創業被廣泛認可為世界各地的經濟增長和社會發展的引擎，創業研究已被定義為核心的研究領域且具有獨特的定義問題，理論界定和合法性。本研究由三篇文章組成，我試圖从創業的不同階段为理論研究和實踐提供深入了解創業的知識和理论。在此過程中，我将結合戰略管理，創業研究和跨文化研究的理論。總結的論文的總體框架如圖1所示。 / 第一個研究首先提出的一個基本問題，是誰會成為企業家，並從文化價值的角度解釋。鑑於創業的不確定性和損失的可能性，不確定性規避文化價值可能影響個人的創業機會識別和探索。因此，本研究側重於探索不確定性規避文化價值對創業機會識別的直接和間接影響。受先前研究企業家精神和不確定性規避文化的啟發，我的理論解釋了不確定性規避文化會影響個人對創業行為的不確定性的接受程度，以及整個社會對創業行為的認可。不確定性規避文化價值也能作為調節變量影響個人的創業能力和對失敗的恐懼對機會識別的影響。 / 第二個研究側重於新生創業者的工作經驗和當前尋求企業合法化活動對初創期企業績效的影響。遵循以往的研究，我選取了人力資本中最重要的經驗的深度和經驗的廣度，並預測經驗的深度和企業績效的倒U型的關係，以及經驗的廣度和企業績效之間正相關關係。此外，我側重於新生創業者的企業合法化活動，創業組織活動和獲得外界幫助，並預測他們對經驗和企業績效之間關係的增強作用。在實證研究中，我分析了321中國新生創業者的創業活動及過程，發現數據支持預測的經驗對企業績效的作用。此外，創業者從事創業組織活動和獲得外界幫助，使得經驗的廣度對績效的作用的曲線在最佳水平前後變得更陡，這表明加強的互動作用。 / 第三個研究，基於製度基礎論，研究區域制度發展對新興市場企業創新戰略作用。這裡的區域指的是低於國家的行政區劃，作為企業作為最直接的環境，提供製度上的正当性和環境資源，為企業創新所必需的條件。通過過去很少有研究關注的企業家的主动地资源获取戰略。而企業家的政治资本和社会资本能幫助企業從地區環境中獲得更多的合法性和資源。在實證研究中，通過對中國民營企業的調查數據分析，證實了區域制度對企業創新的促進作用，並發現企業家樹立的政治资本和社会资本能幫助企業在創新過程中改變的區域制度的約束[附圖]。 / Entrepreneurship is widely recognized as the engine of economic growth and social development throughout the world, and entrepreneurship research has been defined and legitimated as a core research field with unique defining questions and theoretical boundaries. In this dissertation that consists of three essays, I strive to provide insights on the knowledge of entrepreneurship at various stages of the start-up process. By doing so, I combined and extend the theories in strategy, entrepreneurship, and cross-culture studies. The overall framework of the dissertation is summarized in Figure 1. / Essay 1 of this thesis starts by asking the question of who will be entrepreneurs and relate this question to the influence of culture. Given the uncertainty and possibility of loss of entrepreneurship, the cultural uncertainty avoidance might exert influence on individual's entrepreneurial opportunity identification and exploration. Therefore, Essay 1 focuses on the direct and indirect effects of cultural uncertainty avoidance on entrepreneurial opportunity identification and exploitation. Inspired by previous research on entrepreneurship and cross-culture studies, I theorize that the cultural uncertainty avoidance will influence individual's attitude towards uncertainty and the social acceptance of entrepreneurial behavior. Also cultural uncertainty avoidance might moderate the relationship between individual's entrepreneurial capability and fear of failure, and their opportunity identification. / Essay 2 focuses on the role of nascent entrepreneur's previous working experience and current legitimation activities on new venture's early stage performance. Following previous research, I divide human capital into experience depth and experience breadth, and predict a inverted-U shaped relationship between experience depth and performance, and a positive relationship between experience breadth and performance. In addition, I focused on two kinds of legitimation actions of nascent entrepreneur, organizing activities and getting external help, and predicted their enhancing role on the relationship between experience and performance. Empirically, I analyzed data of 321 Chinese nascent entrepreneur in their founding process and found support to the predicted role of experience on performance. Moreover, as entrepreneurs are engaging in more organizing activities and receiving more external help, the slops of experience depth to performance will be more abrupt both before and after the optimal level, indicating an enhancing interaction. / Essay 3 relies on institution-based view to examine the role of subnational market-supporting institution on the innovative strategy of emerging market firms. Subnational institution, as the most direct environment of private firms, provide institutional legitimacy and environmental resource, which are necessary for firm innovation. Rarely studied is entrepreneur's active resource-seeking strategy to gain more legitimacy and resource from subnational region. Using survey data on Chinese private firms, I confirmed the facilitation of subnational institution on firm innovation, and found that political capital and business capital can alter the constraints imposed by institution [with diagram]. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ding, Zhujun. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.iv / [摘要] --- p.vii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.x / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.xii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiv / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- A GENERAL REVIEW OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- STUDY ONE --- p.21 / TITLE: Cultural Uncertainty Avoidance and Entrepreneurial Opportunity --- p.21 / ABSTRACT --- p.21 / INTRODUCTION --- p.22 / LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES --- p.24 / Culture and Entrepreneurship --- p.24 / Cultural Uncertainty Avoidance and Entrepreneurship --- p.28 / Entrepreneurial opportunity --- p.32 / Entrepreneurial opportunity discovery --- p.33 / Entrepreneurial opportunity exploitation --- p.37 / METHODOLOGY --- p.41 / Data and Measurements --- p.41 / RESULTS --- p.43 / DISCUSSION --- p.47 / REFERENCE --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- STUDY TWO --- p.67 / TITLE: Entrepreneur's Working Experience and Legitimacy Seeking for New Venture --- p.67 / ABSTRACT --- p.67 / INTRODUCTION --- p.68 / LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES --- p.71 / Working experience on new venture performance --- p.75 / Working Experience Depth --- p.77 / Working Experience Breadth --- p.79 / Moderators on the relation between experience depth and performance --- p.81 / Moderators on the relation between experience breadth and performance --- p.84 / METHODOLOGY --- p.86 / Data and Sample --- p.86 / Variables and Measurements --- p.89 / RESULTS --- p.91 / DISCUSSION --- p.94 / CONTRIBUTION AND IMPLICATION --- p.97 / REFERENCE --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- STUDY THREE --- p.116 / TITLE: Subnational Institution and Firm Capital: a Multilevel Model of Innovation Under Emerging Economies --- p.116 / ABSTRACT --- p.116 / INTRODUCTIONN --- p.117 / LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES --- p.122 / Subnational institution and firm innovation --- p.127 / Political capital --- p.129 / Social capital --- p.132 / Interactions --- p.134 / METHODOLOGY --- p.137 / The empirical design --- p.137 / Data --- p.139 / Measurement --- p.140 / Analytic method --- p.143 / RESULTS --- p.145 / DISCUSSION --- p.149 / CONTRIBUTION AND IMPLICATION --- p.151 / REFERENCE --- p.154 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.174

<p> As global frontiers of innovation, countries leading the way in entrepreneurship are responsible for forging a new understanding of the role of business in society, one that considers the impact of cultural values on driving and maintaining dynamic forms of economic growth. This thesis will examine the role cultural factors play in creating a flourishing entrepreneurial environment and how they define the relationship between business and society while influencing expectations of social responsibility. It also explores whether certain social environments are more conducive to entrepreneurship, and as such what role entrepreneurs play in those societies to encourage economic development and innovation. Utilizing data obtained from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the research of Geert Hofstede, traits associated with traditional entrepreneurship theory will be aligned with corresponding cultural dimensions. Traits associated with social responsibility will then be connected to their corresponding dimensions to determine their impact on new business activity, and to demonstrate that these countries may be more predisposed to practice stakeholder management. The case study will also include an examination of Hungary and what the research findings mean for countries with cultural dimensions reflecting traditional entrepreneurship theory rather than stakeholder theory, and provide recommendations as to how each cultural dimension can be adapted to improve stakeholder engagement with actors in both government and society. The thesis will demonstrate that today&rsquo;s entrepreneurs are driven as much by the desire for affiliation as they are by the need for achievement, and undertaking an effective stakeholder strategy is the best way to fulfill that affiliation, thereby improving the entrepreneurial environment, encouraging innovation, and creating a strategy for entrepreneurs to be socially responsible. </p><p>

Social Networks are broad set of actors or organizations and relations between them. The recent review of the literature shows that the research has been focused mainly on the effects of social networks on the entrepreneurial process but little attention is being paid to the process of development of social networks during an entrepreneurial process. The present studies highlight the aspects of process through analysing life cycle, teleology, dialectic and evolutionary views of process of development of social networks. This thesis presents ‘Becoming a Networked Entrepreneur’, a substantive theory of process of social network development in Entrepreneurship Literature constructed using Constructivist Grounded Theory approach to study the 13 entrepreneurs of Fast Growing Firms in Lahore, Pakistan. There are three main conceptual domains of this theory: sources of networks and actions of the entrepreneur and Developmental Patterns. The process of becoming a networked entrepreneur involves constant interaction of entrepreneur with the environment where sources of networks enable the entrepreneur to get connected to a network actor. Through studying the process of becoming a networked entrepreneur, the researchers can view the process in an integrated approach which involves the development of networks before starting the venture and interaction of entrepreneur with the environment where these networks are being developed. The process of becoming a networked entrepreneur presents a framework to study the networks and their development along the entrepreneurial venture.

As China develops and progresses as a nation, unique patterns of social mobility are emerging. For many years a centrally planned economy, the country is now a hybrid economy characterised by its authoritative political structure while allowing its entrepreneurs to experiment with innovative ways to accumulate wealth and ‘get ahead’. The research is particularly interested and aims in understanding how a specific group of people, namely the home-grown entrepreneurs, have been able to achieve social mobility within the contemporary Chinese economy. It focuses on the city of Suzhou in Jiangsu Province. Suzhou was chosen as the research setting because, since the beginning of the 1980s, it has been rapidly transformed into a business and industrial centre by implementation of economic reforms shaped by Deng Xiaoping and the production of infrastructure, such as the Economic and Technological Development Zones, from Communist Party initiatives. Home-grown entrepreneurs were ready to take advantage of the booming business opportunities by using their personal resources and networks afforded by the economic reforms that introduced foreign direct investment to coincide with private business reform. Specifically, it examines how the economic reforms have fostered conditions that allowed home-grown entrepreneurs to emerge and prosper and, in turn, how these entrepreneurs cultivate and utilise their social capital to form strategies to create pathways leading to social mobility. Qualitative research uncovers the social mobility of these entrepreneurs by interviewing in-depth a total of 50 home-grown entrepreneurs from different generations currently operating in Suzhou. The research reveals that while the economic reforms did provide a favourable environment for conducting private businesses, it has been equally important for each generation of home-grown entrepreneurs to take specific risks and seize opportunities to acquire various forms of social capital and to adjust personal values and imposed goals to reflect the complex social and political dynamics of their times. They had to make appropriate decisions to consolidate their businesses through careful consideration and manipulation of a variety of social capital. While social mobility may seem more accessible under the new hybrid economy, business failures and growing social inequalities have not been uncommon. Data analysis provides insights to conclude that the research may construct a new normative theory about a value driven society with economic aspirations within social controls constructed by authoritarian capitalism. As home-grown entrepreneurs begin to dominate, they are not only redefining how various forms of social capital should be linked to trajectories for social mobility, increasingly they are also transforming the social landscapes of China’s business world.

As China develops and progresses as a nation, unique patterns of social mobility are emerging. For many years a centrally planned economy, the country is now a hybrid economy characterised by its authoritative political structure while allowing its entrepreneurs to experiment with innovative ways to accumulate wealth and ‘get ahead’. The research is particularly interested and aims in understanding how a specific group of people, namely the home-grown entrepreneurs, have been able to achieve social mobility within the contemporary Chinese economy. It focuses on the city of Suzhou in Jiangsu Province. Suzhou was chosen as the research setting because, since the beginning of the 1980s, it has been rapidly transformed into a business and industrial centre by implementation of economic reforms shaped by Deng Xiaoping and the production of infrastructure, such as the Economic and Technological Development Zones, from Communist Party initiatives. Home-grown entrepreneurs were ready to take advantage of the booming business opportunities by using their personal resources and networks afforded by the economic reforms that introduced foreign direct investment to coincide with private business reform. Specifically, it examines how the economic reforms have fostered conditions that allowed home-grown entrepreneurs to emerge and prosper and, in turn, how these entrepreneurs cultivate and utilise their social capital to form strategies to create pathways leading to social mobility. Qualitative research uncovers the social mobility of these entrepreneurs by interviewing in-depth a total of 50 home-grown entrepreneurs from different generations currently operating in Suzhou. The research reveals that while the economic reforms did provide a favourable environment for conducting private businesses, it has been equally important for each generation of home-grown entrepreneurs to take specific risks and seize opportunities to acquire various forms of social capital and to adjust personal values and imposed goals to reflect the complex social and political dynamics of their times. They had to make appropriate decisions to consolidate their businesses through careful consideration and manipulation of a variety of social capital. While social mobility may seem more accessible under the new hybrid economy, business failures and growing social inequalities have not been uncommon. Data analysis provides insights to conclude that the research may construct a new normative theory about a value driven society with economic aspirations within social controls constructed by authoritarian capitalism. As home-grown entrepreneurs begin to dominate, they are not only redefining how various forms of social capital should be linked to trajectories for social mobility, increasingly they are also transforming the social landscapes of China’s business world.

As China develops and progresses as a nation, unique patterns of social mobility are emerging. For many years a centrally planned economy, the country is now a hybrid economy characterised by its authoritative political structure while allowing its entrepreneurs to experiment with innovative ways to accumulate wealth and ‘get ahead’. The research is particularly interested and aims in understanding how a specific group of people, namely the home-grown entrepreneurs, have been able to achieve social mobility within the contemporary Chinese economy. It focuses on the city of Suzhou in Jiangsu Province. Suzhou was chosen as the research setting because, since the beginning of the 1980s, it has been rapidly transformed into a business and industrial centre by implementation of economic reforms shaped by Deng Xiaoping and the production of infrastructure, such as the Economic and Technological Development Zones, from Communist Party initiatives. Home-grown entrepreneurs were ready to take advantage of the booming business opportunities by using their personal resources and networks afforded by the economic reforms that introduced foreign direct investment to coincide with private business reform. Specifically, it examines how the economic reforms have fostered conditions that allowed home-grown entrepreneurs to emerge and prosper and, in turn, how these entrepreneurs cultivate and utilise their social capital to form strategies to create pathways leading to social mobility. Qualitative research uncovers the social mobility of these entrepreneurs by interviewing in-depth a total of 50 home-grown entrepreneurs from different generations currently operating in Suzhou. The research reveals that while the economic reforms did provide a favourable environment for conducting private businesses, it has been equally important for each generation of home-grown entrepreneurs to take specific risks and seize opportunities to acquire various forms of social capital and to adjust personal values and imposed goals to reflect the complex social and political dynamics of their times. They had to make appropriate decisions to consolidate their businesses through careful consideration and manipulation of a variety of social capital. While social mobility may seem more accessible under the new hybrid economy, business failures and growing social inequalities have not been uncommon. Data analysis provides insights to conclude that the research may construct a new normative theory about a value driven society with economic aspirations within social controls constructed by authoritarian capitalism. As home-grown entrepreneurs begin to dominate, they are not only redefining how various forms of social capital should be linked to trajectories for social mobility, increasingly they are also transforming the social landscapes of China’s business world.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 282-312). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 282-312). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (PhD) -- Swinburne University of Technology, Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, 2007. / [Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology, 2007]. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 206-214).