The objective of this thesis is to perform a cost benefits analysis of the wind power sector in Germany, with the horizon of 2030. Various costs and benefits stemming from the expansion of wind power are inferred from literature review and studying the peculiarities of the German case. The magnitude of governmental support is calculated by applying the Weibull distribution of wind at different zones across Germany and power curves of 5 modern wind turbines, as specified by the law. A number of sensitivity analyses is performed on the main inputs for onshore installations. Under the baseline assumptions, the onshore sector is found as non-beneficial to the society, without a visible improving trend for the future. While the offshore sector does not reach a point where the benefits would start overweighing the cost until 2030, the overall trend look much more promising. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert Marktmachtaspekte und die Preisbildung auf dem deutschen Elektrizitätsgroßhandelsmarkt. Der deutsche Elektrizitätsmarkt wird laut Bundeskartellamt von vier Anbietern dominiert, welche nahezu 90 % der Erzeugungskapazitäten besitzen. Dabei bilden die zwei größten Anbieter allein ein Duopol mit knapp 60 % Marktanteil. Die bisher vorliegenden Studien legen nahe, dass diese Marktmacht zu überhöhten Verbraucherpreisen führt. Dieser Beitrag weist anhand mehrerer Modelle nach, dass die deutschen Elektrizitätsmärkte nicht ausreichend wettbewerblich strukturiert sind. Angesichts des unzureichenden Wettbewerbs auf den deutschen Elektrizitätsmärkten sind eine stärkere ordnungspolitische Ausrichtung der Energiepolitik sowie eine aktive Wettbewerbspolitik in diesem Bereich anzuraten. / This paper analyses price formation and market power on Germany’s wholesale electricity markets. Electricity generation in Germany is dominated by a duopoly with a market share of about 60 %, while the four largest suppliers own about 90 % of the generation capacity. The few existing studies of wholesale electricity prices suggest that such market dominance leads to prices out of line with competitive market outcomes. Several quantitative models are developed here and reveal an insufficient level of competition in generation and trading. It can be concluded that the German electricity sector requires a more robust competitive market structure, accompanied by corresponding improvements in regulatory policies.

O presente trabalho foca-se na análise do processo de reestruturação do setor elétrico brasileiro, em particular nas mudanças ocorridas do ponto de vista institucional e regulatório, entre os anos de 1995 a 2004. Tendo como pano de fundo esse cenário, a tese preocupa-se em analisar a evolução do papel do Estado e sua relação com as políticas públicas orientadas para esse segmento da infra-estrutura nacional. Analisa-se, de um lado, a passagem do padrão de intervenção estatal para o modelo mercantil privado, instituído a partir de 1995, e de outro, as diversas adaptações vivenciadas pelo setor ao longo do biênio 2003/2004. Neste particular, destaca-se o novo papel atribuído às agências reguladoras e ao Estado, bem como a nova política mercantil, de preços e de planejamento redefinida para o setor. Por fim, à luz de toda a discussão abordada sobre Estado, políticas públicas e setoriais, planejamento e modelo regulatório, caracteriza-se a política industrial brasileira, divulgada em novembro de 2003, e sua possível articulação tanto com as premissas levantadas no modelo de reestruturação do setor elétrico brasileiro em curso no País, quanto com a revisão da inserção do Brasil no cenário internacional, dado o peso que os produtos ligados a empresas eletrointensivas, vêm ganhando na pauta de exportação brasileira. Neste particular, são analisadas as estratégias adotadas por tais empresas na tentativa de reduzir o custo do insumo energia, em seus processos produtivos, no âmbito das regras vigentes no país, em especial, no Ambiente de Contratação Livre (ACL). Conclui-se que a articulação entre política industrial e setor elétrico só será possível, se for definida com clareza uma nova estratégia de desenvolvimento sustentável para o Brasil, capaz de superar os limites impostos pela política macroeconômica de curto prazo. / This study analyzes the restructuring of the Brazilian electrical sector, in particular the institutional and regulatory changes between 1995 and 2005. With this context as a backdrop, the dissertation analyzes the evolution of the role of the State and its relation with public policies related to this sector of national infrastructure. It analyzes, the shift from the pattern of state intervention to free market model, implemented starting in 1995, as well as the various adaptations the sector underwent in 2003-2004. In this regard, attention is given to the new role attributed to regulatory agencies and to the State, as well as the new commercial, price and planning policies implemented for the sector. Finally, in light of the discussion of the State, public and sectoral policies, planning and regulatory model, a description is provided of the Brazilian industrial policy announced in November of 2003, and its possible connection with the premises revealed in the model of restructuring of the electrical sector under way in Brazil, as well as the rethinking of the role of Brazil in the international context, given the weight that electricity-intensive products have been gaining in terms of exports. In this regard, the strategies of such companies to reduce energy costs in their production process, in the context of Brazilian rules and regulations, and in particular, the Free Contracting Environment (ACL), are analyzed. It is concluded that coordination of industrial policy and the electrical sector will only be possible if there is a clearly defined sustainable development strategy for Brazil, able to overcome the limitations of short-term macroeconomic policies.

Submitted by Alida Walvis (alida.walvis@gmail.com) on 2014-08-27T17:11:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alida Walvis - Dissertação - Versão Final.pdf: 1045978 bytes, checksum: 8472ab09a23c6051cd977235b4a6528c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Gammaro (gisele.gammaro@fgv.br) on 2014-08-29T17:26:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Alida Walvis - Dissertação - Versão Final.pdf: 1045978 bytes, checksum: 8472ab09a23c6051cd977235b4a6528c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Gammaro (gisele.gammaro@fgv.br) on 2014-08-29T17:43:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Alida Walvis - Dissertação - Versão Final.pdf: 1045978 bytes, checksum: 8472ab09a23c6051cd977235b4a6528c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-23T13:57:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alida Walvis - Dissertação - Versão Final.pdf: 1045978 bytes, checksum: 8472ab09a23c6051cd977235b4a6528c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-30 / There are many challenges inherent to the functioning of a sector as complex as the electricity sector, in which the results of a given measure may take years until it reaches maturity and only then its impact on the institutional framework gets to be fully known by the policy makers. Taking the electricity sector as a backdrop, this dissertation presents the basis for what would be an ideal reform, usually referred to in the literature as 'textbook reform', followed by a presentation of the regulatory evolution of the Brazilian electricity sector, from 1930 until early 2014, with special emphasis on the reforms that took place during the period of 1995 to 2004. The bibliographic research presented in this dissertation is divided into four chapters and analyzes the present situation of the liberalization of the Brazilian electricity market and suggests feasible improvements in order to develop this market in Brazil. / São muitos os desafios intrínsecos ao bom funcionamento de um setor tão complexo quanto o elétrico, em que os efeitos de determinada medida podem levar anos até a maturidade, e só então ser totalmente conhecidos os seus impactos sobre a estrutura setorial como um todo, dificilmente antecipados pelos formuladores das reformas implementadas. Tomando o setor elétrico como pano de fundo, o escopo desta dissertação é apresentar as bases para o que seria uma reforma ideal, denominada na literatura 'reforma de livro texto' e, em seguida, discorrer sobre a evolução regulatória do setor elétrico brasileiro de 1930 até o início de 2014, detalhando, especialmente, as características das reformas ocorridas em 1995 e 2004. Com esse esforço de pesquisa, que adota a técnica bibliográfica e se estrutura em quatro capítulos, pretende-se analisar a situação atual do mercado livre de energia elétrica brasileiro e propor melhorias passíveis de implementação com o objetivo de desenvolver este mercado no Brasil.

O presente trabalho foca-se na análise do processo de reestruturação do setor elétrico brasileiro, em particular nas mudanças ocorridas do ponto de vista institucional e regulatório, entre os anos de 1995 a 2004. Tendo como pano de fundo esse cenário, a tese preocupa-se em analisar a evolução do papel do Estado e sua relação com as políticas públicas orientadas para esse segmento da infra-estrutura nacional. Analisa-se, de um lado, a passagem do padrão de intervenção estatal para o modelo mercantil privado, instituído a partir de 1995, e de outro, as diversas adaptações vivenciadas pelo setor ao longo do biênio 2003/2004. Neste particular, destaca-se o novo papel atribuído às agências reguladoras e ao Estado, bem como a nova política mercantil, de preços e de planejamento redefinida para o setor. Por fim, à luz de toda a discussão abordada sobre Estado, políticas públicas e setoriais, planejamento e modelo regulatório, caracteriza-se a política industrial brasileira, divulgada em novembro de 2003, e sua possível articulação tanto com as premissas levantadas no modelo de reestruturação do setor elétrico brasileiro em curso no País, quanto com a revisão da inserção do Brasil no cenário internacional, dado o peso que os produtos ligados a empresas eletrointensivas, vêm ganhando na pauta de exportação brasileira. Neste particular, são analisadas as estratégias adotadas por tais empresas na tentativa de reduzir o custo do insumo energia, em seus processos produtivos, no âmbito das regras vigentes no país, em especial, no Ambiente de Contratação Livre (ACL). Conclui-se que a articulação entre política industrial e setor elétrico só será possível, se for definida com clareza uma nova estratégia de desenvolvimento sustentável para o Brasil, capaz de superar os limites impostos pela política macroeconômica de curto prazo. / This study analyzes the restructuring of the Brazilian electrical sector, in particular the institutional and regulatory changes between 1995 and 2005. With this context as a backdrop, the dissertation analyzes the evolution of the role of the State and its relation with public policies related to this sector of national infrastructure. It analyzes, the shift from the pattern of state intervention to free market model, implemented starting in 1995, as well as the various adaptations the sector underwent in 2003-2004. In this regard, attention is given to the new role attributed to regulatory agencies and to the State, as well as the new commercial, price and planning policies implemented for the sector. Finally, in light of the discussion of the State, public and sectoral policies, planning and regulatory model, a description is provided of the Brazilian industrial policy announced in November of 2003, and its possible connection with the premises revealed in the model of restructuring of the electrical sector under way in Brazil, as well as the rethinking of the role of Brazil in the international context, given the weight that electricity-intensive products have been gaining in terms of exports. In this regard, the strategies of such companies to reduce energy costs in their production process, in the context of Brazilian rules and regulations, and in particular, the Free Contracting Environment (ACL), are analyzed. It is concluded that coordination of industrial policy and the electrical sector will only be possible if there is a clearly defined sustainable development strategy for Brazil, able to overcome the limitations of short-term macroeconomic policies.

A inovação deixou de ser exclusividade de algumas empresas e passou a permear grande parte delas. Estas inovações podem ser incrementais, melhorando produtos ou processos, ou radicais, rompendo paradigmas no mercado consumidor. Porém, o ato de inovar requer suporte de muitas ações. Dentre essas ações estão às gerenciais, auxiliando na identificação de evidências que apontam se a empresa está no caminho adequado ou não. Alinhado a esta lógica de melhoria contínua é que são realizadas as inovações no âmbito do Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) do setor elétrico, regulado pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL). Este Programa foi instituído por lei e, nos seus primórdios, continha aspectos simplesmente regulatórios. Esta situação permitia que, muitas vezes, os projetos executados não agregassem valor significativo para a empresa ou à sociedade, pois não estavam direcionados para solucionar problemas ou carências existentes. Com o passar do tempo, a percepção dos elementos necessários para compor um programa regulatório se alterou, fazendo com que as empresas passassem a perceber que o P&D poderia contribuir para melhoria de seus serviços e produtos Tal mudança de visão desencadeou a necessidade das empresas desenvolverem processos capazes de captar ideias e transformá-las em soluções que estejam alinhadas aos seus interesses estratégicos. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetiva desenvolver um conjunto de indicadores que, integrados ao Sistema de Gestão da Inovação (SGI) da CEEE, auxiliem à gestão da empresa tanto na fase de análise e seleção de ideias, quanto na fase do gerenciamento do desempenho da operação do sistema. Para concretização deste trabalho foram realizadas entrevistas, análise de documentos da empresa, revisão da literatura, assim como reuniões e testes para a validação do SGI da CEEE. De posse destes dados, estruturou-se um conjunto de critérios para auxiliar o processo de seleção de ideias, bem como um conjunto de indicadores gerenciais do sistema. Como resultados, esses indicadores permitem à empresa a padronização do seu processo de inovação, bem como uma visão sistêmica do processo como um todo. Por fim, tanto os critérios de seleção de ideias quanto os de indicadores gerenciais são detalhados. / Innovation is no longer an exclusivity of some companies and began to permeate into most of them, whether through simple incremental innovations, which often improve internal processes, or radical innovations that break paradigms and often entering the consumer market. And in this sense of continuous improvement that innovations are carried out under the scope of the Program for Research and Development, of the electric sector, regulated by the National Electric Energy Agency, established by law. The program in its beginnings contained just regulatory aspects, which resulted in executed projects that did not add significant value to the company or society, because they were not directed to solve existent problems and needs. But with the passage of time this conception of regulatory program changed, companies began to realize that the Program for Research and Development could help to improve its services and products, such a change of vision triggered the need for companies to develop processes capable of capturing ideas and turn them into solutions that are aligned with its strategic interests Thus, this study aims to develop a set of indicators that, integrated into CEEE's Innovation Management System, assist the management of the company both in the analysis phase and selection of ideas, as in the phase of management of the system operation's performance. For this work, which is of applied nature, since it follows from the desire to make more efficient or effective a specific situation, surveys were conducted through interviews, the company's document analysis, literature review, as well as validation meetings and tests. Using these data, it was structured a set of ideas selection criteria, and a set of system management indicators, structured and allocated in the dimensions: Strategy, Profitability, Implantation and Time. The application of these indicators allows the company to standardize its innovation process, as well as a systemic view of the whole process. Finally, both the criteria for selection of ideas as the management indicators are detailed.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a participação do setor elétrico brasileiro nas emissões de gases de efeito do país durante o período de 2005 a 2021, de acordo com o Plano Decenal de Energia PDE 2021, documento oficial do governo elaborado pela Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. Para isso, inicialmente é feita uma contextualização sobre a importância internacional da discussão sobre as emissões à luz das mudanças climáticas. A dissertação prossegue com a apresentação de um breve sumário da evolução do setor elétrico brasileiro, desde 1960, a partir da criação da Eletrobras, até sua trajetória recente, configurando a matriz elétrica brasileira de forma tão distinta da matriz média mundial. Adicionalmente são apresentadas as projeções oficiais do governo para a oferta e a demanda de eletricidade até 2021. Com base no passado recente e na formatação de matriz brasileira projetada até 2021, é feito um levantamento dos dados de emissões de gases de efeito estufa, no contexto da discussão sobre mudança do clima, seus marcos históricos e paradigmas conceituais. Por fim, é feita uma análise das emissões oriundas da geração de eletricidade, a fim de avaliar as tendências do setor para 2021 e os planos de ação para mitigação e redução das emissões. Os principais resultados dessa análise indicam que a preocupação em torno das emissões do setor elétrico vai além da questão quantitativa. Ela abrange também um dos pilares do atual modelo regulatório do setor, que é a segurança energética do país. A matriz elétrica fundamentada em fontes hídricas, como é a brasileira, é excelente do ponto de vista de emissões, mas desperta preocupação em relação às escolhas para sua complementaridade. / This study aims to analyze the participation of the Brazilian electric sector greenhouse gases emissions in the country during the period 2005-2021, according to the Ten Year Energy Plan - PDE 2021, official government document prepared by the Energy Research Company. For this, we contextualize about the global importance of the discussion of issues in the light of climate change. The paper continues with a literature review on the Brazilian electricity sector since 1960 with the creation of Eletrobras until its recent trajectory, and also compares the Brazilian energy matrix with the global electric matrix. Also featured are official government projections for the sector (supply and demand of electricity) by 2021. Then an overview of emissions of greenhouse gases in the discussion on climate change, its landmarks and conceptual paradigms is presented. The Brazilian total emissions, as well as the specific of the electricity sector, and their projections through 2021 are also presented. Finally, we make a brief analysis of emissions from electricity generation in order to evaluate industry trends for 2021 and action plans to mitigate and reduce emissions. The major findings indicate that concerns over emissions from the electricity sector goes beyond the quantitative question. It also covers one of the pillars of the current regulatory framework of the sector, which is the country\'s energy security. The energy matrix based on water sources, as is Brazilian, is excellent in terms of emissions, raising concern about choices for their complementarity

Sustainable development is now being recognised as a vital component of our society in the environmental, ethical, social, technological, economic, and institutional aspects, or dimensions, so, this thesis develops a framework to quantitatively measure sustainability. This thesis is distinctive in that it focuses on quantitative methods encapsulated in a formal assessment procedure and includes sustainability concepts that have rarely been put into practical use in sustainability reports. The framework is designed along the strategy that the methodology needs to be scale invariant and recursive, meaning the procedure is the same irrespective of the scale the user is interested in, and that different people can focus at different levels of sustainability by following a similar procedure. While the quantification process is aimed to be as unbiased as possible, a configuration of the tools from Total Quality Management (TQM) is adapted to identify sustainability indicators which are then mapped onto a scalar with mathematical functions. The sustainability indices are presented according to the amount of details needed by different users ─ some may need just one overall figure while others may need sustainability indices broken down by the six sustainability dimensions and presented on a spider diagram, while others may need all the details for analysis. This methodology also caters for sustainability analysis by different stakeholders. To fully demonstrate the potential of the methodology, the author has chosen to test it on a large-size industry sector so that it can have the capacity to be scaled up to a country or down to a small business, and on an industry sector that is important on its own right. Furthermore, this sector needs to be illustrative and has nontrivial complex problems. Under these criteria, the electricity sector of New Zealand was selected. The robustness of the methodology was investigated with inputs from three evaluators with different views: a standard view from the author that was made after much research in the sector and in the concepts of sustainability, a view with an environmental bias and one that focuses on commercial interests.

The Turkish Electricity System has gone through a liberalization process. This study aims to analyze the possible outcomes of this process by using a simulation framework. First, we look at the basics of new market design and focus on international evidence. Second, the theoretical and empirical literature about the liberalization of the electricity sector is reviewed. Then, the structure of our model, Turkish Electricity System Simulation Model (TESS), is summarized. In this model, it is assumed that a spot market is formed and all the agents in the sector operate in this market. Using this model, the effects of various factors, like industry structure, consumer participation and regulation, upon the performance of the spot market are analyzed. Moreover, in simulation case studies, uniform and a non-uniform pricing mechanisms are compared.

In this dissertation, I study the effect of environmental regulation on firm behavior. In the first chapter, I use a dynamic model to quantify the effects on exit, entry, investment and welfare of different allocation schemes of a cap-and-trade program. I focus on allocation rules regarding closing plants and new entrants. I calibrate the model with data from the US power plants and perform two policy experiments: first I quantify the effects of the introduction of a cap-and-trade program; second, I do a counterfactual where I switch the allocation rule and study the effect on the new equilibrium and welfare. In the second chapter of this dissertation, I ask whether multinational firms are harmful for a host country environment. I use plant-level data from Chile and find empirical evidence that multinational are cleaner than domestic plants. Based on the trade literature, I build a model where I add environmental regulation and a technology choice. The model proposes a new explanation of why multinationals firms might be cleaner than their domestic peers. I get policy implications from the model and test them with the data. In the third chapter, I study the relation between free permit allocation in a cap-and-trade program and financial constraints. I use the change in the permit prices and the heterogeneity in permit allocation to identify financial constraints for the investor-owned utilities in the electricity sector. / text