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Development of a Computer Model to Simulate Battery Performance For Use In Renewable Energy SimulationsSundararajan, Arjun 04 June 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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Increasing the efficiency of the CERN accelerators by use of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)Kvarnström, Joakim January 2021 (has links)
This report explains how an SMES is operated and how SMES systems could be used to increase the efficiency of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the Future Circular Collider (FCC) as well as to reduce the very high power needs of a future Muon Collider (MC). The performance of SMES for other applications and late developments of the technique will also be described.
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A mechanical analysis of a flywheel as an energy storage systemBrunmark, Filip, Sterin, Louie, Suleman, Yafet, Zimmermann, Groucho January 2021 (has links)
This report is a theoretical analysis of high inertia flywheels. Four different flywheel shapes are studied and essential parameters for designing flywheels with optimal energy storage capabilities are discussed. This was done by compiling theoretical findings and presenting these in a way relevant for energy storage applications. Aligning the systems principal axis parallel to the earth’s axis of rotation creates even loads upon the bearings, maximizing lifespan. A flywheel with large outer radius and a thin rim allows for maximum energy storage.
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Větrná elektrárna grid-off, princip, účinnost, návratnost / The grid-off Wind Power, Principle, Effectiveness, ReturnHavránek, Miroslav January 2013 (has links)
This Master´s thesis deals with problematics of wind powered generators and their use in off-grid systems. In its first chapters aspects of wind as a power source are analyzed. Further on the thesis focuses on individual components of the off-grid systems. Also designing procedures of these systems are presented in the paper. The key parts of the thesis are 3 off-grid wind power system designs, which can be used to power a family house, and their energetical and economical evaluation.
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Ukládání elektrické energie do výhřevných plynů / Power to gasCopek, Tomáš January 2016 (has links)
This master’s thesis deals with Power to Gas technology. In this concept electrical energy is used for hydrogen production via electrolysis. Hydrogen can be injected in limited amount into natural gas grid, used for power generation via fuel cells or as a reactant for methanation process. Characteristics of hydrogen and ways of hydrogen production, storage and transport are described. Fuel cells are described as a device which uses hydrogen for power production. Crucial part of this thesis consists of a description of Power to Gas concept and a design of Power to Gas unit with electrical power of 9,5 kW. Three different units were designed for three different times of day operation. Efficiency and economical assessment was carried out for these three Power to Gas units.
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Etude macroscopique dynamique et microscopique des systèmes hétérogènes lyophobes / Macroscopic dynamics and microscopic study of heterogeneous lyophobic systemsMichel, Loïc 06 June 2019 (has links)
Les enjeux de réduction des consommations des transports amplifie l'intérêt pour de nouveaux stockages d'énergie a forte densité de puissance et d'amortisseurs performants permettant d'alléger les structures. Les systèmes Hétérogènes Lyophobes (SHL) utilisent le mouillage forcé de matrices poreuses pour convertir les énergies mécaniques en énergies interfaciales qui peuvent ensuite être restituée(stockage) ou dissipée(amortisseur) selon le choix de liquide et de matériau. Ces systèmes ont été étudiés depuis les années 80 du fait de leurs propriétés prometteuses pour ces applications en amortissement et stockage d'énergie mécaniques mais aussi comme objet physique.L'application de ces systèmes requière de comprendre leurs intrusion et extrusion du liquide hors du volume poreux sur une plage de température et de durée d'intrusion.Un dispositif d'intrusion à haute pression (100 MPa) a été développé pour étudier l'impact de la température (5-70°C) et de la durée d'intrusion sur trois décades afin de mesurer précisément le comportement dynamique à échelle macroscopique.Ce dispositif a été utilisé pour étudier un matériau de porosité cylindrique (MCM-41) qui a été rendu non mouillant par un greffage hydrophobe en condition anhydre stricte qui a été intégré au laboratoire.Les pressions d'intrusions de l'eau dans le MCM-41 sur une large plage de durée et de température ont confirmé le modèle d'ancrage de la ligne de contact au cours de l'intrusion et à l'extrusion le modèle de nucléation de bulle avec la contribution majeure de la tension de ligne, mesurée sur les autres solutions aqueuses. Des mesures inédites avec de l'eau deutérée, des solutions salines jusqu'à saturation et en pH alcalin ont éclairé la contribution des liaisons hydrogènes, des ions et des silanols sur la pression d'intrusion et la dissipation d'énergie.Le deuxième matériau étudié (ZIF-8) présente une structure cristalline de cages nanométriques connectées par des ouvertures commensurables avec les molécules d'eau dont l'intrusion présente une hystérèse réduite pour le stockage d'énergie. Les mesures dynamiques précises ont montré au-dessus de 35°C un comportement inédit de constance de la pression d'intrusion sur trois décades de durée. Aux températures inférieures une surpression de grande ampleur en puissance -1/2 contraste avec les modèles de réponse linéaire et présente une dépendance affine en température.Des mesures dynamiques inédites avec de l'eau deutérée ont révélé un impact significatif des liaisons hydrogènes. Des particules de différentes durée de synthèse ont montré que la pression d'intrusion est principalement pilotée par des défauts et non la capillarité.Ces résultats inédits ont amené à réaliser des expériences de diffusion de neutrons sous pression qui ont apporté des mesures inédites de déformation des pores cylindriques sous l'effet de l'intrusion et confirmé l'existence de cluster d'eau séparé au sein du ZIF-8. / The stakes of reducing the consumption of transportation drives the interest in high density energy storage as well as shock absorbers to reduce the weight and power of vehicles.Heterogeneous Lyophobic Systems leverage forced wetting to convert mechanical energy into interfacial energy which can be recovered later (storage) or dissipated (damper) depending on the choice of liquid and material.These systems have been studied since the 80s because of their promising properties for damping and storage applications but also as a physics topic.Actual use of these systems require the understanding and control of their intrusion and extrusion pressures in a relevant range of temperatures and over different time scales.A macroscopic high pressure intrusion device (100 MPa) was developed to study the impact of temperature (5-70°C) and the duration of intrusion over three decades to measure precisely the dynamic behavior.This device was used to study a material with cylindrical pores (MCM-41) which was made non-wetting thank to anhydrous hydrophobic grafting protocol that has beenintegrated into the laboratory.Water intrusion pressures in the MCM-41 over a wide rangeof time and temperature confirmed the model of anchored contact line duringintrusion and the bubble nucleation model during extrusion.This confirmed the key contribution of line tension which was quantified and in water and on other aqueous solutions.Original measures with deuterated water, saturated brine andhigh pH have clarified the contributions from hydrogen bonds, ions and silanols to the intrusion pressure and energy dissipation.The second material (ZIF-8) is a crystal composed of nanometric cavities connected by openings as large as water molecules. Water intrusion has a low hysteresis suitable for storage and above 35°C a unprecedented behavior of constant pressure of intrusion spanning three orders of intrusion duration.At lower temperatures, intrusion pressures see ample increase scaling as a power law -1/2 which conflicts with linear response behavior. This descriptive model depends linearly on temperature, dropping to zero at 35°C.First measurements on deuterated water showed similar pattern and a strong impact of hydrogen bonds. Particles from different synthesis durations showed that the intrusion pressure is heavily dependent on inner defects and not capillarity.Those new results driving questions about microscopic mechanisms lead to neutron scattering experiments under pressure. These brought unprecedented measures of cylindrical pores deformations under intrusion and confirmed the division of water in ZIF-8 cavities.
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Hidrelétricas de acumulação por bombeamento associadas a aerogeradores para o aumento da oferta de energia no horário de ponta : estudo de caso na Bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul /Flores, Alessandro Thiesen. January 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Mateus Ricardo Nogueira Vilanova / Coorientador: José Antonio Perrella Balestieri / Banca: José Alexandre Matelli / Banca: Diovana Aparecida dos Santos Napoleão / Resumo: Sistemas híbridos de geração de energia, que combinam a geração eólica com a geração hidráulica, são um modo de melhorar o aproveitamento da energia gerada pelos inconstantes e aleatórios ventos, e supri-la quando houver a demanda de energia por parte dos consumidores. A presente pesquisa analisa a possibilidade de conversão de centrais hidrelétricas convencionais em centrais de acumulação por bombeamento associadas a centrais eólicas, visando o aumento da oferta de energia elétrica no horário de ponta do Sistema Elétrico Brasileiro. Esta pode ser uma ser uma alternativa sustentável de adaptação do sistema hidrotérmico brasileiro às mudanças climáticas e a períodos de escassez hídrica. A pesquisa é desenvolvida através de um estudo de caso na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraíba do Sul, mais especificamente, nas Usinas Hidrelétricas de Paraibuna e Santa Branca. A análise consiste em fazer simulações de operação de uma Central Hidrelétrica de Acumulação por Bombeamento (CHAB) para bombear água no horário fora de ponta e gerar a energia acumulada no horário de ponta, associado a um parque eólico para alimentar as bombas e assim sincronizar a geração de energia eólica com o pico de demanda energética. São realizadas simulações com três objetivos diferentes (melhoria do uso da água, maximização da geração da energia no horário de ponta e a maximização da variação total de energia gerada e consumida). Em termos de variação de energia gerada, conclui-se que a CHAB propicia um aumento ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Hybrid systems for power generation that combine wind with hydroelectric generation are a way to synchronize the power demand from grid and the power generated by the wind power generation. The research project analyses the adaptation of existing hydro powerplants, changing them into Power Storage Powerplants, combined with wind farms to increase the energy generation in the peak-demand period in Brazilian Electrical System. It can be a sustainable solution to adapt the Brazilian Hydro-Thermal System to climate changes and drought periods. The research project has been developed in a system proposed in the Paraiba do Sul Basin, specifically, in the Paraibuna and Santa Branca Power Plants. The analysis consists in simulating the daily operation of Pumped Storage Powerplant (PSP) to pump the water in the off-peak period and generate the storage energy in the peak period, linked to a wind farm to feed the pumps to synchronize the energy generated by wind farm with peak-demand period. Three goals (improve the water usage, maximization of power generated in the peakdemand period and maximization of overall power generated) has been simulated. Regarding the addition of power generated, PSPs can increase by 12.5% approximately (in relation to the total amount generated annually by the Paraibuna Powerplant) or 41.8 GWh/year during peakdemand period, fulfilling the peak power demand and consequently improve the stability of overall electric system. The energy balance of Paraibuna Powe... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
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Localización de sistemas de baterías para el mejoramiento del desempeño en estabilidad transitoria de los sistemas eléctricos de potenciaDíaz Osorio, Víctor Eduardo January 2017 (has links)
Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Mención Eléctrica. Ingeniero Civil Eléctrico / La creciente penetración de energías de carácter variable en los últimos años permite prever que los sistemas eléctricos de potencia requerirán la incorporación de nuevas tecnologías que flexibilicen su operación. Entre estas tecnologías, una de las más importantes son los sistemas de almacenamiento basados en baterías (BESS) los que han demostrado tener la capacidad de entregar un amplio abanico de servicios a los SEP. En particular, en la bibliografía se menciona que los BESS tienen capacidad de aportar a la estabilidad transitoria de ángulo de los SEP, pero pocos trabajos profundizan en esto. Más aún, la incorporación de BESS en el sistema abre el problema de localizarlos óptimamente, lo que ha sido abordado principalmente desde perspectivas de operación económica, reducción de pérdidas o regulación de tensión. En este trabajo se estudia como
la interacción de los BESS con los sistemas eléctricos permite mejorar su desempeño dinámico en términos de estabilidad transitoria. Comprendido esto, se diseña una metodología de localización óptima de módulos BESS, considerando criterios de estabilidad transitoria.
El estudio demuestra que el intercambio de potencia de los BESS permite elevar la capacidad de transferencia de potencia activa de las máquinas del sistema durante una perturbación. Esto reduce la aceleración de los ángulos de rotor durante y después de la contingencia, aumentando la capacidad del sistema de mantener una operación estable. Se estudia además que este aporte del BESS se puede ver manifestado en el criterio de las áreas iguales, que determina el margen de estabilidad del sistema como la diferencia entre el área desacelerante y el área acelerante. Este margen de estabilidad para sistemas de varias máquinas se puede determinar según el equivalente SIME del sistema (single machine equivalent) el cual condensa la dinámica de los ángulos de todas las máquinas en la dinámica de una máquina equivalente.
Por otra parte, el problema de localización óptima es un problema discreto, combinatorial, no lineal, por lo que se utilizan algoritmos genéticos (GA) para explorar el espacio de soluciones factibles. Si bien los GA no garantizan la obtención de optimalidad global, se ha demostrado que tienen una notable capacidad para encontrar soluciones cercanas al óptimo en tiempos de computo reducidos. Para evaluar el desempeño dinámico de una distribución de BESS, el algoritmo evalúa el margen de estabilidad del equivalente SIME del sistema. La metodología se implementa en el IEEE 39 bus system, modificado para representar un escenario de alta penetración renovable. La metodología permite la obtención de una distribución de módulos BESS que mejora el desempeño transitorio del sistema, focalizando el aporte de los BESS en torno a aquellas contingencias con peores desempeños dinámicos. Se comprueba además la capacidad del GA de encontrar buenas soluciones en tiempos de cómputos razonables, requiriendo la exploración de una ínfima porción del espacio de soluciones factibles para encontrar una buena distribución. Se verifica también la pertinencia del margen de estabilidad del equivalente SIME como una buena medida del desempeño dinámico del sistema.
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Chemo-mechanics of Li-ion batteries: in-situ and operando studiesLuize Scalco De Vasconcelos (9735527) 15 December 2020 (has links)
<div>Electrochemical energy storage devices play an integral role in the energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable. Still, technological breakthroughs are warranted to expand this progress and enable their use where hydrocarbons are still the dominant option. The requirements restricting further adoption of electrochemical devices are related to energy density, hampering costs of raw materials with the increased global demand, and safety in large scale operations. Furthermore, new applications in flexible electronics add new requisites to this list. Pushing these limits involves multidisciplinary efforts where the mechanics are a crucial part.</div><div> </div><div>This thesis explores the mechanical and kinetic behaviors of batteries at the nano to micro-meter scale through operando mechanical and optical characterization during ongoing electrochemical reactions. A unique experimental platform that enables simultaneous nanoindentation and electrochemical testing of active materials is developed. The validity of mechanical testing during operation in the customized liquid cell is systematically addressed. The evolution of the mechanical properties of electrodes as a function of lithium concentration is probed in real-time. This functional dependence between mechanical properties and composition is then used to introduce the concept of mechanics-informed chemical profiling. This new capability enables characterizing transport kinetics in a detailed and quantitative way, including the role of pressure gradients on diffusion. Pairing these experiments with multi-physics modeling led to a new understanding of the mechanisms regulating charging-rate capability and capacity loss in Li-ion batteries. Experiments on composite electrodes showed that liquid electrolytes change the mechanical properties of both conductive matrix and secondary particles. These observations help understand the interactions between the different components of a battery and demonstrate the need for in-situ mechanical characterization capabilities. </div>
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Nanoparticules métalliques enrobées de polymère : une plateforme multifonctionnelle pour application aux biocapteurs électrochimiques. / Metallic nanoparticles with polymeric shell : a multifunctional platform for application to biosensorsNgema, Xolani Terrance 30 March 2018 (has links)
La tuberculose (TB) est une maladie transmise par l'air causée par Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) qui affecte habituellement les poumons, entraînant une toux sévère, de la fièvre et des douleurs thoraciques. En 2015, il a été estimé que plus de 9,6 millions de personnes dans le monde ont développé la tuberculose et que 1,5 millions sont morts de la maladie infectieuse dont 12% étaient co-infectés par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH). En 2016, les statistiques ont atteint un total de 1,7 million de personnes décédées de la tuberculose avec environ 10,4 millions de nouveaux cas de TB diagnostiqués dans le monde. Le développement de systèmes de mesures rapides et fiables, ultra-sensibles, bon marché et facilement disponibles est essentiel pour lutter contre la tuberculose (TB) et la tuberculose multirésistante. Ce travail est une étude sur la faisabilité d'une part d'immunocapteurs électrochimique utilisant un antigène spécifique de Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B pour détecter la tuberculose et d'autre part de biocapteurs utilisant l'enzyme cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) pour détecter les médicaments antituberculeux dans le sérum ou l’eau.L'immunocapteur a été développé en adoptant la méthode ELISA indirecte qui a été utilisée pour la détection des anticorps IgG dans les tests ELISA IgG contre la tuberculose. Il a été réalisé en électrodéposant par voltamétrie cyclique (CV) d’abord de l'acide polyamique (PAA) sur une électrode de carbone vitreux (GCE) puis des antigènes recombinants de Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B (Ag). Les électrodes modifiées ont été caractérisées par CV et SWV. Le profil de réponse de l'immunocapteur à des anticorps de Mycobacterium tuberculosis a été étudié par SWV et la réponse linéaire était dans une gamme de 0,3 à 1,6 mg / mL avec une limite de détection (LOD) de 0,08 mg / mL.D'autre part, deux plates-formes pour le développement de biocapteurs pour la détection de médicaments antituberculeux, l'éthambutol (ETH) et la rifampicine (RIF), ont également été préparées. L’une était un composite PAA/AgNPs (nanoparticules d’argent) déposé par goutte sur GCE pour former une plate-forme GCE/PAA/AgNPs. Alors que l'autre plate-forme (GCE/PPy/AgNPs) a été formée par électrodéposition de pyrrole en présence de nanoparticules d'argent (PPy + AgNPs) sur GCE en utilisant la chronopotentiométrie. Les plateformes GCE/PAA/AgNPs et GCE/PPy/AgNPs ont ensuite été caractérisées en utilisant la voltamétrie cyclique alors que leurs morphologies l’ont été par microscopie à force atomique (AFM) et microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB). L'immobilisation de l'enzyme cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) sur les deux plates-formes a été réalisée par dépôt de gouttes. L'efficacité des biocapteurs GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 et GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 pour la détection de ETH et de RIF a été étudiée par DPV. Le biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 a été capable de détecter les médicaments antituberculeux à leur concentration sérique maximale (2 à 6 μg/mL). Alors que le biocapteur GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 était capable de détecter l'ETH à des concentrations inférieures au taux sérique (2,5 ng/mL à 12,5 ng/mL). Par conséquent, le biocapteur GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 a la capacité de détecter ETH même à l'état de traces dans les systèmes aqueux. Ainsi, le biocapteur GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 a une limite inférieure de détection de l'ETH (0,75 ng/mL) par rapport au biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 (1,3 µg/mL). La sensibilité du biocapteur GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 pour l'ETH était de 5 µA/ng.mL-1 alors que celle du biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 était de 2,6 µA/µg.mL-1. Le biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 était le seul biocapteur capable de détecter le RIF avec une limite de détection de 7,5 µg/mL. Le biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 convient à la détection de l'ETH et du RIF aux taux sériques et aux systèmes aqueux. Alors que le GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 ne convient que pour la détection des médicaments antituberculeux à des niveaux traces dans l'eau. / Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) that usually affects the lungs leading to severe coughing, fever and chest pains. In 2015 it was estimated that over 9.6 million people worldwide developed TB and 1.5 million died from the infectious disease of which 12 % were co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 2016 the statistics increased to a total of 1.7 million people died from TB with an estimated 10.4 million new cases of TB diagnosed worldwide. The development of the fast and reliable point-of-care systems that are ultra-sensitive, cheap and readily available is essential in order to address and control the spread of the tuberculosis (TB) disease and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. This work is the feasibly study on one part on the development of electrochemical immunosensor using a specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B antigen to detect tuberculosis and on another part on the development of biosensors using cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) enzyme to detect anti-TB drugs in aqueous systems. The immunosensor was developed by adopting the indirect ELISA method which was used for the detection of the IgG antibodies using the tuberculosis IgG ELISA. The development of immunosensor was achieved using glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with polyamic acid (PAA) in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant antigen Ag85B (Ag) was immobilized. PAA was electrodeposited on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using cyclic voltammetry. The modified electrodes were characterized by cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The response profile of the immunosensor at Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibodies was studied by square wave voltammetry and the linear response was in a range of 0.3 to 1.6 mg/mL with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.08 mg/mL. On the other hand, two platforms for the development of biosensors for the detection of ethambutol and rifampicin (anti-TB drugs) were also prepared. Two platforms were prepared whereby polyamic acid-silver nanoparticles composite (PAA/AgNPs) was drop-coated on GCE to form GCE/PAA/AgNPs platform. While the other platform (GCE/PPy/AgNPs) was formed by electrodeposition of polypyrrole-silver nanoparticles composite (PPy/AgNPs) on GCE using chronopotentiometry. The GCE/PAA/AgNPs and GCE/PPy/AgNPs platforms were then characterized using cyclic voltammetry while their morphologies were obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The immobilization of cytochrome P450-2E1 enzyme (CYP2E1) on both platforms was achieved by means of drop coating. The efficiency of the GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 and GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensors for the detection of ethambutol (ETH) and rifampicin (RIF) was studied by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor was able to detect anti-TB drugs at their peak serum levels (2 – 6 µg/mL). Whereas the GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor was able to detect ethambutol at concentrations lower than the serum level (2.5 ng/mL to 12.5 ng/mL). Therefore, GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor has an ability to detect ethambutol even at trace levels in aqueous systems. Thus, the GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor have lower limit of detecting ETH (0.75 ng/mL) than GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor (1.3 µg/mL). The sensitivity of GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor for ETH was 5 μA/ng.mL-1while the sensitivity of GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor was 2.6 μA/μg.mL-1. The GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor was the only biosensor that was able to detect RIF with a limit of detection of 7.5 µg/mL. The GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor is suitable for the detection of ETH and RIF at serum levels and aqueous systems. While the GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 is suitable for only detecting anti-TB drugs at trace levels in water.
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