This thesis explores two distinct yet inter-related issues within the twin fields of disability and developments tudies. First, the evolution of Community-BasedR ehabilitation( CBR) as the "received orthodoxy" for disability service provision throughout the developing world. Second, the developmenot f two theoretical" models"o r perspectiveso f disability: the medicala nds ocial perspectivesT. he assumptionws hichu nderpinC BR haven ot generallyb eens ubjectedto critical examinationn or hasc onsiderationb eeng iven ast o how CBR andt he theoreticalu nderstandings of disabilityi nter-relate. This thesisc ritically analysesth is inter-relationship. The thesisd escribesa ndc ritiquest he theoreticalu nderstandingosf disability,a ndt he philosophy ando perationapl racticeo f CBR, beforec onsideringh ow eacho f thesec anm utuallye nhancea nd developt he other.T his analysiss uggestws aysf orwardt o developinga na lternativeu nderstanding of disability, which is pertinent to the experience of disabled people in a developing country context. It is argued that neither perspective provides an intellectually satisfying analysis. CBR has invariably been perceived by planners and policy makers in a somewhat utopian manner. A field study of four NGO-managed CBR programmes in South India provides an empirical exploration of these issues. The case studies enlighten and contextualise the issues this thesis addresses. It is concludedt hat a universal" model" of disabilityi s inadequateb ut that insightsc an be drawn from both the medical and social perspectives. Importantly, an "improved" understandingo f disabilitym ust take into accountt he way in which the experienceo f disabilitya nd impairmenti s shapedb y economic,s ociala ndc ultural factors.T he thesisa lsoc oncludesth at althought here are problems inherent in the principles and practice of CBR, it has the potential to create an unprecedented opportunity for disabled people to improve their well-being. Given that "empowerment"i s becomein creasinglyim portantw ithin CBR. there is potential in considering the implications of Paulo Freire's philosophy of social transformation for operational practice.

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This paper is supposed to get an answer to how teenagers in a municipality in Kalmar Län in Sweden think about their individual role in a community. The essay is a comparative investigation at how age can affect teenagers's view at the community, based on contractualistic approach. The background issue clarifies the objectives and guidelines how the schools should work with the social norms and values. The method for this studie is a quantitative survey in which students in two different classes are compared. The method for comparing takes place using the theoretical position, which is based on the individual's social maturity in the Swedish society. The results showed that the younger students felt more sympathy and solidarity with their fellow men than the older students. This can be explained by the older students embraced empowerment to a greater extent.

Sammanfattning Studiens syfte var att undersöka om brukarrevisorer som återhämtat sig från psykisk ohälsa påverkades av sitt arbete under utförandet av brukarrevisioner och i så ifall vilka orsaker somkunde finnas bakom påverkan. Vidare undersöktes vilka konsekvenser arbetet med brukarrevisioner kan ha för brukarrevisorernas mående samt hur den nya kunskap som studien genererar kan användas inom det sociala arbetet. Studien ämnar fylla ut de stora kunskapsluckor som finns inom ämnet, i synnerhet i Sverige. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom individuella semikonstruerade intervjuer med sex brukarrevisorer. Studien är en kvalitativ studie med en hermeneutisk ansats. Innehållsanalys med fokus på det manifesta har tillämpats. Resultatethar analyserats med hjälp av begreppen empowerment samt återhämtning. Resultatet visar att det finns en övergripande positiv påverkan på brukarrevisorernas mående i form av en känsla av ökat värde, meningsskapande samt individuell utveckling. Resultatet visar dock även på förekomsten av riskfaktorer som ingår i arbetet i form av de svårigheter som följer med upprätthållandet av sekretess, etiska dilemman och ansvarskänslor inför brukarnas utsatthet. Vidare belyser studien det fortsatta behovet av forskning, speciellt mer omfattande sådan, inom området samt bidrar med implikationer som kan användas i det sociala arbetet. Slutsatsen är att brukarrevisorers återhämtningpåverkas positivt av brukarrevisioner men att det förekommer riskfaktorer för deras mående i samband med deras arbete som bör tas vidare i beaktande.

Ho Ching-sze. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-52). / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:37:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3815_1.pdf: 1732304 bytes, checksum: f47317b4a12fd4d6def43c785860b886 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As necessidades de produtividade e eficiência da economia atual exigem o uso de novas formas de relações de trabalho. Para tanto, há necessidade de maior velocidade das respostas e maior envolvimento e comprometimento por parte dos envolvidos. Dar o poder da tomada de decisão aos executores das atividades de produção constitui-se uma alternativa eficaz para as empresas que buscam a excelência operacional. Esta pesquisa objetivou caracterizar a compreensão e a opinião que os potenciais formadores de equipe e líderes têm a respeito da delegação do poder de decisão. Trata-se de um estudo de múltiplos casos, com enfoque quantitativo-descritivo, no qual foi utilizada a técnica de aplicação de questionário e categorização da análise de conteúdo. Estudaram-se aspectos sobre equipes de trabalho, autogestão e empowerment, sob o ponto de vista dos alunos dos cursos de Administração, Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia de Produção que estudam ou trabalham na região metropolitana do Recife. Os resultados evidenciam que os entrevistados compreendem o conteúdo do empowerment, mesmo sem ter familiaridade com o termo, e que, em geral, são adeptos às práticas de delegação de atividades, mas com algumas ressalvas. Os resultados encontrados corroboraram com a importância dessa pesquisa, visto que foram identificadas distorções entre as opiniões e o entendimento dos alunos entrevistados, ainda que todos, em geral, são preparados para exercer o mesmo tipo de prática: a liderança de equipes

Dans un contexte de forte compétition et d’accélération des processus d’innovation, la co-création de valeur entre l’entreprise et les consommateurs devient un avantage compétitif. Encore faut-il que le consommateur accepte de s’engager dans les interactions qui sous-tendent cette co-création de valeur. Pourquoi les consommateurs sont-ils prêts à s’engager dans la co-création de valeur ? Quelles sont les conséquences de cet engagement ? Trois études quantitatives ont été menées afin de répondre à cette problématique. Cette recherche contribue à la littérature en révélant plusieurs mécanismes : la motivation intrinsèque (plaisir d’interagir) et la motivation extrinsèque introjectée (implication de l’ego) sont les principaux moteurs de l’engagement dans des interactions co-créatrices de valeur alors que la motivation extrinsèque internalisée (sentiment de compétence) renforce la motivation intrinsèque. Cet engagement a un effet positif sur l’empowerment psychologique du consommateur. De façon surprenante, l’effet de cet engagement sur le bien-être subjectif du consommateur dépend du produit utilisé. Ces résultats contribuent à donner aux managers marketing des leviers d’actions qui leur permettront d’améliorer leur connaissance des usages afin d’adapter leur offre et innover. / In a context of strong competition and acceleration of innovation processes, value co-creation between the company and consumers becomes a competitive advantage. However, the consumer must still agree to engage in the interactions underlying value co-creation. Why are consumers willing to engage in value co-creation? What are the consequences of such engagement? Three quantitative studies were conducted to address this issue. This research contributes to the literature by revealing several mechanisms: intrinsic motivation (pleasure of interacting) and introjected extrinsic motivation (ego involvement) are the main drivers of engagement in value co-creating interactions while internalized extrinsic motivation (feeling of competence) reinforces intrinsic motivation. This engagement has a positive effect on consumer’s psychological empowerment. Surprisingly, the effect of this engagement on their subjective well-being depends on the product used. These results contribute to give levers for action to marketing managers that will improve their knowledge of uses in order to adapt their offer and innovate.

acase@tulane.edu / Abstract This research seeks to further the understanding of female microentrepreneurship as it is conceptualized and applied to initiatives that supporting women’s economic and social empowerment. Social norms, institutional discrimination, and gender constraints define the activities and persons that are entrepreneurial, thereby affecting female microenterprise motivations, characteristics, and success. In addition, contemporary microenterprise initiatives draw on women’s stereotypical caret-taking roles to justify their economic development, while female microenterprises remain distinguishable by their informality, small size, and low returns. The enterprises created through resource allocation programs, such as microcredit, are largely informal and home-based subsistence enterprises that offer a low-quality employment option to women and fail to challenge or expand existing gender constraints. Data from focus group participants and analysis of survey responses from 487 female microentrepreneurs in Kandy, Sri Lanka are used to compare female microentrepreneurial success in terms of both financial and empowerment outcomes. A novel conceptualization of the capabilities approach is presented and utilized to build an original analytical framework that redefines success in terms of women’s capabilities: whether female microentrepreneurship expands what they can be and do. An iterative approach to defining success outcomes establishes that adding empowerment indicators to definitions of success highlight different gender constraints to female microentrepreneurship than purely financial measures. Group differences provide an analysis of the gender constraints that are more prevalent among those meeting compound definitions of success and those who do not. A logistic regression of gender constraints, including personal household, and business characteristics, and women’s capabilities (as a proxy for empowerment), determines the impact of each constraint on the likelihood of being successful. The results suggest that, at the microenterprise level, female entrepreneurs are constrained by social and household norms that reduce their capabilities and enterprise success. Women’s hybrid entrepreneurial motivations, driven by their own economic and household considerations rather than outcomes desired by development initiatives, are established as offering fertile ground for future research, specifically regarding the impact of the household context. It is suggested that the motivations are distinct from those of women operating larger SMEs and require specific attention / 1 / Melissa E Langworthy

<p>I det svenska samhället finns det många regler, normer och krav på hur individer skall se ut,</p><p>vara och bete sig. Är någon avvikande från dessa kriterier kan personen ibland erfara att</p><p>människors bemötande blir av en annan karaktär, än det bemötande som icke avvikande</p><p>personer är vana vid. Denna uppsats kommer att handla om bemötandet av artonhundratalets</p><p>”idioter” eller dagens förståndshandikappade.</p><p>Syftet med min uppsats är att undersöka hur sex lindrigt förståndshandikappade upplever</p><p>bemötandet från sin sociala omgivning och hur detta bemötande påverkar dem. Vidare är</p><p>syftet att undersöka om stigmatiseringen, som ett handikapp kan innebära, är något som</p><p>lindrigt förståndshandikappade märker av i mötet med andra personer. För att ta reda på detta</p><p>har jag genomfört sex intervjuer med lindrigt förståndshandikappade.</p><p>I resultatdelen kommer ni att få erfara att bemötandet av lindrigt förståndshandikappade</p><p>skiljer sig åt. Skillnaden beror på om den handikappade möter en okänd eller en tidigare</p><p>bekant person. Ni kommer bland annat att få möta Alex som har fått uppleva att han inte är</p><p>välkommen att titta på sitt favoritlag i fotboll och David som brukar skoja och skratta med</p><p>sina arbetskompisar. Det förekommer även en skillnad i bemötandet beroende på om den</p><p>handikappade är ute själv eller med sin gruppbostad. Särbehandlingen som kan förekomma</p><p>kan uppfattas som både positiv och negativ av informanterna. Informanterna beskriver</p><p>känslor som rädsla, ilska, glädje och ett behov att få en rättvis behandling.</p>