Η διπλωματική αυτή εργασία έχει ως στόχο να δώσει στον αναγνώστη της μια σαφή εικόνα των μεθόδων αποθήκευσης ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας που υπάρχουν σήμερα, αναφέροντας εφαρμογές αυτών σε διάφορα Συστήματα Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας ανά τον κόσμο. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια αναφορά στους λόγους που επιβάλουν την αποθήκευση ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας, παρουσιάζοντας εν συντομία όλες τις μεθόδους αποθήκευσης που θα αναλυθούν στα επόμενα κεφάλαια. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται αρχικά η μέθοδος αποθήκευσης ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας με υπεραγώγημα πηνία και στη συνέχεια βλέπουμε τα αποτελέσματα εφαρμογής των συστημάτων αυτών τόσο σε επίπεδο εξομοίωσης όσο και σε πραγματικές περιπτώσεις. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται η αποθήκευση ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας με μπαταρίες. Αφού αναφερθούν οι κατηγορίες τους και τα χαρακτηριστικά μεγέθη τους, γίνεται μοντελοποίηση των μπαταριών και στη συνέχεια περιγράφονται δυο πραγματικές περιπτώσεις εφαρμογής των συστημάτων αυτών αποθήκευσης στο δίκτυο της Αμερικής. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφονται τα συστήματα αποθήκευσης με στρεφόμενες μάζες. Αναφέρονται τα πλεονεκτήματα και μειονεκτήματά τους, καθώς και τα χαρακτηριστικά των συστημάτων αυτών. Τέλος περιγράφεται η εφαρμογή των συστημάτων αυτών στην ρύθμιση της συχνότητας του δικτύου. Το πέμπτο κεφάλαιο μελετάει τα συστήματα αντλησιοταμίευσης στην αποθήκευσης ενέργειας. Αφού γίνει μια αναφορά στην υδροδυναμική ενέργεια, τα φράγματα και τους υδροστρόβιλους, εξετάζεται η περίπτωση εφαρμογής ενός τέτοιου συστήματος στο αυτόνομο σύστημα ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας της Κρήτης. Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο μελετάται η χρήση των υπέρ-πυκνωτών στην αποθήκευση ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Υπολογίζεται η ισοδύναμη χωρητικότητα συστήματος υπέρ-πυκνωτών καθώς και η απόδοση φόρτισης και εκφόρτισής του. Στο έβδομο κεφάλαιο γίνεται περιγραφή των συστημάτων αποθήκευσης με συμπιεσμένο αέρα και αναφέρονται δυο πραγματικές εφαρμογές των μονάδων αυτών καθώς και εκτιμώμενα μελλοντικά σχέδια ανάπτυξης νέων τέτοιων μονάδων. Στο όγδοο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια σύντομη αναφορά στην πιθανή μελλοντική χρήση των κυψέλων υδρογόνου για αποθήκευση ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας ενώ στο ένατο κεφαλαίο γίνεται μια σύντομη σύγκριση όλων των προαναφερόμενων διατάξεων αποθήκευσης βάση την ταχύτητα εκφόρτισής τους και βάση του κόστους εγκατάστασης ανά μονάδα παραγόμενης ενέργειας. Η διπλωματική εργασία κλείνει με ένα κεφάλαιο στο οποίο μελετάται η ενσωμάτωση των συστημάτων αποθήκευσης ενέργειας στους ελεγκτές FACTS στο επίπεδο μεταφοράς ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και στις συσκευές CUSTOM POWER στο επίπεδο της διανομής. / -

Vindkraftverk ansluts idag i snabb takt till elnät runt om i världen. Elnäten är ofta inte tillräckligt dimensionerade på platser där vindkraftutbyggnad är lämplig vilket leder till ett behov av nätförstärkning. Förstärkning sker konventionellt genom att övergå till en högre spänning, något som kan vara förenat med stora kostnader och ledtider. Bland annat därför har en filosofi med beteckningen smarta elnät uppstått, som handlar om hur elnätsystemet ska se ut när det är mer anpassat till de nya energikällornas karaktär och samtidigt medför ett mer effektivt totalutnyttjande. För vindkraftverk kan det då handla om att i högre grad än idag reglera produktionen och understödja nätet, t.ex. via intelligenta kontrollsystem, kraftelektronik och energilager. I den här rapporten undersöks hur mycket vindkraft som kan anslutas till ett svagt elnät då principer för smarta elnät tillämpas och för att se om kostnaden blir lägre än anslutning via konventionella nätförstärkningsmetoder. Det svaga elnätet som studien bygger på ligger i Tidaholm. Vindkraftseffekten som ska anslutas är på 62 MW. Begränsningar i befintliga regionnätets ledningar gör att 60,3 MW kan anslutas med principer för smarta elnät, fast det finns flera skäl till att anta att den fulla mängden vindkraft går att ansluta. Detta till en kostnad som väsentligt understiger kostnaden att förstärka nätet på konventionellt sätt, kostnadsbesparingen uppgår till ca 58 % eller ca 95 Mkr.

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates the credibility of the vanadium redox flow energy storage system, sometimes termed vanadium redox battery (VRB). The focus is on the use of this technology in peak-shaving and load-leveling applications. The initial problem is to find a suitable mathematical model for representing the daily load profile. A sinusoidal function is identified as an elementary approximation of the first order. Due to the periodicity characteristics that are inherent in a daily load profile, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm is identified as a mathematical model that closely resembles a load profile. The main theme in this thesis is the determination of an optimal solution during the peak-shaving process. In this particular context, the optimal solution refers to the following: With the energy capacity of the VRB and the power rating of the entire system considered as the constraints, the interest is on (i) the constant power that the VRB can deliver in order to bring down the maximum demand quite significantly, (ii) and the time interval in which this constant power is delivered. Therefore, the VRB power delivered during peak-shaving (PVRB) and the corresponding time interval are the main two parameters under consideration in the optimization process. The mathematical algorithm that can be used to determine suitable values for these two parameters is developed. Maple" V 5.1 is used for determining the solution analytically. The obtained results are verified by simulation with Excel". The investigation into the economic benefits that may be derived from the utilization of the vanadium energy storage device is also presented. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die waarde en toepassing van die vadium "redox" vloei energie stoorstelsel (VRB). Die fokus is op die gebruik van hierdie tegnologie om pieklas te verminder en om laste meer egalig te maak. Die aanvanklike probleem is om 'n geskikte wiskundige model vir die daaglikse las-profiel te kry. Deur gebruik te maak van sinus-komponente en die toepassing van die Vinnige Fourier Transform (FFT) is hierdie probleem opgelos. Die hooftema van hierdie werk is om 'n analitiese oplossing te vind vir die optimale toepassing van die konsep vir pieklas vermindering. In hierdie konteks verwys die optimale oplossing na die volgende: Met die gegewe verrnoe van die VRB stelsel en drywingsvermoe van die kragelektronika is die vrae rondom (i) die konstante drywing wat die VRB kan lewer om die maksimum aanvraag van die las beduidend te verminder en (ii) die tydsduur waarin dit plaasvind. Dus is die twee veranderlikes waarvoor oplossings in die optimale proses gesoek word die drywing (PVRS) en die tyd-interval daarvan. Die wiskundige algoritme is met die hulp van Maple® V5.1 ontwikkel. Die resultate is daarna met behulp van simulasies in Excel® getoets. 'n Analise van die moontlike ekonomiese voordele is ook ondersoek.

L'utilisation de la réfrigération secondaire permet de réduire l'impact environnemental des systèmes frigorifiques grâce à une réduction de l'utilisation de gaz à effet de serre, néanmoins un tel procédé abaisse l'efficacité des systèmes. Afin de rendre ce procédé plus efficace et viable, l'utilisation de fluide à forte densité énergétique ainsi qu'un couplage avec un dispositif de stockage thermique a été envisagé comme réponse à une problématique industrielle de distribution de froid (climatisation, procédés de refroidissement). Un montage expérimental constitué d'une boucle de circulation et d'un réacteur de formation a été utilisé afin d'évaluer les caractéristiques de charge et décharge d'un réseau utilisant des fluides diphasiques. Cette étude a également permis l'élaboration et la validation de modèles prédictifs (réservoir de stockage, échangeur de chaleur, écoulement) de dynamique de stockage et déstockage pour différents matériaux. Ces modèles ont ensuite été appliqués au cas d'un réseau industriel afin d'étudier l'impact du matériau de stockage choisi sur le dimensionnement du système, sur la consommation énergétique mais aussi sur sa viabilité économique. Ainsi, les résultats ont d'abord montré que l'utilisation d'un dispositif améliorait l'efficacité d'un système et que le retour sur investissement dépendait des scénarios de stockage envisagés. Enfin, une forte dépendance sur le choix du matériau a également été soulevée. / The use of secondary refrigeration can reduce cooling system impact on environment by greenhouse gas reduction, nevertheless this kind of technology reduce the system efficiency. The use of high energetic density and thermal energy storage was considered to improve system efficiency and to answer to industrial cooling process issue (air-conditioning, cooling process or temperature preservation). An experimental set-up composed by a stired tank reactor and circulation loop was used in order to evaluate the charging and discharging dynamic of a cooling district using phase change slurry. This experimental study offers the opportunity to elaborate and validate further models (stirred tank reactor, heat exchanger, flow behavior) to predict the charging and discharging behaviors for various storage materials. Then, these models were used in the case of an industrial system to observe the impact of the storage material or system sizing, energy consumption and economic sustainability. Thus, results show that the impact of the storage device on system energy efficiency and the return on investment depends on storage scenarios. Finally the impact of the chosen material on system efficiency was pointed out.

There are presently worldwide targets for decreasing anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions owing to global climate change concerns. Here in the United Kingdom, the government has committed to reduce its GHGs emissions by at least 80% by 2050 relative to 1990 levels. In order to achieve the ambitious 2050 targets and minimise cumulative emissions along the way, modern power systems are facing a series of great challenges. These challenges include extensive utilisation of renewable generation, diverse demand--side participation in power system operation and planning, as well as considerable application of emerging smart devices and appliances. All of these challenges will significantly increase the complexity of future power systems in terms of both operation and design. Regardless, the primary objective of power systems remains the same. That is the system must supply all the customers (responsive ones and non-responsive ones) with electricity as economically as possible and with an adequate level of continuity and quality. With the widespread utilisation of smart meters and appliances as well as the large-scale installation of different storage technologies, the services that demand response (DR) and electrical energy storage (EES) resources can provide will cover a wide range of ancillary services. More importantly, the grid-scale penetration of DR and EES resources is able to provide energy management and capacity support services, which can be considered as the alternative to generation resources. In this light, considerable amount of research has been done focusing on engaging particular types of electricity users with different kinds of incentives and/or tariff schemes, so that the economic benefits to both utilities and customers are optimised. However, no general framework for systematic assessment of the contribution to power system adequacy of supply from potential grid-scale penetration of DR and EES resources is available up till now, particularly taking specific consideration of DR's flexibility and payback characteristics as well as EES's operational parameters. The research work in this thesis therefore emphasises exclusively on the potential of grid-scale DR and EES resources to serve as alternative resources to electricity generation within the context of power system adequacy of supply. More specifically, based on literature survey of existing studies in similar topics, this thesis has made some substantial contributions and innovations, such as developing novel models of these emerging demand-side resources, implementing a systematic adequacy of supply assessment with new aspect to measure the level of adequacy of supply (new indices), proposing a novel and comprehensive framework for evaluation of the capacity credit of DR and EES, and analysing the economic value based on power system fundamental long--term costs of interruption and supply. Ultimately, this thesis has established a comprehensive framework for assessment of the contribution of DR and EES to power system adequacy of supply. Additionally, the numerical studies carried out in this thesis have enabled the inference of general adequacy of supply implications in terms of deploying DR and EES resources to provide capacity support to power systems.

La question du stockage de chaleur est non négligeable dans le contexte actuel. L’une des solutions est l’utilisation de matériaux à changement de phase (MCP). Cependant leurs propriétés thermiques restent inadaptées et il est absolument nécessaire d'utiliser un substrat conducteur afin de maximiser le rendement de ces systèmes.L’objectif de cette thèse est la compréhension et la caractérisation des phénomènes physiques mis en œuvre, et l’optimisation de structures architecturés dans de tels systèmes de stockage de chaleur. Une double démarche a été adoptée à la fois expérimentale et numérique sur des structures d’accueil du MCP relativement simples (ailettes) puis plus complexes (mousses ouvertes). Nous avons pu étudier des paramètres géométriques (longueur, porosité, espacement et épaisseur des ailettes, taille de cellules des mousses) de la structure d'accueil, de son matériau constitutif et de son orientation. Les résultats expérimentaux corroborent les simulations numériques menées ce qui a permis de réaliser une étude plus systématique sur les paramètres analysés et notamment d’identifier dans quel cas il fallait prendre en compte la convection naturelle. Enfin à partir de ces résultats nous avons développé un outil permettant d’optimiser des structures pour un cahier des charges défini. / The problematic of heat storage is important in the present context. One of the solutions is to use phase change materials (PCM). Nevertheless their thermal properties are poors and a conductive substracte must absolutely be used in order to maximise the yield of theses systems.The purposes of this PhD are the physics phenomena implementation understanding and characterization, and the optimization of architectured structures for heat storage systems. A dual approach was adopted both experimental and numerical on simple PCM reception structures (fins) and on more complex ones (open foams). We analyzed influences of geometrical parameters (system lenght and porosity, thickness and space betweens fins, cellfoam size) from reception structure, its constituent material and its orientation. Experimental results support well with numerical simulations. This permits to pursue a more systematical study about analyzed parameters, and notably to identify in which cases natural convection has to be taken into account. Finally, from these results, we developped a tool which permits to optimize architectured structures for a defined bill of specifications.

abstract: Phase Change Material (PCM) plays an important role as a thermal energy storage device by utilizing its high storage density and latent heat property. One of the potential applications for PCM is in buildings by incorporating them in the envelope for energy conservation. During the summer season, the benefits are a decrease in overall energy consumption by the air conditioning unit and a time shift in peak load during the day. Experimental work was carried out by Arizona Public Service (APS) in collaboration with Phase Change Energy Solutions (PCES) Inc. with a new class of organic-based PCM. This "BioPCM" has non-flammable properties and can be safely used in buildings. The experimental setup showed maximum energy savings of about 30%, a maximum peak load shift of ~ 60 min, and maximum cost savings of about 30%. Simulation was performed to validate the experimental results. EnergyPlus was chosen as it has the capability to simulate phase change material in the building envelope. The building material properties were chosen from the ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals and the HVAC system used was a window-mounted heat pump. The weather file used in the simulation was customized for the year 2008 from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) website. All EnergyPlus inputs were ensured to match closely with the experimental parameters. The simulation results yielded comparable trends with the experimental energy consumption values, however time shifts were not observed. Several other parametric studies like varying PCM thermal conductivity, temperature range, location, insulation R-value and combination of different PCMs were analyzed and results are presented. It was found that a PCM with a melting point from 23 to 27 °C led to maximum energy savings and greater peak load time shift duration, and is more suitable than other PCM temperature ranges for light weight building construction in Phoenix. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Mechanical Engineering 2010

Recent trends in energy production have led to a renewed interest in improving grid level energy storage solutions. Flywheel energy storage is an attractive option for grid level storage, however, it suffers from high parasitic loss. This study investigates the extent to which passive diamagnetic bearings, a form of electromagnetic bearing, can help reduce this parasitic loss. Such bearings require three main components: a weight compensation mechanism (lifter-floater), a stabilizing mechanism and an electrical machine. This study makes use of a new radial modification of an existing linear multi-plattered diamagnetic bearing. Here a prototype is built and analytical expressions derived for each of the three main components. These expressions provide a method of estimating displacements, fields, forces, energy and stiffness in the radial diamagnetic bearing. The built prototype solution is found to lift a 30 [g] mass using six diamagnetic platters for stabilization (between ring magnets) with a disc lifter and spherical floater for weight compensation. The relationship between mass and number of platters was found to be linear, suggesting that, up to a point, increases in mass are likely possible and indicating that significant potential exists for these bearings where high stiffness is not needed – for instance in flywheel energy storage. The study examines methods of reducing bearing (parasitic) losses and demonstrates that losses occur in three main forms during idling: air-friction losses, electrical machine losses, stabilizing machine losses. Low speed (158 [rpm]) air-friction losses are found to be the dominant loss at 0.1 [W/m3]. The focus of this study, however, is on loss contributions resulting from the bearing’s electrical machine and stabilizing machine. Stabilizing machine losses are found to be very low at: 1 × 10−6 [W/m3] – this leaves electrical machine losses as the dominant loss. Such electrical machine losses are analysed and divided into eddy current loss and hysteresis loss. Two components of hysteresis loss are remanent field related cogging loss and remagetization loss. Eddy current losses in silicon steel laminations in an electrical machine are quite high, especially at high speeds, with losses in the order of 1 × 105 [W/m3]. Noting the further high cost of producing single unit quantities of custom lamination-based electrical machine prototypes, this high loss prompts a look at potentially lower cost ferrite materials for building these machines. A commercial sample of soft magnetite ferrite is shown to have equivalent eddy current losses of roughly 1 × 10−13 [W/m3]. The study notes that micro-structured magnetite has significant hysteresis loss. Such loss is in the order of 1 × 10−3 [W/m3] when referring to both remanence related cogging and remagnetization. This study, thus, extends its examination of loss to nano-structured magnetite. Magnetite nano-particles have shown superparamagnetic (no hysteresis) behaviour that promises the elimination of hysteresis losses. A co-precipitation route to the synthesis of these nano-particles is examined. A detailed examination involving a series of 31 experiments is shown to demonstrate only two pathways providing close-to-superparamagnetic behaviour. After characterization by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) and crude colorimetry, the lowest coercivity and remanence found in any given sample falls at −0.17 [Oe] (below error) and 0.00165 [emu/g] respectively. These critical points can be used to estimate hysteresis related power loss, however, to produce bulk ferrite a method of sintering or bonding synthesized powder is needed. A microwave sintering solution promises to preserve nano-structure when taking synthesized powders to bulk material. A set of proof-of-concept experiments provide the ground work for proposing a future microwave sintering approach to such bulk material production. The study uses critical points measured by way of SEM, XRD, SQUID characterization (e.g. remanence and coercivity) to implement a modified Jiles-Atherton model for hysteresis curve fitting. The critical points and curve fitting model allow estimation of power loss resulting from remanent related cogging and remagnetization effects in nano-structured magnetite. Such nano-structured magnetite is shown to exhibit hysteresis losses in the order of 1 × 10−4 [W/m3] from remagnetization and 1 × 10−7[W/m3] from remanence related cogging drag. These losses are lower than those of micro-structured samples, suggesting that nano-structured materials have a significant positive effect in reducing electrical machine losses for the proposed radial multi-plattered diamagnetic bearing solution. The lower parasitic loss in these bearings suggests excellent compatibility with flywheel energy storage applications.

Residential space and water heating accounts for around 13% of the greenhouse gas emissions of the UK. Reducing this is essential for meeting the national emission reduction target of 80% by 2050 from the 1990 baseline. One of the strategies adopted for achieving this is focused around large scale shift towards electrical heating. This could lead to unsustainable disparity between the daily peak and off-peak electricity loads, large seasonal variation in electricity demands, and challenges of matching the short and long term supply with the demands. These challenges could impact the security and resilience of UK electricity supply, and needs to be addressed. Rechargeable Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in residential buildings can help overcome these challenges by enabling Heat Demand Shifts (HDS) to off-peak times, reducing the magnitude of the peak loads, and the difference between the peak and off-peak loads. To be effective a wide scale uptake of TES would be needed. For this to happen, the benefits and impacts of TES both for the demand side and the supply side have to be explored, which could vary considerably given the diverse physical, thermal, operational and occupancy characteristics of the UK housing stock. A greater understanding of the potential consequence of TES in buildings is necessary. Such knowledge could enable appropriate policy development to help drive the uptake of TES or to encourage development of alternative solutions. Through dynamic building simulation in TRNSYS, this work generated predictions of the space and water heating energy and power demands, and indoor temperature characteristics of the UK housing stock. Twelve building archetypes were created consisting of: Detached, semi-detached, mid-terrace and flat built forms with thermal insulation corresponding to the 1990 building regulation, and occupied floor areas of 70m2, 90m2 and 150m2. Typical occupancy and operational conditions were used to create twelve Base Case scenarios, and simulations performed for 60 winter days from 2nd January. HDS of 2, 3 and 4 hours from the grid peak time of 17:00 were simulated with sensible TES system sizes of 0.25m3, 0.5m3 and 0.75m3, and water storage temperatures of 75°C and 95°C. Parametric analysis were performed to determine the impacts and benefits of: thermal insulation equivalent to 1980, 1990 (Base Case), 2002 and 2010 building regulation; locations of Gatwick (Base Case) and Aberdeen; heating durations of 6, 9 (Base Case), 12 and 16 hours per day; thermostat settings of 19°C, 21°C (Base Case) and 23°C, and number of occupiers of 1 person and 3 persons (Base Case) per household. Good correlation was observed between the simulated results and published heat energy consumption data for buildings with similar thermal, physical, occupancy and operational conditions. The results allowed occupied space temperatures and overall daily and grid peak time energy consumption to be predicted for the range of building archetypes and parameter values considered, and the TES size necessary for a desired HDS to be determined. The main conclusions drawn include: The overall daily energy consumption predictions varied from 36.8kWh to 159.7kWh. During the critical grid peak time (17:00 to 21:00) the heat consumption varied from 4.2kWh to 58.7kWh, indicating the range of energy demands which could be shifted to off-peak times. On average, semi-detached, mid-terrace, and flat built forms consumed 7.0%, 13.8% and 22.7% less energy for space heating than the detached built form respectively. Thermal insulation changing from the 1990 building regulation level to the 1980 and 2010 building regulation levels could change the mean energy use by +14.7% and -19.6% respectively. A 0.25m3 TES size with 75°C water storage temperature could enable a 2 hour HDS, shifting 4.3kWh to 11.7kWh (mean 8.7kWh) to off peak times, in all 70m2 Base Case archetypes with the 60 day mean thermal comfort of 100%, but with the minimum space temperature occasionally dropping below an 18°C thermal comfort limit. A 0.5m3 TES size and water storage of 95°C could allow a 3 hour HDS, shifting 9.8kWh to 28.2kWh (mean 18.7kWh) to off peak times, in all 90m2 Base Case archetypes without thermal comfort degradation below 18°C. A 0.75m3 TES with a 95°C water temperature could provide 4 hour HDS, shifting 13.9kWh to 47.7kWh (mean 27.2kWh) to off peak times, in all 150m2 Base Case archetypes with 100% mean thermal comfort but with the 60 day minimum temperature occasionally dropping below the 18°C thermal comfort limit in the detached built form. Improving the thermal insulation of the buildings was found to be the best way to improve the effectiveness of HDS with TES, in terms of the demand shift period achievable with minimal thermal comfort impact. A 4 hour HDS with 100% thermal comfort is possible in all 90m2 floor area buildings with a 0.25m3 tank and a water storage temperature of 75°C provided that the thermal insulation is as per 2010 building regulation. Recommendations for further research include: 1) creating larger number of archetype models to reflect the housing stock; 2) using heat pumps as the heat source so that the mean effect on the grid from electric heating loads can be predicted; 3) taking into account the costs associated with taking up HDS with TES, in terms of capital expenses and space requirement for housing the TES system; 4) considering alternative methods of heat storage such as latent heat storage to enhance the storage capacity per unit volume; and 5) incorporating zonal temperature control, for example, only heating rooms that are occupied during the demand shift period, which could ensure better thermal comfort in the occupied space and extend the demand shift period.

The behavior of 2D materials has become of great interest in the wake of development of electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and the discovery of monolayer graphene by Geim and Novoselov. This study aims to analyze the response variance of 2D electrode materials for EDLCs prepared through the liquid-phase exfoliation method when subjected to differing conditions. Once exfoliated, samples are tested with a series of structural characterization methods, including tunneling electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A new ionic liquid for EDLC use, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate is compared in performance to 6M potassium hydroxide aqueous electrolyte. Devices composed of liquid-phase exfoliated graphene / MoS2 composites are analyzed by concentration for ideal performance. Device performance under cold extreme temperatures for the ionic fluid is presented as well. A brief overview of by-layer analysis of graphene electrode materials is presented as-is. All samples were tested with cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, with good capacitive results. The evolution of electrochemical behavior through the altered parameters is tracked as well.