Large-scale infrastructure projects are risky ventures, often subjected to poor performance. Time and cost are often escalating beyond estimation while quality and benefits remain unchanged. However, little is known about the project performance in the district heating sector, which serves as basic infrastructure and plays an important role in regional energy transitions. This thesis aims to explore the project performance of large-scale infrastructure projects within the energy sector, particularly the district heating setting to enhance the knowledge of large-scale project performance, and further explore what factors contribute to explaining the performance of large-scale projects within this setting. To fulfil the purpose of this thesis, a multiple case study was conducted in a Swedish district heating setting. A review of relevant literature served as a complement to the primary data retrieved from the cases, laying a theoretical foundation for analysis. The empirical study consists of three parts. The first phase consisted of 18 interviews conducted with people at various positions within the case company to get a holistic picture of the problem and to select the nine cases focused on within this study. The second phase consisted of gathering qualitative and quantitative data on project performance, while the last phase consisted of nine in-depth interviews with the project managers of the nine selected projects. This thesis found a varying project performance, with a mean cost escalation of 12.9 percent and a time increase of 140 days on average. Similar to other studies, large-scale energy infrastructure projects have a tendency to fail rather than succeed when compared to the Iron Triangle criterias, cost, time and quality. Insufficient planning and procurement, weak leadership and ill-performing contractors are significant factors that have a large negative impact on performance. In addition, scope change, environmental context and luck are also shown to impact project performance. Limited evidence on whether political factors have a substantial impact on project performance has been found, in contrast to a large segment within earlier literature. Strong teamwork, both internally within the project team and externally with contracting parties can help neutralise any poor performance caused by any of the above-mentioned factors. The thesis contributes to the literature by discussing large-scale energy infrastructure performance. It is known that large-scale projects are complex and uncertain endeavours and by analysing project performance, knowledge can be enhanced not only on what went wrong but also on what went right. With a global sustainability transition and decarbonisation, energy infrastructure is going to experience large investments in the years to come. With this in mind, developing the most sustainable best practices and prudent project objectives can help project managers to embrace uncertainty and make the right decisions to enhance project performance. / Storskaliga infrastrukturprojekt är ofta riskfyllda, och levererar sällan i linje med uppsatta mål. Både projektens tid och kostnad eskalerar långt bortom de initiala estimeringar som gjorts medan kvalitén och investeringens förmåner förblir oförändrade. Fjärrvärmesektorn är en viktig del i Sveriges energisystem men behöver ständigt tackla dyra investeringar med låg lönsamhet. Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka storskaliga infrastrukturprojekt inom energisektorn, i synnerhet med fokus på fjärrvärme, för att öka kunskapen om projektens resultat gällande tid, kostnad och kvalité samt att utforska vilka faktorer som påverkar utfallet av storskaliga projekt i denna sektor. För att uppfylla syftet med denna studie så valdes en flerfallsstudie med en kombination av kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod tillsammans med en genomgång av relevant litteratur. Litteraturstudien fungerade som ett komplement till den projektspecifika informationen som samlades in och la grunden till det teoretiska ramverk som användes under analysen. Den empiriska studien bestod av tre delar. I den första delen utfördes 18 intervjuer med anställda på olika positioner inom företaget, syftet med dessa intervjuer var att få en holistisk bild av problemet samt att välja ut de nio projekt som analyserades vidare. Fokus för studiens andra del var att samla in kvantitativa och kvalitativa data för de nio projekten medan den sista delen bestod av intervjuer med projektledarna för de nio utvalda projekten. Studien visade på ett varierande resultat gällande projektens utfall där medelvärdet för kostnadsöverskridningar var 12,9 procent och medelvärdet för tidsfördröjningar var 140 dagar. I linje med tidigare studier så har storskaliga energiprojekt en tendens att misslyckas gällande att uppfylla både tidoch kostnadskriterier. De främsta faktorerna som påverkade projektens utfall var otillräcklig planering, en ofördelaktig inköpsstrategi, svagt ledarskap samt entreprenörer som presterade dåligt. Utöver dessa så påverkade även förändringar av projektets omfattning, projektets omgivande kontext och ren och skär tur projektens utfall. Politiska faktorer var ej en framträdande faktor i denna studie, till skillnad från tidigare litteratur där politiska faktorer ofta är i fokus. En sammansvetsad projektgrupp, både internt och externt med avtalade parter, visade sig kunna neutralisera de ovan nämnda faktorerna så att det övergripande utfallet ändå blev bra. Storskaliga energiprojekt är både komplexa och osäkra investeringar. Genom att studera projekts utfall och prestation kan insikter fås inte bara kring vad som gick fel utan också kring vad som gick rätt. Stora investeringar kommer att krävas inom energisektorn under kommande år för att möjliggöra den hållbara omställning som krävs på global nivå. Att etablera bra och hållbara metoder med försiktiga projektmål kan hjälpa projektledningen att flytta fokus från att minimera riskerna till att istället omfamna osäkerheten och fatta rätt beslut på bra grunder.

Blockchain technology emerged as a potent tool for revolutionizing energy systems, offering secure transactions and efficient resource management. Blockchain offers transparency by enabling decentralized transactions. Despite adopting blockchainbased solutions, some cybersecurity issues persist in Decentralized Renewable Energy Marketplaces (DREMs). Specifically, data privacy, security, and verifiability remain a concern for prosumers and grid operators. To address such issues, several blockchainbased solutions utilize technologies such as Self-Sovereign Identities (SSIs), Digital Machine Identities (DMIs), and Zero-knowledge Proofs (ZKPs). In this work, we first review the literature to gain insight into cybersecurity issues within DREMs addressed using blockchain technology. Based on our review, we conceptualize a framework that leverages SSIs, DMIs, and ZKPs to address these issues. This work-in-progress shows the potential of these technologies to enhance security, privacy, and trust in decentralized energy transactions, paving the way for more resilient and efficient energy systems.

Yes / This chapter provides a background on the roles of international arbitration as an important mechanism for dispute resolution in Africa’s dynamic and evolving energy and mining sectors. Given its abundant endowment with renewable and non-renewable energy sources, Africa has for several decades provided significant opportunities for international energy companies to spearhead energy production activities and investments in the production, distribution, and sale of energy. Despite these investment opportunities, entrants into energy markets in Africa often face legal risks that pose monumental threats to the economic viability of investments. If not properly mitigated and addressed, such risks may result in complex and protracted legal disputes. Over the last decade, arbitration has emerged as a key mechanism for dispute resolution in Africa’s growing energy industry. After providing an overview of the history, nature, and scope of energy arbitration in Africa, this chapter examines the drivers and sources of energy disputes in Africa’s energy and mining sectors and how the rise in arbitration provisions in energy contracts is shaping legal responses to such risk drivers. It analyzes how the full value of arbitration can be maximized as a tool for achieving fair, timely, efficient, and effective dispute resolution in Africa’s energy sector, especially in light of ongoing energy transitions.

South Africa‟s current energy sector places undue reliance on fossil fuels to fulfil the country‟s energy requirements. The use of these non-renewable energy resources are unsustainable, as millions of tonnes of harmful emissions are released and estimates are made that these resources will be depleted within the next 100 years. Therefore the country has to source alternative energy resources. Renewable energy resources (for example solar energy) are considered to release little or no harmful by-products and have an infinite supply. Therefore the South African government has to promote the use of renewable energy as part of its commitments to address climate change and to ensure sustainable energy resources. Some of the most popular regulatory tools that a state uses to control human behaviour, is through command-and-control instruments and fiscal instruments. The latter promotes behavioural changes by rewarding desired behaviour which ultimately advances the user‟s own best interest. Because of the nature of renewable energy governance, energy users can not be forced or compelled through commandand- control instruments to use renewable energy. They should rather be encouraged or persuaded to use this form of energy through market-based instruments. This is also the central hypothesis of this dissertation. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which the South African legal regime makes provision to promote the use of renewable energy resources through fiscal instruments. Therefore the various energy-related white papers, policy papers and legislation will be analysed. This study found that South Africa‟s legal regime only partly makes provision to promote the use of renewable energy resources through fiscal instruments. The policy part of the legal regime is fairly well developed, but the statutory regime lacks detail and in its current form, environmental/energyrelated legislation does not fully correspond with the lofty objectives of the policy framework. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

South Africa‟s current energy sector places undue reliance on fossil fuels to fulfil the country‟s energy requirements. The use of these non-renewable energy resources are unsustainable, as millions of tonnes of harmful emissions are released and estimates are made that these resources will be depleted within the next 100 years. Therefore the country has to source alternative energy resources. Renewable energy resources (for example solar energy) are considered to release little or no harmful by-products and have an infinite supply. Therefore the South African government has to promote the use of renewable energy as part of its commitments to address climate change and to ensure sustainable energy resources. Some of the most popular regulatory tools that a state uses to control human behaviour, is through command-and-control instruments and fiscal instruments. The latter promotes behavioural changes by rewarding desired behaviour which ultimately advances the user‟s own best interest. Because of the nature of renewable energy governance, energy users can not be forced or compelled through commandand- control instruments to use renewable energy. They should rather be encouraged or persuaded to use this form of energy through market-based instruments. This is also the central hypothesis of this dissertation. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which the South African legal regime makes provision to promote the use of renewable energy resources through fiscal instruments. Therefore the various energy-related white papers, policy papers and legislation will be analysed. This study found that South Africa‟s legal regime only partly makes provision to promote the use of renewable energy resources through fiscal instruments. The policy part of the legal regime is fairly well developed, but the statutory regime lacks detail and in its current form, environmental/energyrelated legislation does not fully correspond with the lofty objectives of the policy framework. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Diese Arbeit ist ein empirischer Versuch zu verstehen, warum und wie Energieunternehmen Nachhaltigkeit durch Sustainability Accounting and Reporting institutionalisieren und wie sie von zahlreichen institutionellen Mechanismen im Rahmen der Institutionentheorie und der Stakeholder sowie aus deren Ansprüchen im Rahmen der Stakeholder Theorie beeinflusst werden, Theorien, die sich gegenseitig bedingen. Diese Arbeit möchte sich anhand normativer und deskriptiver Literatur über die Praktikabilität des Konzeptes und der Systeme informieren und durch die Entwicklung einer Fallstudie ein praktisches Beispiel vorstellen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines unternehmerischen Nachhaltigkeitssystems des Fallbeispielunternehmens, das pragmatisch zielgetrieben und – basierend auf den strategischen Schwerpunkten des Managements – auf die Einflüsse und Ansprüche der Stakeholder abgestimmt ist. Dafür wird die Fallstudie das Konzept des Sustainability Accounting and Re-porting anhand des regionalen Energieversorgungsunternehmens ReVU untersuchen und die Institutionalisierung prüfen. Im Rahmen der Stakeholderanalyse werden auch die Branche und der Wettbewerb auf ihre Nachhaltigkeit untersucht. Somit ist zu überprüfen, ob auch für ReVU Nachhaltigkeit ein Thema ist, in welcher Form und Ausprägung es zu implementieren wäre und welchen Nutzen es überhaupt bringen könnte. Im Ergebnis ist zu sehen, dass verschiedene institutionelle Mechanismen und das Stakeholdermanagement auf das nachhaltige Handeln des Unternehmens einwirken. Besonders ist im Moment der normative Druck der gesellschaftlichen Erwartungen aufgrund aktueller Ereignisse zu spüren, der auf die regulative Gesetzgebung der Energie- und Klimapolitik wirkt und die Energiewende beschleunigt. Diese nachhaltige Entwicklung ist auch kulturell-kognitiv in der Branche und bei den Wettbewerbern zu sehen. Dadurch ist ein deutlicher Wettbewerbsdruck zu bemerken, der auf dem Zusammenspiel von normativen, regulativen und kulturell-kognitiven Mechanismen beruht und durch das mimetische Verhalten zu einem Isomorphismus von nachhaltigen Strategien und Maßnahmen sowie Managementsystemen mit dem besonderen Bezug zur Ökologie führt.

La planification de la politique économique au Brésil a été proposée dans les années 1950 avec le but de promouvoir l'indépendance et le développement économique du pays. Cette planification serait réalisée grâce à l'intervention de l'État par le contrôle de l'économie et des marchés, et par la création des entreprises publiques et des secteurs prioritaires, y compris l'énergie. L'État a créé Petrobras dans le but d'encourager la croissance économique du pays, afin de faire croître le pays grâce au contrôle des cycles de production. C’est pourquoi le gouvernement commença à assumer la croissance et à financer les investissements nécessaires pour construire un environnement industriel pour le Brésil. La création de Petrobras se passa avant même la connaissance du sous-sol brésilien ainsi qu’au début de l'extraction pétrolière, croyant en la capacité productrice du Brésil. La planification développementaliste s’est prolongée dans tous les gouvernements, en l’adaptant afin d'évoluer, mais en devenant plus présent par le soutien du secteur privé. Grâce à la politique nationaliste et interventionniste dans l'économie, cela a été caractérisé par l'implication des parties de gauche et de droite, à savoir, le nationalisme n'a pas été dépendent de leur positionnement politique, mais plutôt de l'idéologie économique défendue. Ainsi, la création de Petrobras a été un acte de foi dans la vie politique, un élément de volonté et d’engagement de l’État en faveur du développement de l'énergie, devenant la base de l'économie du Brésil. / In the 1950s, a strategy for Brazil's economic policy was proposed with the goal of promoting economic development and independence. This goal would be accomplished through government intervention, state control of markets, and the division of state-owned and private sectors. The state created Petrobras whose purpose was to encourage economic growth within the energy sector. Through Petrobras, the government began to subsidize the infrastructure necessary to build an industrial profile. Petrobras' creation occurred prior the knowledge of the true wealth of Brazilian natural resources and prior to any active drilling. The state believed and trusted in Brazilian ingenuity and capacity for production. Subsequent administrations continued this policy with support from the private sector, though the policy itself has evolved over time to adapt to modern society. This nationalistic policy and economic interventionism was characteristic of both left and right political parties, demonstrating an economic ideology that transcended political idealism. In a sense, the creation of Petrobras was an act of faith on the part of the state to allow for the development of the energy sector, and the faith state showed in Brazilian resourcefulness was rewarded by an ensuing economic prosperity for the entire country. / O planejamento da política econômica no Brasil foi proposto nos anos 1950 com intuito de promover a independência e o desenvolvimento econômico do país. Seria realizado por meio da intervenção do Estado pelo controle da economia e de mercados, e através da criação de estatais e de setores prioritários, dentre eles a energia. O Estado criou a Petrobras cuja proposta visava incentivar o crescimento econômico por meio próprio, ou seja, crescer através da detenção dos ciclos produtivos. O governo passou a assumir, então, o crescimento e a arcar com os investimentos necessários para a construção de um perfil industrial. A criação da Petrobras aconteceu mesmo antes do conhecimento sobre o subsolo brasileiro ou do início das extrações, pois acreditava-se e confiava-se na capacidade brasileira de produzir. O planejamento desenvolvimentista se estendeu por todos os governos que sucederam, adaptando à proposta à fim de evoluir, mas mantendo-se presente justamente pelo apoio do setor privado. Através da política nacionalista e do intervencionismo da economia, teve como característica o envolvimento com partidos de esquerda e de direita, ou seja, o nacionalismo não dependia de posicionamento político, mas de vertentes de ideologia econômica. De certo modo, a criação da Petrobras foi um ato de fé da política, um elemento de vontade do Estado em prol do desenvolvimento energético, como base da economia brasileira.

In the thesis we perform analysis of systemic risk in the financial and energy sector in Europe. As the econometric tool for estimating dependencies across the subjects we employ factor copula model with GAS dynamics of Oh & Patton (2013b). We apply this model to daily CDS spreads. Based on the estimated results we perform Monte Carlo simulations in order to obtain future values of CDS spreads and measure probability of systemic events. We conclude that substantially higher systemic risk is present within the financial sector. We also find that the most systemic companies from both sectors come from Spain. JEL Classification C53, C55, C58, G17 Keywords Credit Default Swap, Energy Sector, Factor Copula, Financial Sector, Generalized Autore- gressive Score Model, Systemic Risk Author's e-mail matej.nevrla@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail barunik@fsv.cuni.cz

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Lucinda A de Lucena.pdf: 2279192 bytes, checksum: 1a8bc7775f597640549f110da92f81e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-22 / The present moment in history is characterized by the incessant search for new models that can answer the recent human and social demands of growing complexity that emerge in our society marked by constant transformations. This work analyzes and reflects on the managerial formation of Engineers who eventually arrive at managerial positions in companies of the electrical energy sector during their careers. Besides bringing to light the historical and social importance of the sector, the study surveys and examines questions related to knowledge in the contemporary world and its implications in the productive sector and consequently in corporative education too. It questions the integral development of the human being in this process by emphasizing contradictions between theory and practice, intentions and objectives, technical and humanistic formation and objectives and results. To develop the study, semi-structured interviews, inventories and questionnaires were applied in order to collect data and information about the managerial formation of Engineering Managers in private or public enterprises. It is hoped that the result of the study will be contributions for the growth of knowledge of the actual reality, increasing values for the formation of future Engineers and Engineering Managers and the creation of scientific, social and cultural support for them. It is also hoped that creation of new proposals for academic as well as organizational education will be possible, promoting a systematic relationship between universities and companies. This would stimulate the transformation of managerial programs developed in the corporations, promoting a formation of Engineers and Engineering Managers that is complete and directed to forming Integral Human Beings. / O momento hist?rico atual tem se caracterizado pela forte busca de novos modelos que possam dar conta das recentes demandas humanas e sociais, cada vez mais complexas que emergem em nossa sociedade marcada por constantes transforma??es. Este trabalho visa analisar e refletir sobre a forma??o gerencial dos Engenheiros que no decorrer de sua carreira profissional rumaram para o exerc?cio da fun??o gerencial em empresas do Setor de Energia El?trica. Al?m do resgate da import?ncia hist?rica e social do Setor, procura levantar e examinar as quest?es relativas ao conhecimento no mundo contempor?neo e suas implica??es no setor de produ??o e conseq?entemente na educa??o corporativa. Problematiza a quest?o do desenvolvimento do Ser Humano Integral nesse processo, procurando salientar as contradi??es entre teoria e pr?tica; inten??es e objetivos, forma??o t?cnica e forma??o human?stica; objetivos e resultados. Para dar conta do trabalho foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas, aplica??o de invent?rios, e question?rios, com a finalidade de coletar dados e informa??es sobre a forma??o gerencial dos Engenheiros-Gestores tanto nas empresas privadas ou n?o. Como resultado do estudo s?o esperadas contribui??es para a amplia??o do conhecimento da realidade atual, agregando valores para a forma??o das futuras gera??es de Engenheiros e Engenheiros Gestores, criando um aporte cient?fico, social e cultural. ? esperada tamb?m a possibilidade de gera??o de novas propostas para a educa??o tanto na academia como nas organiza??es, incitando o relacionamento sistem?tico entre universidades e empresas, estimulando a transforma??o dos programas gerenciais desenvolvidos nas corpora??es, fomentando a forma??o de Engenheiros e Engenheiros-Gestores orientados para uma forma??o plena como Ser Humano Integral.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2018-10-02T19:20:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caio César Alvares Loro Netto.pdf: 1175357 bytes, checksum: b3db10edbf0f5ce7ad451fc9d62e3c93 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-02T19:20:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caio César Alvares Loro Netto.pdf: 1175357 bytes, checksum: b3db10edbf0f5ce7ad451fc9d62e3c93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Essa dissertação é norteada pela análise dos instrumentos oriundos dos tratados bilaterais e convenções internacionais que permitem a tutela dos investimentos estrangeiros diretos. A abordagem deve examinar também a eficácia das organizações internacionais e dos organismos de fiscalização das relações entre investidores e Estados hospedeiros. Desta forma, a finalidade deste estudo é a apreciação da regulação dos tratados e convenções internacionais e conclusão no sentido de êxito ou não na defesa do equilíbrio entre os agentes envolvidos nos investimentos estrangeiros no setor energético brasileiro, e de qual modo é possível a busca pelo desenvolvimento local enquanto forma de contrapartida. A metodologia aplicada será a hipotético-dedutiva, como forma de promoção do enfrentamento da eficácia das normas de tutela dos investimentos estrangeiros em face do protecionismo praticado pelos Estados. A produção desta dissertação terá por fundamento análise bibliográfica, das legislações internacionais, regionais e locais, e casos levados a cabo principalmente nos tribunais arbitrais. / This dissertation is guided by the analysis of instruments of discussion of bilateral treaties and international conventions that allow the administration of foreign direct investments. One of the approaches is the effectiveness of international organizations and oversight bodies for investor-host States relations. Therefore, the main objective is to assess whether the regulation of international treaties and conventions have been successful in defending the balance of power between the agents involved in foreign investments in the Brazilian energy sector, and to what extend it is possible to achieve local development to counterbalance the policies supported. An applied methodology is a hypothetical-deductive one, as a form of promotion of the confrontation of the effectiveness of the norms of protection of the foreign investments in the face of the protectionism practiced by the States. The development of this dissertation is based on bibliographical analysis, international, regional and local laws and cases carried out in the arbitral tribunals.