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An increasing amount of hikers have added hiking poles to their outings to aid in reducing fatigue of the lower body and enhance stability. However, very little research has been conducted on the use of poles during continuous uphill hiking. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pole use under field conditions on the rate of perceived exertion, physiological variables [oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), non-protein respiratory exchange ratio (RER), & total energy expenditure (TEE)], and time to completion during a 1.68 km continuous uphill (12.6% grade) hike. Ten male and ten female (Mean age = 22.7 ± 2.0 years) hikers participated in this experimental study using a within subject cross over design with randomized, counter-balanced order. Participants hiked with and without poles, at self-selected speeds. Rate of perceived exertion was collected at five minute intervals. Physiological measures (V02, HR, RER, and METs) were measured continuously (every two seconds) during all hiking conditions using a portable metabolic system (VmaxST, SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA). Heart rate data was recorded by a Polar transmitter belt worn by the participant with a receiver integrated into the VmaxST base system. Hiking pole use resulted in increased oxygen consumption (M= 29.8 ± 2.6 ml∙kg⁻¹∙min⁻¹ vs. M= 28.6 ± 2.8 ml∙kg⁻¹∙min), and total energy expenditure (M= 223.3 ± 57.9 kcals vs. 209.6 ± 47.7 kcals) compared to hiking without poles. Duration, RER, HR, and RPE were not significantly different between conditions. These results indicate that the use of hiking poles during uphill hiking increases the energy cost of hiking without increasing the perceived exertion in novice pole users. To fully evaluate the effects of hiking pole use and confirm the results from this study, future field research should be conducted with and without poles, including novice and expert groups, at grades above and below 15 %.

In der Literatur steht die Herzfrequenz (HF) in engem Zusammenhang mit dem Sauerstoffverbrauch und dem Energieumsatz sowohl von Menschen als auch von verschiedenen Tierarten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte die Hypothese überprüft werden, ob Kühe mit einer hohen Milchleistung und einer hohen Energieaufnahme eine höhere HF infolge eines leistungsabhängig höheren Sauerstoffverbrauchs als niedriglaktierende Tiere haben. So könnte die HF als Indikator für quantitative Veränderungen des Energieumsatzes sowohl für die Einzelkuh als auch auf Bestandsebene genutzt werden. Material und Methoden In vorliegender Untersuchung wurde die HF von 32 Milchkühen der Rasse Deutsche Holstein gemessen. Die Herde erhielt während der Versuche betriebseigenes Grundfutter sowie Maisschrot, Sojaextraktionsschrot und Milchleistungsfutter II. Die tägliche Futter-, Energie- und Proteinaufnahme wurde bestimmt. Die HF-Messung der Kühe erfolgte in zwei Abschnitten. Abschnitt A: Bei 23 Kühen, unterteilt in unterschiedliche Reproduktions- und Leistungsstadien, wurde an fünf aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen die HF erfasst. Abschnitt B: Bei elf Einzeltieren wurde vom 6. bis 101. Laktationstag (LT) die HF in regelmäßigen Abständen alle 14 Tage und an drei aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen gemessen. Den Tieren wurde hierzu ein Polar Equine RSCX800 Science® Gurt mit integrierten Elektroden, ein dazugehöriger Sender und ein Empfänger (Polar Uhr RS800®) angelegt. Die HF wurde einmal pro Minute gespeichert und alle 24 h in das Computerprogramm Polar Pro Trainer Equine Edition 5® übertragen. Folgende weitere Daten wurden erhoben: Stalltemperatur, relative Luftfeuchtigkeit des Stalles, Body Condition Score, Körpermasse, Körperinnentemperatur, tägliche Milchmenge, Milchfett-, Milcheiweiß- und Milchharnstoffgehalt. Ergebnisse Abschnitt A: Die trockenstehenden Kühe hatten eine HF von 83±8 Schlägen/min, die laktierenden Kühe wiesen mit steigender Milchleistung (24,0; 37,1 und 47,7 kg fett- und eiweißkorrigierte Milch) HF-Werte von 84±3, 85±6 und 87±2 Schlägen/min auf. Abschnitt B: In den ersten 100 Tagen der Laktation verhielt sich die HF mit steigendem LT wie folgt: LT 8: 86±9 Schläge/min, LT 22: 86±11 Schläge/min, LT 36: 87±11 Schläge/min, LT 52: 83±10 Schläge/min, LT 66: 83±10 Schläge/min, LT 81: 83±10 Schläge/min, LT 95: 85±8 Schläge/min. Weder in Abhängigkeit von der Leistung (p=0,75) noch in Abhängigkeit vom LT (p=0,81) waren signifikante Unterschiede der HF zu verzeichnen. Die HF der trockenstehenden Kühe variierte im Vergleich zur HF der laktierenden Tiere nicht. Während ihres 24 h-Verlaufs unterlag die HF aller Gruppen einer großen Variation. Es war zu Ruhezeiten der Tiere eine leistungsabhängige Abstufung der HF zu erkennen. Die Umgebungstemperatur hatte in dieser Untersuchung keinen Einfluss auf die HF (r=0,01; p=0,95). Einen signifikanten negativen Zusammenhang gab es zwischen der HF und dem Alter der Tiere (r=-0,44; p<0,01). Dieser führte am 22. LT zu einem signifikanten Unterschied der HF der erstlaktierenden Kühe im Vergleich mit der HF der älteren Tiere (p=0,04). Ein hoher und signifikanter Zusammenhang konnte zwischen der HF und dem Graviditätstag der trockenstehenden Kühe gezeigt werden (r=0,83; p=0,04). Die Tiere, die sich in einer negativen Energiebilanz befanden, neigten in dieser Untersuchung zu einer niedrigeren HF als die Kühe mit einer positiven Energiebilanz. Schlussfolgerung Telemetrische Systeme gewinnen beim Monitoring von Gesundheitsproblemen und Stoffwechselparametern eines Milchviehbestandes zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die HF kann hier jedoch nicht eingesetzt werden, da sie als Indikator für quantitative Veränderungen des Energieumsatzes weder für die Einzelkuh noch auf Bestandsebene geeignet ist. Nach vorliegenden Ergebnissen haben Kühe mit einer höheren Milchleistung und einer höheren Energieaufnahme keine höhere HF. / Previous studies have revealed a close relationship between heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure in humans and some other animal species. The present study examined whether dairy cows with a higher milk yield and greater energy intake have a higher HR due to greater oxygen consumption. HR might serve as an indicator of quantitative changes of energy expenditure in an individual or in a group of dairy cows at the herd level. Materials and methods The HRs of 32 dairy cows of the German Holstein breed were measured. The cows received forages and fresh beet pulp in combination with ground corn, soybean extracts, and a concentrate during the study. Daily feed, energy, and protein intake were determined. HR measurement was performed in two blocks. In Block A, cows were divided into four groups that differed in reproductive state and milk yield, and HR was measured for five consecutive days. In Block B, every 14 days, HR was recorded for three consecutive days in 11 cows from 6 to 101 days in milk (DIM). A Polar Equine RSCX800 Science® belt with integrated electrodes, a transmitter, and a receiver (Polar RS800®) was applied to the animals. HR was recorded once a minute and transferred every 24 h to the software Polar Pro Trainer Equine Edition 5®. The following data were also collected: stable temperature, stable relative humidity, body condition score, body weight, body temperature, daily milk yield, milk fat, milk protein, and milk urea. Results In Block A, dry cows had a HR of 83±8 beats/min, and lactating cows with increasing milk yield (24.0, 37.1, and 47.7 kg energy-corrected milk) showed HRs of 84±3, 85±6, and 87±2 beats/min, respectively. In Block B, the HRs were as follows: 8 DIM: 86±9 beats/min, 22 DIM: 86±11 beats/min, 36 DIM: 87±11 beats/min, 52 DIM: 83±10 beats/min, 66 DIM: 83±10 beats/min, 81 DIM: 83±10 beats/min, 95 DIM: 85±8 beats/min. There was not a significant difference in the HR according to milk yield (p=0.75) or days of lactation (p=0.81). The HR of dry cows did not differ from that of lactating cows. There was a large variation of HR in all groups during the day. During resting times, HR of the high-yielding cows tended to be higher and HR of the dry cows tended to be lower than the HR of the other groups. The ambient temperature had no influence on HR in this study (r=0.01, p=0.95). There was a significant negative correlation between HR and a cow’s age (r=–0.44, p<0.01). The HR of primiparous cows was higher than that of multiparous cows, but the difference was only significant when cows were 22 DIM (p=0.04). A high and significant correlation was found between HR and pregnancy status (r=0.83, p=0.04), with HR increasing during pregnancy. Dairy cows with a negative energy balance tended to have a lower HR than cows with a positive energy balance. Conclusion Telemetry systems have become increasingly important in monitoring health problems and the parameters of energy metabolism in dairy herds. The results of this study indicate that HR cannot be used as a monitoring tool, because HR is not a suitable indicator of quantitative changes of energy expenditure either at the individual or herd level. According to the results of this study, dairy cows with a higher milk yield and greater energy uptake do not have a higher HR.

The growing public health burden associated with insufficient physical activity has resulted in the development of numerous health initiatives and products aimed at stabilizing and reversing the negative trends reported in epidemiological literature. A relatively novel product that has only recently made its way to the market are wearable weights called Body Togs®. These products are designed to be worn on the lower legs and arms along with regular clothing as a means to increase caloric expenditure. However, no research to date has tested the efficacy of this product. PURPOSE: Compare the physiological responses within bouts of aerobic exercise that vary on intensity and the presence of wearable weights. METHODS: Seventeen (11 female, 6 male, mean age = 24 years ± 5.92) healthy volunteers were tested for aerobic fitness on a treadmill to determine VO2 max (mean = 42.68 ml x kg-1 x min-1). Participants then completed eight 30-minute walking trials on a treadmill while oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were monitored while walking at different speeds and with varying combination of upper and lower body wearable weights. The design included two intensities (slow walking and brisk walking) and four conditions (no weights, arm weights, leg weights, and arm and leg weights) for a total of eight experimental trials. RESULTS: Data were analyzed using ANOVA and pair-wise comparisons. Analyses revealed that VO2 was significantly lower without the wearable weights in comparison to wearing both upper and lower weights in the slow walk trial (P < 0.001; ES = 0.69) and also during the brisk walk trial (P < 0.001; ES = 0.62). HR was significantly higher during the brisk walk trials with togs on both the arms and legs (P=0.029, ES=0.31). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that exercising while using wearable weights increases energy expenditure and has minimal impact on HR. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This finding suggests that physical activity associated with daily living could be enhanced through the wearing of the Body Tog® weights that can be worn under clothing. Additionally, wearing the togs during exercise increases energy cost of walking, therefore allowing for possible weight loss applications.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20433号 / 農博第2218号 / 新制||農||1048(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5054(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 廣岡 博之, 教授 久米 新一, 教授 今井 裕 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has developed an evidence analysis library (EAL) for Nutrition and Dietetics professionals. The EAL is updated by members through workgroups consisting of experts in their fields, most often in response to unanswered questions. One such question is: what kinds of activities can be done during the rest period of an indirect calorimetry test in a healthy population? The objective of our study was to determine if listening to self-selected relaxing music or reading on an electronic device or a magazine effects resting energy expenditure (REE) as measured by an indirect calorimetry test in a healthy population. Answering this question would help indirect calorimetry test administrators know if these simple activities can be done during an indirect calorimetry test without significantly affecting REE but helping subjects remain awake. It would also help standardize the current protocol for indirect calorimetry administration. A randomized trial was conducted during an indirect calorimetry test, under three different conditions (resting, reading, listening to music). Six-five subjects (36 females and 29 males) were used in final data analysis. Inclusion criteria included healthy subjects between the ages of 18-50 years with a stable weight. Exclusion criteria included pregnant or lactating women or individuals who were taking medications known to affect metabolism. Reading, either a magazine or electronic device, resulted in a significant increase of 102.7 kcal/day when compared to resting (p<0.0001). There was no difference in REE when subjects read a magazine or on an electronic device. Listening to self-selected relaxing music increased REE by 27.6 kcal/day compared to rest (p=0.0072). Based on our results, we recommend subjects refrain from reading a magazine or electronic device during a test. Whether or not the smaller difference found while listening to music is practically significant would be a decision for the indirect calorimetry test administrators. Further research could be done to determine the effects other activities have on REE during an indirect calorimetry test. Such activities could include; watching television, texting, or playing passive game.