Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T16:56:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TREMESCHINI_Letícia_2016.pdf: 45567340 bytes, checksum: c8ffdcd8e9777a25b8fce8c1d55b754f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T16:56:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TREMESCHINI_Letícia_2016.pdf: 45567340 bytes, checksum: c8ffdcd8e9777a25b8fce8c1d55b754f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T16:56:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TREMESCHINI_Letícia_2016.pdf: 45567340 bytes, checksum: c8ffdcd8e9777a25b8fce8c1d55b754f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T16:56:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TREMESCHINI_Letícia_2016.pdf: 45567340 bytes, checksum: c8ffdcd8e9777a25b8fce8c1d55b754f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / In face of the worldwide need for preservation of the environment, specific legislations have been developed aiming to assure the environmental rights and allow their attackers to be punished. It is however needs to understand the dynamics of the sanctions that are applied and their relations with the socioeconomic and environmental indicators of the counties where they written the infractions records. It is expected, therefore, to contribute with the formulation and execution of public policies for the preservation and conservation of the environment. In this sense, have been evaluated the influence of some socioeconomics and environmental indicators in the number of infractions records issued in the municipalities that are located in Sorocaba Inspection Regional Technical Center. The indicators used were: area, population, per capita income, municipal gross domestic product, municipal human development index, basic education development index, native forest, the distance from environmental military police headquarters, and also the location of dams and large rivers. The categories of environmental infractions were grouped empirically, and the municipalities by the multivariate method called cluster analysis and the influences of the indicators about the infractions were obtained by multiple regression method. During the considered period, the largest number of infractions have been written in the category "common area", and the year of 2011 which were written the largest number of records. As the analyzed counties, Ibiuna has presented as the place where the majority of the written infractions occurred. Statistically significant relations were found between the number of infractions with the indicators: population, municipal gross domestic product, native forest and the distance from environmental military police headquarters. In general, some adjustments have not resulted in satisfactory statistical models, in which the variables little explain the number of infractions. Even for the adjustments with statistical significance and high values of the coefficients, it was not possible to find scientific explanation or empirical evidence conclusive to justify the relation. Both results indicate that other variables, that not those used in this study, influence the relations analyzed. For this reason, it is necessary that additional studies are performed to help the formulation and implementation of environmental policies. / Diante da necessidade mundial de preservação do ambiente, legislações específicas foram elaboradas visando assegurar os direitos ambientais e permitir que seus agressores fossem punidos. Necessita-se, contudo compreender a dinâmica das sanções que são aplicadas e sua relação com os indicadores socioeconômicos e ambientais dos municípios onde são lavrados os autos de infrações. Espera-se, assim, contribuir com a formulação e execução de políticas públicas destinadas à preservação e conservação do meio ambiente. Nesse sentido, foi avaliada a influência de alguns indicadores socioeconômicos e ambientais no número de autos de infrações lavrados nos municípios que estão localizados no Centro Técnico Regional de Fiscalização de Sorocaba. Os indicadores utilizados foram: área, população, renda per capita, produto interno bruto municipal, índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal, índice de desenvolvimento da educação básica, cobertura florestal nativa, distância da sede da polícia militar ambiental, além da localização de represas e grandes rios. As categorias de infrações ambientais foram agrupadas empiricamente, já os municípios pelo método multivariado denominado análise de cluster e as influências dos indicadores sobre as infrações foram obtidas através do método de regressão múltipla. Ao longo do período considerado, o maior número de infrações foram lavradas na categoria "área comum", e o ano de 2011 onde foram lavrados o maior número de autos. Quanto aos município analisados, o de Ibiúna apresentouse como o local onde a maiorias das infrações lavradas ocorreram. Foram encontradas relações estatisticamente significativas entre o número de infrações com os indicadores: população, produto interno bruto municipal, cobertura florestal nativa e distância da sede da polícia militar ambiental. De modo geral, alguns ajustes não resultaram em modelos estatisticamente satisfatórios, nos quais as variáveis pouco explicam o número de infrações. Mesmo para os ajustes com significância estatística e altos valores dos coeficientes, não foi possível encontrar explicação científica ou empírica conclusiva para justificar a relação. Ambos os resultados indicam que outras variáveis, que não as utilizadas neste estudo, influenciam as relações analisadas. Por isso, é necessário que estudos adicionais sejam realizados para que possam auxiliar a formulação e execução de políticas ambientais.

La situation actuelle des règles relatives à la responsabilité civile de l'entrepreneur pour les dommages environnementaux provoqués par l’exploitation offshore d’hydrocarbure et le transport de ce produit par des navires pétroliers, démontre que le législateur a été de plus en plus concerné par la question de la santé environnementale. Cependant, il y a beaucoup de lacunes dans les lois nationales qui peuvent entraîner une incertitude juridique considérable pour l'entrepreneur et en même temps, ne pas fournir une protection adéquate à l'environnement et à l’homme. L’étude comparée des systèmes juridiques démontre qu’il est extrêmement important que les pays qui sont exposés aux périls des marées noires, notamment ceux qui exploitent des hydrocarbures dans la mer, disposent d’un fonds spécial d’indemnisation pour garantir et faciliter la restauration de l’environnement et le payement des indemnisations aux victimes. Outre la protection de l’environnement et des droits des citoyens, le fonds offre aussi la possibilité d’application des cas exceptés et de la limitation de responsabilité. Le fonds serait utilisé pour couvrir les préjudices au-delà de la limite de responsabilité de l’entrepreneur ou dans les cas où la responsabilité de celui-ci est écartée par un cas excepté. / The current situation of the rules governing the liability of the entrepreneur for environmental damage caused by offshore oil exploration and by the transportation of this product by oil tankers, shows that the legislator is more concerned with environmental health issues. However, there are many gaps in national legislations that can lead to considerable legal uncertainty for the responsible parties. While, at the same time it does not provide adequate protection for the environment and to human beings. The comparative study of legals systems shows the importance that countries that are exposed to the dangers of oil spills, especially those exploiting oil in the sea, to have a special indemnisation fund to guarantee and facilitate environmental restoration and payment of compensation to victims. Besides protecting the environment and citizens' rights, the fund also offers the possibility of applying the defenses of liability and limitation of liability. The funds would be used to cover the losses beyond the limit of liability of the responsible partie or when the responsibility for the accident is ruled out by a liability defense cause.

Thesis (LLM. (Development and Management Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Refer to the document

Universally complications exist concerning insurance cover for the risks posed by pollution damage. Environmental insurance cover can be procured under first-party or third-party insurance. For the latter, the polluter's statutory or civil liability is required. The determination of liability for compensation, especially delictual liability, remains problematic. The right to the environment in section 24 of the Constitution creates a general duty of care. The introduction of a strict liability regime can be recommended to alleviate the burden of proving fault and contributory negligence. Where there is multiple or cumulative causation or the exact identity of the polluter is unknown, potential solutions regarding the allocation of liability include a pollution-share, joint and several, market-share or, as a last resort, a proportional allocation. Actionable damages should include property damage, pure economic loss, clean-up costs and natural resource damages, including compensation for reduced aesthetic value. Due to the uncertainty and potential magnitude of pollution-related claims, insurers have attempted to avoid or limit these risks by including specific pollution exclusion and limitation clauses in policies. Statutory regulation of policy content and prescribed wording for clauses could address problems relating to the interpretation of policy provisions. Various other issues such as the coverage of gradual pollution, the effect of the various triggers of coverage and the potential long-tail liability of insurer, the lack of information and the unpredictability of the risk cause further complications for both the insured and the insurer. Policies should preferably be issued on a `claims-made' basis linked to retroactive dates. Mandatory third-party insurance to the benefit of a third party should be required within specific high-risk industries, specifically for the benefit of the prejudiced person or an environmental remediation fund. The right of a prejudiced party to claim directly from the polluter's liability insurer should be introduced. Currently, the focus appears to be more on protection and environmental remediation than on civil compensation. There is an urgent need for the development of statutory and civil liability compensation mechanisms and for an increased regulation of insurance policies and practices to ensure effective insurance cover to provide compensation for environmental damage. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

Universally complications exist concerning insurance cover for the risks posed by pollution damage. Environmental insurance cover can be procured under first-party or third-party insurance. For the latter, the polluter's statutory or civil liability is required. The determination of liability for compensation, especially delictual liability, remains problematic. The right to the environment in section 24 of the Constitution creates a general duty of care. The introduction of a strict liability regime can be recommended to alleviate the burden of proving fault and contributory negligence. Where there is multiple or cumulative causation or the exact identity of the polluter is unknown, potential solutions regarding the allocation of liability include a pollution-share, joint and several, market-share or, as a last resort, a proportional allocation. Actionable damages should include property damage, pure economic loss, clean-up costs and natural resource damages, including compensation for reduced aesthetic value. Due to the uncertainty and potential magnitude of pollution-related claims, insurers have attempted to avoid or limit these risks by including specific pollution exclusion and limitation clauses in policies. Statutory regulation of policy content and prescribed wording for clauses could address problems relating to the interpretation of policy provisions. Various other issues such as the coverage of gradual pollution, the effect of the various triggers of coverage and the potential long-tail liability of insurer, the lack of information and the unpredictability of the risk cause further complications for both the insured and the insurer. Policies should preferably be issued on a `claims-made' basis linked to retroactive dates. Mandatory third-party insurance to the benefit of a third party should be required within specific high-risk industries, specifically for the benefit of the prejudiced person or an environmental remediation fund. The right of a prejudiced party to claim directly from the polluter's liability insurer should be introduced. Currently, the focus appears to be more on protection and environmental remediation than on civil compensation. There is an urgent need for the development of statutory and civil liability compensation mechanisms and for an increased regulation of insurance policies and practices to ensure effective insurance cover to provide compensation for environmental damage. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-07-11T12:28:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna de Carvalho Santos Pineschi.pdf: 7761548 bytes, checksum: 3594307a7e79c5c39abb55b3ea8284b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-11T12:28:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna de Carvalho Santos Pineschi.pdf: 7761548 bytes, checksum: 3594307a7e79c5c39abb55b3ea8284b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-20 / The objective of this work is to bring the discussion about a very controversial and increasingly recurrent topic in criminal doctrine: the criminal liability of corporations in Brazil and in the world. Until the 1980s, most countries still followed the societas delinquere non potest principle, adopting only civil and administrative liability to acts practiced by corporations. However, in the last decades, several countries have adopted this institute in their legal systems in order to modernize and increase their criminal norms for the modern world’s new realities. This is caused by the fact that the evolution of law has not been able to keep up with the new demands of the risk society we live in. It occurs that the introduction of this new institute has generated innumerable doctrinal criticism and difficulty in adapting to the legal-criminal dogmatics constructed on the basis of the classic Enlightenment criminal law. Much is questioned about the new modern criminal policies and their real effectiveness. In Brazil, the situation is no different. There are innumerous barriers and doubts on the subject, even after the emergence of the Federal Constitution of 1988, and the adoption of the institute by the Law of Environmental Crimes (Law 9.605 / 98). Therefore, in brief, the present work intends to cover: the main problems raised on the subject, taking into account the favorable and opposite arguments presented by the doctrine; its evolution and the context in which it was inserted today; their treatment in comparative law; its situation in the Brazilian legal system through the Federal Constitution of 1988, Law 9605/98, experience of jurisprudence, and the way in which they have been applied; and, finally, the real necessity and effectiveness that this institute has presented since adoption / O objetivo deste trabalho é trazer a discussão sobre um tema muito polêmico e cada vez mais recorrente na doutrina penal: a responsabilidade penal das pessoas jurídicas no Brasil e no mundo. Até cerca dos anos 1980, a maior parte dos países ainda seguia o princípio societas delinquere non potest, adotando apenas a responsabilidade civil e administrativa aos atos praticados pelos entes coletivos. Porém, nas últimas décadas, diversos países passaram a adotar esse instituto em seus ordenamentos visando modernizar e incrementar suas normas penais às novas realidades mundiais. Isso porque a evolução do direito não tem conseguido acompanhar as novas demandas da sociedade de risco a qual vivemos. Ocorre que a introdução desse novo instituto tem gerado inúmeras críticas pela doutrina e dificuldade de adaptação à dogmática jurídico-penal construída com base no direito penal clássico iluminista. Muito se questiona sobre as novas políticas criminais modernas e sua real efetividade. No Brasil, a situação não é diferente. Inúmeras são as barreiras e as dúvidas sobre o tema mesmo após o surgimento da Constituição Federal de 1988 e da adoção do instituto pela Lei de Crimes Ambientais (Lei n. 9.605/1998). Portanto, resumidamente, o presente trabalho pretende abarcar, através de pesquisa doutrinária, legislativa, jurisprudencial e de campo: os principais problemas suscitados sobre o tema, considerando os argumentos favoráveis e contrários apresentados pela doutrina; sua evolução e o contexto no qual foi inserido; seu tratamento no direito comparado; sua situação no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro através da Constituição Federal de 1988, da Lei n. 9.605/1998, a experiência jurisprudencial e a forma como tem sido aplicada e, por fim, a real necessidade e efetividade que esse instituto apresenta desde sua adoção