb54a1540528e6af35faaa (MD5) / No mundo de hoje, conforme aumenta o interesse sobre fontes renováveis de energia, muitas pesquisas envolvem a busca de uma configuração eficiente para melhorar a distribuição desta energia e locá-las de uma maneira otimizada. A microrrede apresenta-se como uma alternativa para isto já que consiste em um sistema de energia de pequeno porte contendo vários consumidores e unidades geradoras distribuídas, possivelmente utilizando-se de diferentes fontes de energia, podendo ser considerada como um sistema independente operado através da interligação com o sistema principal de energia e que pode ser desconectada deste sistema sem maiores impactos, de acordo com a situação. Diante desta descrição as indústrias sucroalcooleiras também podem ser inseridas como um exemplo típico de microrrede permitindo assim uma diferente visão sobre como estas indústrias são afetadas pelo sistema principal de energia, mas, principalmente, como elas o afeta. Neste trabalho será visto alguns conceitos pertencentes à microrrede e alguns estudos que estão sendo realizados nesta área apresentando ferramentas que poderão comprovar que a indústria sucroalcooleira pode ser definida como uma microrrede / Nowadays, with the interest increasing about sources that use renewable energy, many researches involve the search for an efficient configuration to improve the distribution of this energy and locate them with an optimized way. The microgrid is small power system that consists of several consumer’s loads and small size distributed generation resources, possibly using different energy sources, and can be considered an independent system operated by interconnecting to the power distribution system and could be disconnected from this system without major impacts according to situation. In view of this description, the sugar-ethanol industries can also be inserted as a typical example of microgrid allowing a different view of how these industries are affected by the main system power, but especially how they affects it. In this study will be seen some concepts belonging to microgrid and some studies that are being done in this area, presenting tools that can demonstrate that the sugar-ethanol industry can be defined as a microgrid

Orientador: Dionizio Paschoareli Junior / Banca: Mariângela de Carvalho Bovolato / Banca: Félix Abrão Neto / Resumo: No mundo de hoje, conforme aumenta o interesse sobre fontes renováveis de energia, muitas pesquisas envolvem a busca de uma configuração eficiente para melhorar a distribuição desta energia e locá-las de uma maneira otimizada. A microrrede apresenta-se como uma alternativa para isto já que consiste em um sistema de energia de pequeno porte contendo vários consumidores e unidades geradoras distribuídas, possivelmente utilizando-se de diferentes fontes de energia, podendo ser considerada como um sistema independente operado através da interligação com o sistema principal de energia e que pode ser desconectada deste sistema sem maiores impactos, de acordo com a situação. Diante desta descrição as indústrias sucroalcooleiras também podem ser inseridas como um exemplo típico de microrrede permitindo assim uma diferente visão sobre como estas indústrias são afetadas pelo sistema principal de energia, mas, principalmente, como elas o afeta. Neste trabalho será visto alguns conceitos pertencentes à microrrede e alguns estudos que estão sendo realizados nesta área apresentando ferramentas que poderão comprovar que a indústria sucroalcooleira pode ser definida como uma microrrede / Abstract: Nowadays, with the interest increasing about sources that use renewable energy, many researches involve the search for an efficient configuration to improve the distribution of this energy and locate them with an optimized way. The microgrid is small power system that consists of several consumer's loads and small size distributed generation resources, possibly using different energy sources, and can be considered an independent system operated by interconnecting to the power distribution system and could be disconnected from this system without major impacts according to situation. In view of this description, the sugar-ethanol industries can also be inserted as a typical example of microgrid allowing a different view of how these industries are affected by the main system power, but especially how they affects it. In this study will be seen some concepts belonging to microgrid and some studies that are being done in this area, presenting tools that can demonstrate that the sugar-ethanol industry can be defined as a microgrid / Mestre