A detailed understanding of failure mechanisms in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) can help develop reliable and durable TBCs for advanced gas turbine engines. One of the characteristics of failure in electron beam physical vapor deposited (EB-PVD) TBCs is the development of instability, named rumpling, at the interface between (Ni, Pt)Al bond coat and thermally grown oxide (TGO). In this study, thermal cycling at 1100°C with 1 hr dwell time was carried out on 25.4mm disc specimens of TBCs that consisted of EB-PVD coated ZrO2-7wt. %Y2O3, (Pt,Ni)Al bond coat, and CMSX-4 Ni-based superalloy. At specific fraction of lifetime, TBCs were examined by electron microscopy and photostimulated luminescence (PL). Changes in the average compressive residual stress of the TGO determined by PL and the magnitude of rumpling, determined by tortuosity from quantitative microstructural analyses, were examined with respect to the furnace thermal cyclic lifetime and microstructural evolution of TBCs. The combination of elastic strain energy within the TGO and interfacial energy at the interface between the TGO and the bond coat was defined as the TGO energy, and its variation with cyclic oxidation time was found to remain approximately constant ~135J/m2 during thermal cycling from 10% to 80% thermal cyclic lifetime. Parametric study at ~135J/m2 was performed and variation in residual stress with rumpling for different oxide scale thicknesses was examined. This study showed that the contribution of rumpling in residual stress relaxation decreased with an increase in TGO thickness. High pressure turbine blades serviced for 2843 hours and in the as coated form were also examined using electron microscopy and photostimulated luminescence. The difference in iv residual stress values obtained using PL on the suction and pressure sides of as-coated turbine blade were discussed. The presence of a thick layer of deposit on the serviced blade gave signals from stress free α-Al2O3 in the deposit, not from the TGO. The TGO growth constant data from the disc-shape TBCs, thermally cycled at 1100°C, and studies by other authors at different temperatures but on similar EB-PVD coated TBCs with (Pt, Ni)Al bond coat and CMSX-4 Nibased superalloy were used to determine the temperature profile at the YSZ/bond coat interface. The interfacial temperature profiles of the serviced blade and the YSZ thickness profile were compared to document the variable temperature exposure at the leading edge, trailing edge, suction and the pressure side.

No description available.

O tratamento de efluentes industriais é uma prática que vem se disseminando em ritmo acelerado, porque além de contribuir para reforçar a imagem pública, através do combate à poluição, ela traz vantagens econômicas para as empresas que podem reutilizar a água tratada do efluente em seus próprios processos. A técnica de tratamento estudada no presente trabalho é a que utiliza a oxidação/redução química destacando-se a utilização da radiação ionizante por meio de feixes de elétrons. Esta técnica utiliza um processo oxidativo avançado, gerando radicais altamente reativos que provocam a oxidação, redução, dissociação e degradação em compostos orgânicos e exercendo efeito letal nos microorganismos, protozoários e parasitas em geral. Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se um projeto conceituai e básico de uma unidade móvel de tratamento de efluentes utilizando radiação ionizante, fazendo com que a unidade se desloque até o ponto de tratamento, facilitando assim a logística. Em seguida, elaborou-se um estudo de viabilidade técnica e econômica permitindo dados consistentes sobre a capacidade e custo de processamento de efluentes e valores consolidados dos investimentos necessários para serem apresentados a órgãos financiadores para a construção de uma unidade móvel. Os resultados dos estudos demonstram que é viável tecnicamente a construção de uma unidade móvel, pois atende a legislação pertinente do Brasil, nos aspectos de Radioproteção e limite de transporte de carga. O custo unitário do processamento mostrou-se superior ao de uma unidade fixa em razão da diminuição da eficiência da interação da radiação incidente no efluente processado, devido à redução de energia do acelerador de elétrons e da disponibilidade de operação da unidade. / The treatment of industrial effluents is a practice that is disseminating in accelerated rhythm, of contributing to reinforce the public image, through the combat of the pollution, it brings economical advantages allowing the companies the reuse of the treated water in their own processes. The liquid effluent treatment technique studied in the present work is the one that uses the chemical oxidation/reduction standing out the use of the electron beam (e.b.) radiation. This technique uses an advanced oxidation process, generating radicals highly reagents that provoke the oxidation, reduction, dissociation and degradation in composed organic and exercising lethal effect in general in the microorganisms and parasites. In this work a conceptual and basic project of a movable unit of effluents treatment using electron beam radiation process was developed, in order that the unit moves until the treatment point, where the effluent is produced, facilitating the logistics. A technical and economical feasibility study was also elaborated allowing data on the capacity and cost of effluents processing to consolidate the values of the necessary investments to be presented to foundations organs for the construction of a movable unit. The results of the studies demonstrated that it is technically viable attending the pertinent legislation of Brazil, in the aspects of Radiation Protection and transport limit capacity. The unitary cost of the e.b. radiation processing in the movable unit was shown more expensive than in the fixed unit, the reason is the decrease of the efficiency of the interaction of the incident electrons in the effluent, due to the reduction of electron energy operation time of the unit.

As espumas de polietileno são amplamente utilizadas. Suas aplicações vão de aparelhos domésticos a artefatos médicos, incluindo aplicações nas indústrias de construção civil e automobilística. As propriedades das espumas dependem da densidade e da sua estrutura celular, em outras palavras, da quantidade de células abertas e fechadas, da distribuição e do tamanho das células. Os métodos de produção de espumas de polietileno reticulado são classificados em dois tipos, de acordo com o método de reticulação. Um dos métodos é a reticulação química, que utiliza peróxidos como agente reticulante, O outro método é a reticulação por irradiação, utilizando feixe de elétrons. As espumas obtidas a partir do polietileno reticulado pelo processo de irradiação apresentam superfície lisa e homogênea, e são formadas basicamente por células fechadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar a radiação ionizante para a formação de ligações cruzadas entre as moléculas de polietileno de baixa densidade (LDPE), que permitiu a obtenção das espumas. As suas propriedades mecânicas, térmicas e morfológicas foram avaliadas. As amostras de polietileno com densidade de 0,946 g/cm3, contendo 5% de azodicarbonamida (ADCA), agente expansor, foram irradiadas com feixe de elétrons de alta energia com doses de radiação de 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 e 100 kGy. Após a irradiação, as amostras de LDPE foram colocadas em um forno para expansão térmica e formação das espumas. Foi determinado o grau de reticulação das espumas. Algumas amostras também foram envelhecidas termicamente. O desempenho mecânico das amostras de espumas foi avaliado por meio de ensaios de tração e deformação, dureza, deformação permanente por compressão e resiliência. Também foram realizados ensaios de termogravimetria (TGA) e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados mostraram que no intervalo de doses de radiação estudadas, a resistência à tração aumenta com o aumento do grau de reticulação. Nos ensaios de resistência à compressão, a partir da dose de radiação de 40 kGy, observou-se um decréscimo nos valores obtidos. Já a resiliência sofreu pouca aheração. De acordo com a análise morfológica pode-se concluir que a dose de radiação de 30 kGy foi a que promoveu a formação de espumas com estrutura celular fechada e mais homogênea. / The polyethylene foams are widely used. Their main applications are used for both home appliances to medical equipments. Beside that, they have applications in building and automotive industries. The foam properties depend on the density and its cellular structure, that is, the amount of open and closed cells, of the distribution and size of them. The methods of the crosslinking polyethylene foam production are classified in two types, according to the crosslinking method. One method is based on the chemical crosslinking, which utilizes peroxide as crosslinking agent. In the other method, the crosslinking is induced by electron beam radiation. The foams obtained from the crosslinking polyethylene by irradiation process presented a smooth and the homogeneous surface, and are formed basically by closed cells. The aim of this study was to apply the ionizing radiation from electron beam to crosslink low density polyethylene (LDPE), to obtain foams. Their morphological, thermal and mechanical properties were studied to evaluate the obtained samples. The samples of low density polyethylene (0,946 g/cm3), containing 5% of azodicarbonamide (ADCA), as expander agent, were irradiated with electron beam with doses of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100 kGy. After the irradiation, these LDPE samples were put into an oven to obtain the foams. It was determined the crosslinking degree of the foams. Some samples were also thermically aged. The mechanical performance of the foams samples was evaluated by means of the tensile strenght, compression, hardness, permanent deformation by compression and resilience. It was also carried out thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results have shown that, in the interval of radiation doses studied, that the tensile strength increases with the increase of the crosslinking degree. The compression resistance results obtained from with samples with to radiation dose of 40 kGy showed significant decreasing. The resilience measurements have shown only little variations. According to the morphological analysis it can be concluded that foams with radiation dose of 30 kGy have closed cellular structure more homogeneous and smooth morphology.

O tratamento de efluentes industriais é uma prática que vem se disseminando em ritmo acelerado, porque além de contribuir para reforçar a imagem pública, através do combate à poluição, ela traz vantagens econômicas para as empresas que podem reutilizar a água tratada do efluente em seus próprios processos. A técnica de tratamento estudada no presente trabalho é a que utiliza a oxidação/redução química destacando-se a utilização da radiação ionizante por meio de feixes de elétrons. Esta técnica utiliza um processo oxidativo avançado, gerando radicais altamente reativos que provocam a oxidação, redução, dissociação e degradação em compostos orgânicos e exercendo efeito letal nos microorganismos, protozoários e parasitas em geral. Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se um projeto conceituai e básico de uma unidade móvel de tratamento de efluentes utilizando radiação ionizante, fazendo com que a unidade se desloque até o ponto de tratamento, facilitando assim a logística. Em seguida, elaborou-se um estudo de viabilidade técnica e econômica permitindo dados consistentes sobre a capacidade e custo de processamento de efluentes e valores consolidados dos investimentos necessários para serem apresentados a órgãos financiadores para a construção de uma unidade móvel. Os resultados dos estudos demonstram que é viável tecnicamente a construção de uma unidade móvel, pois atende a legislação pertinente do Brasil, nos aspectos de Radioproteção e limite de transporte de carga. O custo unitário do processamento mostrou-se superior ao de uma unidade fixa em razão da diminuição da eficiência da interação da radiação incidente no efluente processado, devido à redução de energia do acelerador de elétrons e da disponibilidade de operação da unidade. / The treatment of industrial effluents is a practice that is disseminating in accelerated rhythm, of contributing to reinforce the public image, through the combat of the pollution, it brings economical advantages allowing the companies the reuse of the treated water in their own processes. The liquid effluent treatment technique studied in the present work is the one that uses the chemical oxidation/reduction standing out the use of the electron beam (e.b.) radiation. This technique uses an advanced oxidation process, generating radicals highly reagents that provoke the oxidation, reduction, dissociation and degradation in composed organic and exercising lethal effect in general in the microorganisms and parasites. In this work a conceptual and basic project of a movable unit of effluents treatment using electron beam radiation process was developed, in order that the unit moves until the treatment point, where the effluent is produced, facilitating the logistics. A technical and economical feasibility study was also elaborated allowing data on the capacity and cost of effluents processing to consolidate the values of the necessary investments to be presented to foundations organs for the construction of a movable unit. The results of the studies demonstrated that it is technically viable attending the pertinent legislation of Brazil, in the aspects of Radiation Protection and transport limit capacity. The unitary cost of the e.b. radiation processing in the movable unit was shown more expensive than in the fixed unit, the reason is the decrease of the efficiency of the interaction of the incident electrons in the effluent, due to the reduction of electron energy operation time of the unit.

As espumas de polietileno são amplamente utilizadas. Suas aplicações vão de aparelhos domésticos a artefatos médicos, incluindo aplicações nas indústrias de construção civil e automobilística. As propriedades das espumas dependem da densidade e da sua estrutura celular, em outras palavras, da quantidade de células abertas e fechadas, da distribuição e do tamanho das células. Os métodos de produção de espumas de polietileno reticulado são classificados em dois tipos, de acordo com o método de reticulação. Um dos métodos é a reticulação química, que utiliza peróxidos como agente reticulante, O outro método é a reticulação por irradiação, utilizando feixe de elétrons. As espumas obtidas a partir do polietileno reticulado pelo processo de irradiação apresentam superfície lisa e homogênea, e são formadas basicamente por células fechadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar a radiação ionizante para a formação de ligações cruzadas entre as moléculas de polietileno de baixa densidade (LDPE), que permitiu a obtenção das espumas. As suas propriedades mecânicas, térmicas e morfológicas foram avaliadas. As amostras de polietileno com densidade de 0,946 g/cm3, contendo 5% de azodicarbonamida (ADCA), agente expansor, foram irradiadas com feixe de elétrons de alta energia com doses de radiação de 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 e 100 kGy. Após a irradiação, as amostras de LDPE foram colocadas em um forno para expansão térmica e formação das espumas. Foi determinado o grau de reticulação das espumas. Algumas amostras também foram envelhecidas termicamente. O desempenho mecânico das amostras de espumas foi avaliado por meio de ensaios de tração e deformação, dureza, deformação permanente por compressão e resiliência. Também foram realizados ensaios de termogravimetria (TGA) e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados mostraram que no intervalo de doses de radiação estudadas, a resistência à tração aumenta com o aumento do grau de reticulação. Nos ensaios de resistência à compressão, a partir da dose de radiação de 40 kGy, observou-se um decréscimo nos valores obtidos. Já a resiliência sofreu pouca aheração. De acordo com a análise morfológica pode-se concluir que a dose de radiação de 30 kGy foi a que promoveu a formação de espumas com estrutura celular fechada e mais homogênea. / The polyethylene foams are widely used. Their main applications are used for both home appliances to medical equipments. Beside that, they have applications in building and automotive industries. The foam properties depend on the density and its cellular structure, that is, the amount of open and closed cells, of the distribution and size of them. The methods of the crosslinking polyethylene foam production are classified in two types, according to the crosslinking method. One method is based on the chemical crosslinking, which utilizes peroxide as crosslinking agent. In the other method, the crosslinking is induced by electron beam radiation. The foams obtained from the crosslinking polyethylene by irradiation process presented a smooth and the homogeneous surface, and are formed basically by closed cells. The aim of this study was to apply the ionizing radiation from electron beam to crosslink low density polyethylene (LDPE), to obtain foams. Their morphological, thermal and mechanical properties were studied to evaluate the obtained samples. The samples of low density polyethylene (0,946 g/cm3), containing 5% of azodicarbonamide (ADCA), as expander agent, were irradiated with electron beam with doses of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100 kGy. After the irradiation, these LDPE samples were put into an oven to obtain the foams. It was determined the crosslinking degree of the foams. Some samples were also thermically aged. The mechanical performance of the foams samples was evaluated by means of the tensile strenght, compression, hardness, permanent deformation by compression and resilience. It was also carried out thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results have shown that, in the interval of radiation doses studied, that the tensile strength increases with the increase of the crosslinking degree. The compression resistance results obtained from with samples with to radiation dose of 40 kGy showed significant decreasing. The resilience measurements have shown only little variations. According to the morphological analysis it can be concluded that foams with radiation dose of 30 kGy have closed cellular structure more homogeneous and smooth morphology.

In modern, advanced radiotherapy (e.g. intensity modulated photon radiotherapy, IMXT) the delivery time for each fraction becomes prolonged to 10-20 minutes compared with the conventional, commonly 2-5 minutes. The biological effect of this prolongation is not fully known. The large number of beam directions in IMXT commonly leads to a large integral dose in the patient. Electrons would reduce the integral dose but are not suitable for treating deep-seated tumour, due to their limited penetration in tissues. By combining electron and photon beams, the dose distributions may be improved compared with either used alone. One obstacle for using electron beams in clinical routine is that there is no available treatment planning systems that optimise electron beam treatments in a similar way as for IMXT. Protons have an even more pronounced dose fall-off, larger penetration depth and less penumbra widening than electrons and are therefore more suitable for advanced radiotherapy. However, proton facilities optimised for advanced radiotherapy are not commonly available. In some instances electron beams may be an acceptable surrogate. The first part of this study is an experimental in vitro study where the situation in a tumour during fractionated radiotherapy is simulated. The effect of the prolonged fraction time is compared with the predictions by radiobiological models. The second part is a treatment planning study to analyse the mixing of electron and photon beams for at complex target volume in comparison with IMXT. In the next step a research version of an electron beam optimiser was used for the improvement of treatment plans. The aim was to develop a method for translating crude energy and intensity matrices for optimised electrons into a deliverable treatment plan without destroying the dose distribution. In the final part, different methods of treating the spinal canal in medulloblastoma were explored in a treatment planning study that was evaluated with biological models for estimating risks for late radiation effects. The effect on cell survival of prolonging fraction time at conventional doses/fraction is significant in an in vitro system. This effect is underestimated by biological models. Prolonging the fraction time will spare tissues with a fast DNA repair. Thus, there is a risk for sparing tumours. The mixed electron and photon beam technique has the potential to treat deep-seated tumours. Compared with IMXT the number of beams can be reduced and as a consequence, the time for each fraction could be kept shorter. The integral dose in the patient will also be lower. The mixed beam technique could potentially be further improved if automatic optimisation for electrons was available. The results suggest that optimisation and segmentation can be automated, and a deliverable treatment plan can be obtained with simple procedures without destroying the quality of the dose distribution. The integral dose in patients may lead to late radiation side effects. In childhood cancers the risk for development of radiation induced cancers is a reality and the integral dose outside the target volume should be minimised. Based on models for cancer induction, protons show the lowest risk while electrons have some benefit compared with different photon techniques. All methods are able to similarly well treat the target volume.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to Univ. of California, Davis, CA (US); 17 Sep 2004. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "UCRL-TH-207378" Gibson, D J. 09/17/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

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