Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-08-07T14:21:56Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-07T14:21:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Profenofós é um organofosforado empregado como inseticida e acaricida amplamente utilizado no Brasil para o controle de pragas de cebolas, milho, soja, café, tomate, algodão, feijão, batata e outros. A irradiação é um processo empregado em todo o mundo e recomendada por diversos órgãos de saúde para a conservação de alimentos. A radiação ionizante utiliza raios gama, raios X ou aceleradores de elétrons e tem sido aplicada para eliminar ou reduzir a ação de agentes patogênicos e contribuir para aumentar o tempo de estocagem de vários alimentos. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram: (a) avaliar a degradação de soluções aquosas de profenofós submetidas à radiação ionizante, identificar e quantificar a formação de novos produtos por GC-MS; (b) analisar o efeito de feixe de elétrons em ervilhas inoculadas com soluções aquosas de profenofós; (c) sintetizar Polímeros Molecularmente Impressos (MIP) e Sílica Impressa Molecularmente (MIS), posteriormente, caracterizar os adsorventes em fase sólida e verificar sua seletividade para profenofós. O tratamento com aceleradores de elétrons com dose 31,6 kGy promoveu a formação de um novo produto de degradação e redução de 93,40 % de profenofós em soluções aquosas. Em ervilhas inoculadas com 1 μg de profenofós submetidas à radiação ionizante de 30,4 kGy promoveu uma redução na concentração de profenofós em 57,46 %. Além disso, foram realizadas sínteses de MIP e MIS para a extração em fase sólida de profenofós. Os MIS sintetizados por sol-gel mostraram-se eficazes para o reconhecimento molecular e extração seletiva de profenofós. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2015-08-31T18:37:24Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-31T18:37:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A indústria têxtil está entre uma das principais atividades do Brasil, sendo relevante em número de empregos, quantidade e diversidade de produtos e principalmente pelo volume de água utilizado nos processos industriais e na geração de efluentes. Esses efluentes são misturas complexas que se caracterizam pela presença de corantes, surfactantes, metais, sequestrantes, sais entre outras substâncias químicas com potencial tóxico a biota aquática. Considerando a escassez de tratamentos adequados a esses efluentes, novas tecnologias são essenciais em que se destacam os processos de oxidação avançada como a radiação ionizante por feixe de elétrons. Esse estudo contempla o preparo de um efluente têxtil padrão em laboratório de química têxtil e seu tratamento por feixe de elétrons proveniente de acelerador de elétrons a fim de diminuir a toxicidade e coloração intensa decorrente do corante C.I. Blue 222. O tratamento promoveu diminuição de toxicidade aguda aos organismos expostos, com eficiência de 34,55% para o micro-crustáceo Daphnia similis e de 47,83% para o rotífero Brachionus plicatilis na dose de 2,5 kGy. No ensaio com a bactéria Vibrio fischeri foi obtido o melhor resultado após o tratamento com dose de 5 kGy e eficiência de 57,29%. A redução da cor foi superior a 90% a partir da dose de 2,5 kGy. Neste trabalho também foram realizados ensaios preliminares de toxicidade aguda quanto à sensibilidade dos organismos D. similis e V. fischeri à exposição de alguns dos produtos utilizados no processo de alvejamento e tingimento, além de duas simulações de reuso de água em novos processos têxteis a partir do efluente tratado com feixe de elétrons. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2015-09-02T13:51:32Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-02T13:51:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Flores comestíveis são cada vez mais utilizadas nas preparações culinárias, sendo também reconhecidas por seus potenciais efeitos benéficos na saúde humana, o que exige novas abordagens para melhorar a sua conservação e segurança. Estes produtos altamente perecíveis devem ser cultivados sem o uso de agrotóxicos. Tratamento de irradiação pode ser a resposta a estes problemas, garantindo a qualidade dos alimentos, aumentando seu prazo de validade e desinfestação. Tropaeolum majus L. (capuchinha) e Viola tricolor L. (amorperfeito) são flores amplamente utilizadas nas preparações culinárias, sendo também reconhecidas por suas propriedades antioxidantes e alto teor de compostos fenólicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dose-resposta da irradiação por gama e feixe de elétron (doses de 0, 0,5, 0,8 e 1 kGy) sobre a atividade antioxidante, compostos fenólicos, aspectos físicos e potencial antiproliferativo das flores comestíveis. O flavonoide Kaempferol-O-hexosídeo-Ohexosídeo foi o composto mais abundante em todas as amostras de flores de Tropaeolum majus, enquanto Pelargonidina-3-O-soporosídeo foi a principal antocianina. Em geral, as amostras irradiadas demonstraram maior atividade antioxidante. Nas amostras da Viola tricolor, os compostos fenólicos mais abundantes foram os flavonois, especialmente aqueles derivados da quercetina. Em geral, as amostras irradiadas com raios gama, independentemente da dose aplicada, apresentaram quantidades mais elevadas m compostos fenólicos, os quais também foram favorecidos pela dose de 1,0 kGy independente da fonte utilizada. A atividade antioxidante também foi maior entre as amostras irradiadas. As duas espécies de flores comestíveis não apresentaram as amostras não apresentaram potencial antiproliferativo e citotoxicidade. Assim, os tratamentos por irradiação aplicados, demonstraram ser uma tecnologia viável para preservar a qualidade de pétalas de flores comestíveis, considerando as exigências impostas para sua utilização. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

No description available.

Cubic boron nitride (cBN) synthesis has gained lot of interest during the past decade as it offers outstanding physical and chemical properties like high hardness, high wear resistance, and chemical inertness. Despite of their excellent properties, every application of cBN is hindered by high compressive stresses and poor adhesion. The cost of equipment is also high in almost all the techniques used so far. This thesis deals with the synthesis of cubic phase of boron nitride on Si (100) wafers using electron beam evaporator, a low cost equipment that is capable of depositing films with reduced stresses. Using this process, need of ion beam employed in ion beam assisted processes can be eliminated thus reducing the surface damage and enhancing the film adhesion. Four sets of samples have been deposited by varying substrate temperature and the deposition time. scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques have been used to determine the structure and composition of the films deposited. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed on one of the samples to determine the thickness of the film deposited for the given deposition rate. Several samples showed dendrites being formed as a stage of film formation. It was found that deposition at substrate temperature of 400oC and for a period of one hour yielded high quality cubic boron nitride films.

Les améliorations dans les procédures cliniques de radiothérapie ont conduit à des taux de survie élevés. En conséquence, les effets secondaires possibles de la dose délivrée aux tissus sains sont devenus une préoccupation croissante pour les radiothérapeutes. L’estimation de la dose aux tissus sains, y compris à distance du volume-cible présente un intérêt clinique croissant pour évaluer le risque aux structures sensibles situées hors du champ d’irradiation. Nos travaux antérieurs se sont focalisés sur l’évaluation la dose à distance des faisceaux de photons. La dose à distance due aux faisceaux d’électrons n’a jamais été prise en compte, ce qui peut conduire à des sous-estimations des doses à distance lorsque le traitement est fait entièrement ou partiellement par les électrons. C’est la raison pour laquelle, une étude approfondie de la dose à distance des faisceaux d’électrons est devenue indispensable. Dans le présent travail de thèse, nous avons dans un premier temps réalisé une étude expérimentale décrivant la dose à distance des faisceaux d’électrons de haute énergie produits par différents accélérateurs linéaires, équipés de différents types d’applicateurs. Nous avons analysé l’influence de différents paramètres du faisceau sur la dose à distance dont l’énergie du faisceau, la taille et le type de l’applicateur, la distance à l’axe du faisceau ainsi que la profondeur dans l’eau. Nous avons séparé la dose à distance en deux composantes principales : la dose due aux photons de bremsstrahlung et la dose due aux électrons diffusés. Ensuite, nous avons développé un modèle pour le calcul de la composante de la dose due aux photons de bremsstrahlung en tout point dans le patient, et un modèle pour le calcul de la dose due aux électrons diffusés en dehors du champ d’irradiation. Enfin, nous avons évalué l’application de nos modèles de calcul de dose à distance dans une situation clinique réelles afin de démontrer l’intérêt clinique de notre modélisation, l’objectif étant de mettre un point à terme, un outil logiciel innovant répondant à la fois aux besoins de l’optimisation de la radiothérapie moderne et à ceux de l’épidémiologie de la dose comme facteur de risque d’effets iatrogènes. / The large improvements in the radiotherapy (RT) procedures have led to high survival rates. So the possible side late effects of the radiotherapy due to the doses deposited into the normal tissues have become a growing concern for the radio-oncologists. The assessment of the dose outside the radiation field presents an important clinical benefit for estimating the risk at sensible structures situated partially or entirely outside the radiation field, especially in pediatric, pregnant patients or the patients having cardiac implantable devices. More understanding of side effects of RT will require not only improved control of the high doses delivered to the target volumes, but also better knowledge of the unintended but unavoidable lower doses delivered out of the target. In this context, most studies on out-of-field dose estimation focus on photon beams. Nevertheless, electron beams are still an important component of RT, for treating superficial tumors (at depths < 5 cm). The out-of-field dose from electron beams has never been taken account, which causes an under estimation of this dose when the radiotherapy is done only or partly by the electrons. For this reason, a detailed investigation of the out-of-field dose from electron beams is essential for better estimation of the out-of-field dose regardless the radiotherapy type. In this thesis, we have experimentally evaluated the out-of-field doses in high-energy electron beams for three linear accelerators equipped with different electron applicator types used in daily practice. The dependence of this dose on different parameters, such as the applicator size, the electron beam energy, the depth, and the off-axis distance have been investigated. The scattered electrons component and the bremsstrahlung photons component have been separated by a semi-experimental method. We have developed a multi-source model based on existing multi-scattering models for calculating the bremsstrahlung dose distribution at any point in the patient inside and outside the radiation field. We have also analytically calculated the scattered electrons dose distribution outside the radiation field. These two models permit to calculate the total out-of-field dose from electron beams anywhere in the patient. Finally, we have evaluated the application of our models of dose calculation in a real clinical situation in order to validate our software, the aim being to set up an innovative software tool, meeting both the needs of radiotherapy and epidemiology of the dose as a risk factor for iatrogenic effects

No description available.

The thermo-mechanical effects on the strain evolution within an EB-PVD thermal barrier coating (TBC) is presented in this work using in-situ characterization. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction at sector 1-ID at the Argonne National Laboratory provided both qualitative and quantitative in-situ data on the strain evolution under a thermal cycle with mechanical loading. The results show that at a critical combination of temperature and load, the stress in the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer in the TBC reaches a tensile region. These significant findings enhance existing literature showing purely compressive strains within the TGO where mechanical loads have been neglected. The results have important implications on the effects on the overall life of the coating. Depth resolved quantitative strain is presented as contour plots over a thermal cycle highlighting the complementary strains in the adjacent layers including the bond coat and the TBC with time and temperature. Systematic identification of the appropriate peaks within the multi-layer TBC system provides guidelines for future strain studies using high energy X-rays. Piezospectroscopic studies with applied mechanical loading are further presented as verification of the room temperature XRD data for future development of the method as an operational technique to be used outside the laboratory environment.

No / The effect of a self-induced electric field is investigated analytically and numerically on differential and mean electron spectra produced by beam electrons during their precipitation into a flaring atmosphere as well as on the emitted hard X-ray (HXR) photon spectra. The induced electric field is found to be a constant in upper atmospheric layers and to fall sharply in the deeper atmosphere from some "turning point" occurring either in the corona (for intense and softer beams) or in the chromosphere (for weaker and harder beams). The stronger and softer the beam, the higher the electric field before the turning point and the steeper its decrease after it. Analytical solutions are presented for the electric fields, which are constant or decreasing with depth, and the characteristic "electric" stopping depths are compared with the "collisional" ones. A constant electric field is found to decelerate precipitating electrons and to significantly reduce their number in the upper atmospheric depth, resulting in their differential spectra flattening at lower energies (<100 keV). While a decreasing electric field slows down the electron deceleration, allowing them to precipitate into deeper atmospheric layers than for a constant electric field, the joint effect of electric and collisional energy losses increases the energy losses by lower energy electrons compared to pure collisions and results in maxima at energies of 40-80 keV in the differential electron spectra. This, in turn, leads to the maxima in the mean source electron spectra and to the "double power law" HXR photon spectra (with flattening at lower energies) similar to those reported from the RHESSI observations. The more intense and soft the beams are, the stronger is the lower energy flattening and the higher is the "break" energy where the flattening occurs.

Structure-property relationships were investigated for electron beam(EB) irradiated monomeric and polymeric systems. The objectives were to study the feasibility of preparing systems of potential application, and to characterize these systems in terms of structure-property behavior. In this thesis, the basic theories on radiation chemistry were first reviewed. Next, five different studies on the application of EB radiation were discussed. In the first study on the surface modification of the methacrylic acid derivative of the glycidyl ether of bis-phenol A(bis-GMA) substrates, considerable changes in wetting characteristics were observed using functionalized poly(dimethyl siloxane)(PDMS) oligomers as surface modifiers. Systematic studies were conducted to investigate the effects of the type of functionality, the molecular weight of PDMS and the radiation dosage, etc. The second subject was on the structure-property behavior of EB crosslinked caprolactone-allyl glycidyl ether(CL-AGE) copolymers. EB radiation was utilized to crosslink these materials at various temperatures both above and below the crystalline melting point. The final solid state properties were found to be strongly dependent on the morphological state of the CL-AGE copolymer at the time of EB irradiation. In the third study, models of time-temperature-energy(TTE) diagrams in an idealized EB radiation curing system were developed to help provide a conceptual understanding of the TTE relationship. Three general adiabatic cases were presented with increasing degree of complexity: the first considered only heating through EB energy dissipation, while the second and third attempted to include a kinetic exotherm, and the effects of glass transition and vitrification behavior, respectively. The fourth study focused on the effects of EB irradiation on the mechanical and thermal properties of poly(phenylene sulfide). The effects of morphological state and atmospheric environment such as air or nitrogen during the irradiation process were investigated in terms of structure—property behavior. In the fifth study, two systems(symmetric and asymmetric) based on the controlled distribution of bis-GMA within a crosslinked nitrile rubber(NBR) network were prepared utilizing EB irradiation. The prepared symmetric and asyrnronetric distributions of bis-GMA and the morphological structure of the NBR/bis-GMA system were investigated by dynamic mechanical as well as by FTIR and polarizing optical microscopy analyses. / Ph. D.