There are a number of ongoing projects developing autonomous vehicles, both helicopters and airplanes. The purpose of this thesis is to study a concept for calculating the height and attitude of a helicopter. The system will be active during landing. This thesis includes building an experimental setup and to develop algorithms and software. The basic idea is to illuminate the ground with a certain pattern and in our case we used laser pointers to create this pattern. The ground is then filmed and the images are processed to extract the pattern. This provides us with information about the height and attitude of the helicopter. Furthermore, the concept implies that no equipment on the ground is needed. With further development the sensor should be able to calculate the movement of the underlying surface relative to the helicopter. This is very important when landing on a moving surface, e.g. a ship at sea. To study the concept empirically an experimental setup was constructed. The setup provides us with the necessary information to evaluate how well the system could perform in reality. The setup is built with simple and cheap materials. In the setup an ordinary web camera and laser pointers that are avaliable for everyone have been used. / Det finns flera pågående projekt inom autonomflygande farkoster, både för helikoptrar och flygplan. Syftet med vårt examensarbetet är att undersöka ett koncept för en landningssensor för autonom landning med helikopter. Examensarbetet innebär att bygga en fysisk modell för test av konceptet samt att utveckla mjukvara. Konceptet för sensorn består av att belysa marken med ett speciellt mönster, i vårt fall skapas mönstret av laserpekare, som därefter fotograferas och bildbehandlas. Detta mönster ger sedan information om helikopterns höjd och attityd i luften. Vidare innebär konceptet också att ingen markutrustning krävs för att sensorn ska fungera. I förlängningen ska man med detta koncept kunna beräkna hur underlaget rör sig relativt helikoptern, vilket är väldigt viktigt vid landning på objekt som rör sig, till exempel ett fartyg. För att undersöka hur bra sensorn presterar i verkligheten så har en rigg byggts. Riggen är byggd med enkla och billiga material. I det här fallet används en webbkamera och laserpekare som går att köpa i vanliga elektronikaffärer.

Detta examensarbete är framtaget av SSAB:s ingenjörer i fabriken SSAB Oxelösund. Uppdraget består i att konstruera en ny hård- och mjukvara för en befintlig valsningsklocka. Examensarbetet består av flera delar, där den första delen är att konstruera och välja komponenter till en prototyp av ny hårdvara till klockan. När delarna är valda kommer dem att testas med ett laborationskort med den valda processorn för att utvärdera att delarna är kompatibla innan den slutliga hårdvaran beställs. Den andra består i att programmera mjukvara till processorn som kommer att vara kärnan till klockan. Processorn kommer att styra samt beräkna alla in- och utsignaler till alla komponenter som finns i klockan. Den tredje och avslutande delen består av konstruera den slutgiltiga produkten med hjälp av CAD-verktyg. En layout med alla valda komponenter produceras. Tanken med projektet är att man ska uppdatera äldre komponenter till nyare som är lättillgängligare att införskaffa. Det ska vara lättare att felsöka med hjälp av en enkel meny genom att ansluta kortet mot en dator. Man ska kunna använda samma mjuk- och hårdvara oavsett vilken av de två klocktyper som används. Jag har fått olika resultat av skapandet av det nya prototypskortet. Det har varit mycket laborerande att hitta komponenter till hårdvaran för att få en fungerande prototyp till klockorna. Programmeringen av mjukvaran har varit lite varierande beroende på vilken A/D-omvandlare som har använts. I övrigt har de mesta arbetet gått åt att skapa en väl fungerande meny som ska fungera för båda klockorna. Tillverkning av en slutversion av prototypen är beställd men inte levererad. Programmeringen av Ethernet-kontrollen har inte hunnits med. Fördelarna med det nya systemet är att det är lättare att hitta ersättningskomponenter vid reparation samt att menystyrd felsökning är snabb och enkel. Till exempel kan man med menystyrd felsökning se om A/D-omvandlarna får något värde eller om det är dålig anslutning mellan komponenterna. Med det nya systemet är det också möjligt att implementera ny mjukvara. / This thesis has been developed by SSAB´s engineers in the fabric SSAB Oxelösund. The assignment is to design a new hardware and software for a roller clock. The thesis has several parts, where the first part is to construct and choose components to a prototype of the hardware to the watch. When the parts are chosen, they will be tested with an elaboration card with the chosen processor to be evaluated that the parts are compatible before the final hardware is ordered. The second part is to program software for the processor that will be the core for the watch. The processor will be controlling and calculate all in signals and out signals to all components there is in the watch. The third and the ending part are to construct the final product with help of CAD tools. A layout with all the chosen components produced. The thought with the project is to update older components to newer ones that are more easily accessible to get. It shall be easier to debug with help of one simple menu by connecting the card against a computer. It will be able to use the same software and hardware to any kind of the two clock types that is in use. I have got different results by creating the new prototype card. It has been a lot of elaborations to find the components to the hardware to get a functional prototype for the watches. Programming of the software has been a bit varying depending on what kind of A/D-converter has been used. Otherwise the most work of programming has been to create a functional menu that is functional for the both watches. The production of the final product of the prototype has been ordered but not yet delivered. Programming of the Ethernet control has not yet been managed. The advantages with the new systems are it´s easier to get replacement parts at reparation and with the menu controlled error seeking it gets easier and quicker to find the errors. For an example it's possible with menu controlling to see if the A/D-converters gets any values or if there is bad connections between the components. With the new system it is also possible to implement new software.

This document contains the development of an amplifier for an ECG-signal and interfacing it to wireless communication. The purpose of this project is to get a clear ECG-signal without any noise, save it and send it through wireless communication.A challenge of the wireless communication unit is to send as little information as possible to make the communication faster, without loss of information in the ECG-signal.The context for this project is the integration of wireless communication in medical applications for home healthcare. This means that, patients are no longer bound to a specific healthcare location where they are monitored by medical instruments. Wireless communication will not only provide them with safe and accurate monitoring, but also the freedom of movement.

Since a few years, flat screen TVs, such as LCD and plasma, has come to completelydominate the market of televisions. In a SoC solution for digital TVs, severalprocessors are used to obtain a decent image quality. Some of the processorsneed temporal information, which means that whole frames need to be storedin memory, which in turn motivates the use of SDRAM memory. When higherdemands of resolution and image quality arrives, greater pressure is put on theperformance of the SoC memory subsystem, to not become a bottleneck of thesystem. In this master thesis project, a model of an existing SoC for digital TVs is usedto benchmark and evaluate the performance of an SDRAM memory controllerarchitecture study. The two major features are the ability to reorder transactionsand the compatibility with DDR3. By introducing reordering of transactions, thechoice is given to the memory controller to service memory requests in an orderthat decreases bank conflicts and read/write turn arounds. Measurements showthat a utilization of 86.5 % of the total available bandwidth can be achieved, whichis 18.5 percentage points more, compared to an existing nonreordering memorycontroller developed by NXP.

This bachelor thesis is dedicated to assemble the hardware system of a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) in order to prepare the platform for an autonomous flight in the air for a given path through the pre-programmed check points. A UAV is an aircraft that contains sensors, GPS, radio system, servomechanisms and computers, which provide the capability of an autonomous flight without a human pilot in the cockpit. A stable flight requires sensing the roll, pitch, and yaw angles of aircraft. Roll and pitch angles were ensured by a sensor system of FMA Direct Company called co-pilot flight stabilization system (CPD4), which allows controlling ailerons and elevator manually. An autopilot is required for steering the aircraft autonomously according the GPS data and the establish waypoints that the airplane have to pass by. The GPS gives heading information to the autopilot, and this uses the information of the next waypoint to decide which direction to go. Hereby an autonomous flight is provided. In this project a lego mindstorm NXT was used as an autopilot that is product of LEGO Company [1]. The output of the autopilot is used to control the airplane servos to fly in the desired direction. A software and hardware interface was designed to allow the autopilot to receive the data from the co-pilot sensor and to transmit data to the co-pilot processor, which will finally steer the actuator servos. Experiments were performed with different parts of the system and the results reported.

The need for RF spectrum for the rapidly growing broadband access services is evident. Cognitive radio is an emerging technology that aims to introduce secondary usage of the spectrum resources without interfering with the primary usage of the licensed users but with a lower priority.    Signal detection for cognitive radios has drawn a lot of interest in the research community, where different algorithms are suggested. The most commonly used algorithms are energy detection, feature detection, eigenvalue based detection. Energy detection is the simplest and most common way to detect signals. It has fast sensing time but poor performance. The feature detection and eigenvalue based detection methods are more sophisticated and offer better performance but they are more complex and expensive. This thesis will present the pros and cons of each method and offer comparisons between them.    To evaluate the performance of different algorithms used in cognitive radio, different research testbeds have been suggested in the literature. Some of the most frequently used testbeds are based on GNU-radio, WARP, or BEE2. GNU-radio is the simplest testbed and is free, but it has low bandwidth and poor performance. WARP and BEE2 are more advanced testbeds. They offer good performance and are easy to update, but they are more complex and expensive. These three testbeds will be described, compared, and their advantages and disadvantages will be observed in this thesis.

Detta är ett examensarbete som handlar om bytet av värmesystem i Glömminge Kyrka på Öland. Glömminge kyrka har bytt ut sitt gamla värmesystem som gick på direktverkande el mot ett mer kostnadseffektivt och miljöanpassat värmesystem. Det nya systemet har brännare med panna för att kunna värma kyrkan med olika sorters miljöbränslen exempelvis rapsfettsyra. I arbetet beskrivs värmesystemet, bränsletyper samt det styrsystem som används för att styra värmesystemet. Examensarbetet handlar även om vilka nivåer av relativ luftfuktighet man bör ha i byggnader med känsliga inventarier och vilka åtgärder man kan vidta för att hålla önskad luftfuktighet.

This essay is divided in several different parts, but all are tied up together by a fact that we want to increase productivity. We hope to do that by programming the PLC and to reach this with a better security for the person how are going to handle the cutting machine under it’s cutting process. We should as well look for some other ways to come up with better instructions and way to work and handle yourself during work. This programming is done in GRAPH7. This is a sequence block program from Siemens. / Examensarbetet består av flera olika delar, som alla utgår från det faktum att man vill öka produktionen . Samtidigt vill man ha säkra maskiner som är användarvänliga. De ska även kunna uppdateras av personalen på plats. Min uppgift är att programmera en sådan maskins styrsystem med hjälp av en PLC. Det finns en maskin som redan används; men företaget funderar på att bygga en till, om det skulle behövas för att öka produktionen Det jag skall göra är att skapa ett program till en sådan maskin för att användas i framtiden. Ytterligare en uppgift var att fel söka den redan befintliga maskinen och komma med förslag på förbättringar. Denna programmering gjordes i GRAPH 7 som är ett program från Siemens. Programmet är uppbyggt i sekvensblock.

En läskamera är ett synhjälpmedel där en kamera filmar ett läsbord och sen visar bilden på en skärm.Bilden går sedan att manipulera så att man t.ex. får svart text på grön bakgrund. Det går även attförstora texten. När konkurrensen ökar och kameran blir bättre med HD-teknik så måste ävenbelysningen, som lyser upp läsbordet, uppdateras. Dagens belysning är ojämn och man kan se ringarefter linserna. Det är även önskvärt att byta ut de halogenlampor som används idag.Rapporten behandlar hur olika ljusledare, reflektorer eller linser kan ge en bra och jämn ljusbild. Detär även viktigt att hitta en belysning som återger färger braFör att få ett flimmerfritt ljus konstrueras en pulsbreddsmodulator med hög frekvens. Den gör detäven möjligt att dimma manuellt eller reglera automatiskt för eventuella förändringar i allmänljuset.Att ljuset är jämnt över hela läsbordet är önskvärt för att få bästa bild. Vi undersökte även om ettprogram kan kompensera för infallande eller frånvarande av ljus. Programmet ska kunna överföras tillen FPGA monterad på ett kretskort. / A video magnifier is a visual aid where a camera is recording on a reading table and then shows thepicture on a display. The picture can then be manipulated so that you e.g. you get a white text on agreen background. You are also able to enlarge the text. As the competition increases and camerasbecome better with HD-technique the lighting that lights up the reading table has to be updated.Today's lighting is irregular and one can see rings after the lenses. It's also desirable to replace today'shalogen lamps.In the report, we check if it is possible that light conductors, reflectors and lenses can give a good andeven light picture. It is also important to find a lighting that reproduces colors in a satisfying way.In order to get a flicker free light we designed a pulse with modulator with high frequency. This makesit possible to dim manually or control automatically for changes in the regular light.The picture is at its best when the light is even over the entire reading table. We investigated in aprogram that might compensate for possible falling or lack of light. The program will be transferredinto an FPGA to enable it to be assembled onto a printed circuit board.

This thesis focuses on the design and evaluation of the meander-line antenna geometry. One standard meander-line antenna and other two non-standard meander antennas have been studied. These printed antennas are discussed with the goal of identifying which is suitable for use in a miniaturized wireless transceiver design and which is able to provide the better performance using minimal Printed Circuit Board (PCB) space. In a word, the main objective is to characterize tradeoffs and identify which antenna provides the best compromise among volume, bandwidth and efficiency. The performance of each antenna is evaluated based on return loss, operational bandwidth, and radiation pattern characteristics. During our measurement, return loss is measured by reading the S11-port reflection coefficient on Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). This coefficient can be used to characterize how well the antenna is able to be efficiently fed. Operational bandwidth is measured as the frequency range over which the antenna keeps the value of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) or equivalently has -10dB return loss. Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) is used to simulate expected characteristics which are resonant frequency, bandwidth, VSWR, and radiation pattern. HFSS is used to provide a good guide for the antenna design before the actual prototype is manufactured. Simulated results are compared with results of measurement to point out the differences and help demonstrate the practical effects on antenna performance. Radiation pattern are measured to illustrate the effects of antenna miniaturization. All the above measurements are done in the anechoic chamber.