Orientador: José Alexandre Matelli / coorientador: José Antonio Perrella Balestieri / Banca: Rubens Alves Dias / Banca: Paloma Maria Silva Rocha Rizol / Banca: Jonny Carlos da Silva / Banca: Elisangela Martins Leal / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um protótipo de sistema especialista (SE) dotado de um módulo de geração de explicação (MGE) para diagnóstico preliminar de eficiência energética em plantas industriais, considerando as características fundamentais de operação e manutenção dessas plantas. Embora a capacidade de explicar processos de raciocínio distinga o SE de outros sistemas de apoio à decisão, disponibilizar um MGE ajuda a promover uma análise crítica das decisões tomadas pelo SE. Em adição, o MGE é muito útil também na validação da base de conhecimento, permitindo detectar erros semânticos do sistema e monitorar detalhes do processo de inferência, o que pode levar a uma redução de tempo de desenvolvimento e maior aceitação do sistema, aumentando dessa forma sua confiabilidade e principalmente, sua credibilidade. A base de conhecimento do sistema foi construída a partir da experiência de especialistas multidisciplinares da área de eficiência energética industrial, o que é certamente um recurso valioso em um contexto de gestão do conhecimento (GC) organizacional. A GC torna o conhecimento humano especializado em valor duradouro, criando uma memória corporativa por meio de ações de compartilhamento e retenção, o que pode contribuir para a melhoria contínua dos processos, criação de valor e manutenção de vantagens competitivas. Para demonstrar as possibilidades de melhoria de eficiência energética, os principais sistemas de utilidades de uma planta industrial são ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work presents the development of an expert system prototype (ES) with an explanation facility module (EFM) for preliminary diagnosis of energy efficiency guidelines in industrial plants, considering the fundamental characteristics of operation and maintenance of these plants. Although the ability to explain its own reasoning distinguishes ES from other decision support systems, providing an EFM contributes to promote a critical analysis of the decisions taken by the ES. In addition, the EFM is also very useful in validating the knowledge base, because it facilitates the detection of semantic errors and allows a better monitoring of the inference process. Because of that, the EFM can reduce the development time and contribute to a broader acceptance of the system, which positively impacts its reliability and credibility. The knowledge base of the system was built on the experience of multidisciplinary experts in the field of industrial energy efficiency that is certainly a valuable resource in an organizational knowledge management (KM) context. The KM becomes the human knowledge in permanent value by creating a corporate memory through sharing and retention actions that may contribute to continuous improvement of processes, value creation and maintaining competitive advantage. In order to properly demonstrate the possibilities of energy efficiency improvement, the main utility systems of an industrial plant are analyzed individually. To do so, such systems are classified... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

GARCIA, Fernando Parente. EPMOSt: um sistema de monitoramento passivo energeticamente eficiente para redes de sensores sem fio. 2014. 115 f. Tese (Doutorado em ciência da computação)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2014. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-07-19T19:35:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_fpgarcia.pdf: 3632932 bytes, checksum: c2ab75ac7a41921760c110a2d98e4c5b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rocilda Sales (rocilda@ufc.br) on 2016-07-25T11:41:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_fpgarcia.pdf: 3632932 bytes, checksum: c2ab75ac7a41921760c110a2d98e4c5b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-25T11:41:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_fpgarcia.pdf: 3632932 bytes, checksum: c2ab75ac7a41921760c110a2d98e4c5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Monitoring systems are important for debugging and analyzing Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). In passive monitoring, a monitoring network needs to be deployed in addition to the network to be monitored, called target network. The monitoring network captures and analyzes packets sent by the target network. An energy-efficient passive monitoring system is necessary when there is a need to monitor a WSN in a real scenario because the lifetime of the monitoring network is extended and, consequently, the target network benefits from the monitoring for a longer time. In this thesis, initially, the main passive monitoring systems proposed for WSN have been identified, analyzed and compared. During the literature review, no passive monitoring system for WSN that aims to reduce the energy consumption of the monitoring network has been identified. Therefore, this thesis proposes an Energy-efficient Passive MOnitoring System for WSN (EPMOSt) that extends the lifetime of the monitoring network. EPMOSt uses two mechanisms to reduce the energy consumption of the monitoring network: sniffer election and aggregation of headers. By using the sniffer election, in general only one sniffer (a node of the monitoring network) captures packets sent by a given node of the target network, thereby reducing the transmission of packets captured by the monitoring network and, thus, considerably reducing the energy consumption of this network. By using aggregation of headers, only the information present in the headers of captured packets is sent through the monitoring network. Thus, the headers of several packets may be sent in the same monitoring message, hence reducing the overhead of transmission and consequently reducing the energy consumption of the monitoring network. Experiments performed with real sensors and with a WSN simulator in various scenarios are conducted to evaluate the proposed monitoring system. The obtained results show the energy efficiency of the EPMOSt and the viability of using it to monitor WSN in real scenarios. / Sistemas de monitoramento permitem depurar e analisar o funcionamento de uma Rede de Sensores Sem Fio (RSSF). No monitoramento passivo, uma rede de monitoramento adicional é implantada com o intuito de capturar e analisar os pacotes transmitidos pela rede a ser monitorada, denominada rede alvo. Quando se deseja monitorar uma RSSF em um ambiente real, um sistema de monitoramento passivo energeticamente eficiente é necessário, pois, caso contrário, a rede de monitoramento pode ter um tempo de vida bem menor do que a rede alvo. Nesta tese, inicialmente, os principais sistemas de monitoramento passivo propostos para RSSF foram identificados, analisados e comparados. Durante as pesquisas realizadas na literatura, não foi identificado nenhum sistema de monitoramento passivo que se preocupasse em reduzir o consumo de energia da rede de monitoramento. Sendo assim, esta tese propõe um sistema de monitoramento passivo energeticamente eficiente para RSSF, denominado EPMOSt (Energy-efficient Passive MOnitoring System), que prolonga o tempo de vida da rede de monitoramento. O EPMOSt utiliza dois mecanismos para reduzir o consumo de energia da rede de monitoramento: eleição de sniffers (nós da rede de monitoramento) e agregação de cabeçalhos. A eleição de sniffers garante que durante a maior parte do tempo apenas um sniffer captura os pacotes transmitidos por um determinado nó da rede alvo, reduzindo assim a transmissão de pacotes capturados redundantes através da rede de monitoramento e, consequentemente, reduzindo consideravelmente o consumo de energia desta rede. Com a agregação de cabeçalhos, apenas as informações presentes nos cabeçalhos dos pacotes capturados são enviadas através da rede de monitoramento. Assim, os cabeçalhos de vários pacotes podem ser enviados na mesma mensagem de monitoramento, reduzindo assim o overhead de transmissão e, consequentemente, reduzindo também o consumo de energia da rede de monitoramento. Experimentos com sensores reais e com um simulador de RSSF são realizados em vários cenários para avaliar o sistema de monitoramento proposto. Os resultados obtidos mostram a eficiência energética do EPMOSt e a viabilidade de utilizá-lo para monitorar RSSF em ambientes reais.

Arithmetic units and logic circuits are critical components of any VLSI system. Thus realizing efficient arithmetic units and logic circuits is required for better performance of a data path unit and therefore microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP). Adders are basic building blocks of any processor or data path application. For the design of high performance processing units, high-speed adders with low power consumption is a requirement. Carry Select Adder (CSA) is known to be one of the fastest adders used in many data processing applications. This first contribution of the dissertation is the design of a new CSA architecture using Manchester carry chain (MCC) in multioutput domino CMOS logic. It employs a novel MCC blocks in a hierarchical approach in the design of the CSA. The proposed MCC block is also extended in designing a power-delay and area efficient Vedic multiplier based on "Urdhva-Tiryakbhyam”. The simulation results shows that the proposed architecture achieves two fold advantages in terms of power-delay product (PDP) and hardware overhead. Apart from adders and multipliers, counters also play a major role in a data path unit. Counters are basic building blocks in many VLSI applications such as timers, memories, ADCs/DACs, frequency dividers etc. It is observed that design of counters has power overhead because of requirement of high power consumption for the clock signal distribution and undesired activity of flip-flops due to presence of clocks. The second contribution of the dissertation is the power efficient design of synchronous counters that reduces the power consumption due to clock distribution for different flip-flops and offers high reliability. The simulation results shows that the proposed counter design has lower power requirement and power-area product than existing counter architectures. Pipelines can be used for achieving high circuit operating speeds. However, as the operating frequency increases, the number of pipeline stages also increase linearly and so the memory elements. The third contribution of the dissertation is the dynamic memory-less pipeline design based on sinusoidal three-phase clocking scheme that reduces the power required by the clock and offers high circuit operating frequencies. Finally, the dissertation presents a novel tool for Boolean-function realization with minimum number of transistor in series. This tool is based on applying a new functional decomposition algorithms to decompose the initial Boolean-function into a network of smaller sub-functions and subsequently generating the final circuit. The effectiveness of proposed technique is estimated using circuit level simulations as well as using automated tool. The number of levels required using proposed technique is reduced by an average of 70% compared to existing techniques.

Papermaking process require large amounts of energy and water; therefore, pulp and paper mills can be potentially very polluting. The wastewater resulting from the papermaking process must be carefully managed as it is very rich in dissolved organic matter and contain compounds that make it difficult to treat. MBBR technology emerged as a possibility to increase the treatment capacity and to make more compact treatment systems designed to remove high organic loads, since in addition to having biomass in suspension as the activated sludge process, also has biomass adhered to plastic supports. This research was commissioned by Stora Enso Kvarnsveden and emerged in need of a bioreactor modification due to reduction of the wastewater load after the closure of PM11 in 2013 and PM8 in 2017. An evaluation of the performance of bioreactors is necessary with possible results to only run one bioreactor in the future and save energy. For performance analysis, two weeks of measurements were performed, one with the two bioreactors running at the same time and one with only K150 reactor running, trying to simulate what happens if one of them is stopped. Analysis of the main operating parameters of the MBBR system were evaluated during this research. As result, it was recommended an action to remove the excess of adhered biomass and an increase of the filling rating to 50%, in order to optimize TOC reduction.

Submitted by NATALIA FARIA SILVA null (nat.faria@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-31T00:47:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Natalia_Faria_Silva.pdf: 1944888 bytes, checksum: 21a22978fa637122ed688721e097feb8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-31T12:35:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_nf_me_guara.pdf: 1944888 bytes, checksum: 21a22978fa637122ed688721e097feb8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-31T12:35:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_nf_me_guara.pdf: 1944888 bytes, checksum: 21a22978fa637122ed688721e097feb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho é proposto um modelo metodológico que permite melhorar o desempenho energético através da implementação de medidas de eficiência energética. O modelo é fundamentado em quatro níveis de atuação e foi desenvolvido mediante uma revisão do estado da arte no Brasil e no mundo de aspectos referentes a eficiência energética. A estrutura da metodologia, denominada pirâmide de conservação de energia, foi desenvolvida sob o conceito de melhoria contínua e está baseado nas melhores práticas para alcançar a excelência energética adotado em países desenvolvidos como Estados Unidos, Canadá e Alemanha. Um estudo de caso em uma indústria de laticínio foi realizado para mostrar a aplicabilidade e eficácia do método proposto. O estudo detalhou as diversas possibilidades para reduzir as irreversibilidades dos sistemas energéticos dessa indústria e apresentou propostas técnicas e economicamente viáveis de melhoria da eficiência no uso da energia. Os resultados apresentados mostram que a adoção de medidas de eficiência energética reduz os custos, melhora as condições operacionais e tem impacto positivamente sobre o meio ambiente. / This work proposes a methodological model which improves the energy performance by implementing energy efficiency measures. The model is based on four levels of action and was developed through a review of the state of the art in Brazil and in the world of aspects related to energy efficiency. The structure of the methodology, called energy conservation pyramid was developed under the concept of continuous improvement and is based on best practices to achieve energy excellence adopted in developed countries like United States, Canada and Germany. A case study in a dairy industry was carried out to show the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method. The study detailed the various possibilities to reduce the irreversibility of energy systems of the industry and presented technical proposals and cost-effective improvement of efficiency in energy use. The results presented show that the adoption of energy efficiency measures reduce costs, improve operating conditions and impacts positively on the environment.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is made of tiny sensor nodes usually deployed in high density within a targeted area to monitor a phenomenon of interest such as temperature, vibration or humidity. The WSNs can be employed in various applications (e.g., Structural monitoring, agriculture, environment monitoring, machine health monitoring, military, and health). For each application area there are different technical issues and remedies. Various challenges need to be considered while setting up a WSN, including limited computing, memory and energy resources, wireless channel errors and network scalability. One way of addressing these problems is by implementing a routing protocol that efficiently uses these limited resources and hence reduces errors, improves scalability and increases the network lifetime. The topology of any network is important and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are no exception. In order to effectively model an energy-efficient routing algorithm, the topology of the WSN must be factored in. However, little work has been done on routing for WSNs with regular patterned topologies, except for the shortest path first (SPF) routing algorithms. The issue with the SPF algorithm is that it requires global location information of the nodes from the sensor network, which proves to be a drain on the network resources. In this thesis a novel algorithm namely, BRALB (Biased Random Algorithm for Load Balancing) is proposed to overcome the issues faced in routing data within WSNs with regular topologies such as square-base topology and triangle-based topology. It is based on random walk and probability. The proposed algorithm uses probability theory to build a repository of information containing the estimate of energy resources in each node, in order to route packets based on the energy resources in each node and thus does not require any global information from the network. It is shown in this thesis by statistical analysis and simulations that BRALB uses the same energy as the shortest path first routing as long as the data packets are comparable in size to the inquiry packets used between neighbours. It is also shown to balance the load (i.e. the packets to be sent) efficiently among the nodes in the network. In most of the WSN applications the messages sent to the base station are very small in size. Therefore BRALB is viable and can be used in sensor networks employed in such applications. However, one of the constraints of BRALB is that it is not very scalable; this is a genuine concern as most WSNs deployment is large scale. In order to remedy this problem, C-BRALB (Clustered Biased Random Algorithm for Load Balancing) has been proposed as an extension of BRALB with clustering mechanism. The same clustering technique used in Improved Directed Diffusion (IDD) has been adopted for C-BRALB. The routing mechanism in C-BRALB is based on energy biased random walk. This algorithm also does not require any global information apart from the initial flooding initiated by the sink to create the clusters. It uses probability theory to acquire all the information it needs to route packets based on energy resources in each cluster head node. It is shown in this thesis by using both simulations and statistical analysis that C-BRALB is an efficient routing algorithm in applications where the message to be sent is comparable to the inquiry message among the neighbours. It is also shown to balance the load (i.e. the packets to be sent) among the neighbouring cluster head nodes.

abstract: Stream processing has emerged as an important model of computation especially in the context of multimedia and communication sub-systems of embedded System-on-Chip (SoC) architectures. The dataflow nature of streaming applications allows them to be most naturally expressed as a set of kernels iteratively operating on continuous streams of data. The kernels are computationally intensive and are mainly characterized by real-time constraints that demand high throughput and data bandwidth with limited global data reuse. Conventional architectures fail to meet these demands due to their poorly matched execution models and the overheads associated with instruction and data movements. This work presents StreamWorks, a multi-core embedded architecture for energy-efficient stream computing. The basic processing element in the StreamWorks architecture is the StreamEngine (SE) which is responsible for iteratively executing a stream kernel. SE introduces an instruction locking mechanism that exploits the iterative nature of the kernels and enables fine-grain instruction reuse. Each instruction in a SE is locked to a Reservation Station (RS) and revitalizes itself after execution; thus never retiring from the RS. The entire kernel is hosted in RS Banks (RSBs) close to functional units for energy-efficient instruction delivery. The dataflow semantics of stream kernels are captured by a context-aware dataflow execution mode that efficiently exploits the Instruction Level Parallelism (ILP) and Data-level parallelism (DLP) within stream kernels. Multiple SEs are grouped together to form a StreamCluster (SC) that communicate via a local interconnect. A novel software FIFO virtualization technique with split-join functionality is proposed for efficient and scalable stream communication across SEs. The proposed communication mechanism exploits the Task-level parallelism (TLP) of the stream application. The performance and scalability of the communication mechanism is evaluated against the existing data movement schemes for scratchpad based multi-core architectures. Further, overlay schemes and architectural support are proposed that allow hosting any number of kernels on the StreamWorks architecture. The proposed oevrlay schemes for code management supports kernel(context) switching for the most common use cases and can be adapted for any multi-core architecture that use software managed local memories. The performance and energy-efficiency of the StreamWorks architecture is evaluated for stream kernel and application benchmarks by implementing the architecture in 45nm TSMC and comparison with a low power RISC core and a contemporary accelerator. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Science 2014

Now a days, there is lot of alternatives available, which provides green and renewable energy. Through these alternatives, the consumer’s demand for energy is being satisfied. It is important to use the available energy in a systematic and efficient way so that there are many benefits. The purpose of this study is to briefly identify the various prospects, problems, and policies for energy efficiency in industries. Basis of purpose on the negative impacts caused due to the increased use of energy consumption in industries. This literature study is based from practical examples of industries, industrial applications and other new technology. As the electric motor system operates most of the industrial processes, the electricity consumption of motors in industries accounts for two thirds of total energy consumption. Influencing energy efficiency in industries provides substantial advantages. Various motor applications such as pumps, fans, air compressors, cooling compressors, variable speed drives is studied for their operation and working conditions. The utilization of energy efficient technologies to a greater extent can perceive savings to the industries. In spite of being aware of potentials of using energy efficient technologies in industries, energy efficient technologies are not widely used. A barrier to energy efficiency is explained as a practice that inhibits the industrial decision of being efficient in terms of energy and finance. The barriers consent with energy efficiency in industries is fair enough to be considered, while compromising energy for temporary prosperity is not upright. Influence of increased energy efficiency in market areas need coordination of all industries and commercial area throughout the country. The coordination between the industries and commercial sectors can be closely achieved by raising energy policies and energy regulations. The energy efficient policies are considered as cognizance for market transformation and this can maintain the industry, the environment, and the energy. The options available for market transformation are enormous. It is suggested to implement the energy efficient policies as energy efficiency is important for sustainable future. By adopting the right policy, at right situation can provide enormous benefits to the process, industry, and nation. A basis of energy efficiency in industrial application can provide potential energy savings for the present and future industrial situation. This can provide a balance between INDUSTRY-ENVIRONMENT-ENERGY.

In this thesis, multicell coordination for wireless cellular networks is studied, whereby various approaches have been conducted to tackle this issue. Firstly, the coverage probability and e ective capacity in downlink multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) cellular system are considered. Two scenarios are investigated; in the rst scenario, it is assumed that the system employs distance-based fractional power control with no multicell coordination. For the second scenario, it is assumed that the system implements multicell coordinated beamforming so as to cancel inter-cell interference. The base stations (BS) are modelled as randomly uniformly distributed in the area according to Poisson point process (PPP). Using tools from stochastic geometry, tractable, analytical expressions for coverage probability and e ective capacity are derived for both scenarios. Secondly, an adaptive strategy for inter-cell interference cancellation and coordination is proposed for downlink multicarrier cellular random networks. The adaptive strategy coordinates and cancels the interference on the both frequency and spatial domains. Based on this adaptive strategy, two interference management schemes have been proposed. The adaptation process is implemented based on measured instantaneous signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) of the considered user. Furthermore, the locations of base stations BSs are modelled as an independent spatial PPP. Using tools from stochastic geometry, the proposed schemes have been analytically evaluated. Analytical expressions for coverage probability are derived for both schemes. In addition, an expression for average rate has been derived using the coverage probability analysis. Thirdly, low complexity algorithms for user scheduling have been proposed for coordinated MIMO multicell network. The algorithms consist of two stages: multicell scheduling stage and precoding stage. The algorithm works on sequential distributive manner. Two variants of multicell scheduling are proposed. The rst algorithm has less complexity but leads to more di erence in sum rate among cells. While the second algorithm results in better fairness in terms of system performance but causes frequent signalling among the cells. Moreover, the algorithm is extended to multimode selection in addition to the user selection. Finally, an adaptive coordination scheme for energy-effeicient resource allocation has been developed for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) cellular networks. The proposed scheme consists of centralised and distributed stages for allocating resources to cell-edge and cell-centre users, respectively. The optimisation problems are formulated as integer linear fractional and integer linear problems for the first stage and second stages, respectively. The spectral-energy trade-o is analysed under the constraint of fairness among users. In summary, the research work presented in this thesis reveals statistical approach to analyse the multicell coordination in random cellular networks. It also offers insight into the resource allocation and scheduling problems within multicell coordination framework, and how to solve them with a certain objective.

The master thesis deals with passive houses and their profitability's economic analysis. The thesis focuses on both new buildings and renovations, which have the greatest potential for energy savings in the building's sector. The cost-effectiveness of proposed measures is evaluated using the example of reconstruction of an existing house with passive and low-energy standard. Low-energy option of reconstruction is more profitable from an investor's perspective than the passive one. At 4% annual growth in energy prices, both options become comparable. The result of the calculation is not generally applicable. The profitability always depends on a specific building and various measures. Besides the cost-effectiveness, the investor's decision about an investment is also influenced by an increasing level of living comfort, subsidies and environmental protection.