Cette thèse apporte une contribution à la définition d’un nouveau risque bancaire lié aux impacts économiques du changement climatique. Le changement climatique impactera les clients d’une Banque de Financement et d’Investissement (BFI) et aura des conséquences sur sa stratégie et la composition de son portefeuille d’activités. En revanche, des incertitudes demeurent sur les impacts économiques du changement climatique et créent un risque bancaire : le risque carbone. La quantification des « émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) induites » par les activités des clients de la banque est une première étape nécessaire pour la gestion de ce nouveau risque. Après avoir étudié les différents modèles existants de comptabilité carbone, cette thèse propose un outil d’analyse basé sur une nouvelle forme de comptabilité carbone allouant les émissions de GES aux agents économiques en fonction de leur capacité à les réduire : « la comptabilité par enjeu ». Cet outil permet la réalisation d’une cartographie sectorielle et géographique des « émissions de GES induites » par un portefeuille de financement et d’investissement (en dette et en capital). / The PhD thesis is a contribution to the definition of a new banking risk related to the economic impacts of climate change. The climate change will impact the clients of a corporate and investment bank and will have consequences on its strategy and the composition of its business portfolio. Nevertheless, uncertainties remain on the economic impacts of climate change and create a new risk for the banks: the carbon risk. The quantification of “GreenHouse Gases (GHG) emissions induced” by the businesses of the bank’s clients is a first step required for managing this new risk. After having studied the various models of carbon accounting, this PhD thesis proposes an analysis tool based on a new form of carbon accounting by allocating the GHG emissions to the economic agents in accordance with their ability to reduce it: “the accounting by issue”. This tool allows mapping sectorally and geographically of the “GHG emissions induced” by a financing and investment portfolio (in debt and equity capital).

Two beliefs drove this dissertation to be centered on the analysis of the UK corporate disclosure (CD) related to global climate change (GCC). Firstly, GCC is the most significant environmental concern of our current age (IPCC, 2001; Stern, 2006; IPCC, 2007). Secondly, CD could illustrate the values of organizations and possibilities for changing organizations’ responsibility regarding to GCC (Gray et al., 1996; Bebbington and Larrinaga-Gonzalez, 2008; Bebbington et al., 2009). This study utilizes content analysis as its principal method and seeks to achieve its goal by way of a two investigations. The first investigation focuses on disclosures made by direct participants’ (DP) in the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS). It captures GCC disclosures from both stand alone (SA) and annual reports (AR) during 2000 - 2004. This part of the study explores if joining the UK ETS changed GCC disclosures. This is tested on both a longitudinal and matched pair (MP) basis. An analysis using institutional theory suggests that instruments of environmental policy may influence GCC disclosures. Results showed that DP increased GCC disclosure, especially in the AR where mainstream business rationale is accepted. MP disclosures, in contrast, focus on the SA media and on different topics than DP disclosures. AR and SA both contain CD, but in this study they showed different patterns of disclosure and therefore may constitute different disclosure media. The second investigation suggests a method to compare GCC disclosure for a sample of DP and MP, using three different media: carbon disclosure project (CDP), AR and SA. Analysis shows that GCC disclosure did not provide sufficient information to compare GCC initiatives and disclosures. Despite the fact that organizations have similar characteristics in terms of sector, size and origin country, they showed different views on GCC issues and this may partially explain differences on GCC initiatives and disclosure.

O estudo objetiva mapear e analisar a integração da sustentabilidade às práticas de controle gerencial (CG) das empresas no Brasil. A sustentabilidade foi considerada sob as dimensões econômica, ambiental e social da abordagem triple bottom line - TBL (ELKINGTON, 1997). A abordagem de controle gerencial, por sua vez, usou o modelo de alavancas de controle (SIMONS, 1995), acrescido de controles especializados, apropriados ao controle da sustentabilidade nas dimensões do TBL. A amostra deste estudo foi formada por 59 empresas que divulgaram os chamados relatórios de sustentabilidade no Brasil, ao menos uma vez entre os anos 2007 e 2009. Estas companhias foram submetidas a um levantamento do tipo survey, de forma a obter dados sobre a possível integração da sustentabilidade às suas práticas de controle gerencial, ou seja, testar a presença de tópicos sociais e ambientais e foco mais amplo em stakeholders em seus instrumentos de CG. Os dados foram submetidos a técnicas de estatística univariada descritiva e multivariada de modelagem de equações estruturais. Uma escala para classificar o estágio de divulgação dos relatórios de sustentabilidade foi proposta e os relatórios das empresas classificados de acordo com a mesma. As hipóteses foram construídas sob as suposições de que a divulgação dos relatórios de sustentabilidade se dá como resposta estratégica às demandas da sociedade, de forma a assegurar legitimidade (OLIVER, 1991; SUCHMAN, 1995) e visa demonstrar a conformidade da empresa com o tema da sustentabilidade (MEYER; ROWAN, 1977; DIMAGGIO; POWELL, 1983), que as empresas lidam com a sustentabilidade de maneira ceremonial, estando suas práticas de controle gerencial desvinculadas ou frouxamente vinculadas à sustentabilidade (MEYER; ROWAN, 1977). Além disso, a legitimidade adquirida pela divulgação do relatório de sustentabilidade permitiria às empresas levar adiante suas práticas de negócios com foco convencional, sem encarar o desafio da sustentabilidade de maneira mais engajada. Como conclusão geral, comprovou-se que a divulgação do relatório de sustentabilidade impacta as práticas de controle gerencial, principalmente no que se refere à presença da sustentabilidade nos artefatos, mas não necessariamente à intensidade do uso dos mesmos. Esse achado é relevante dado o estágio inicial do tema sustentabilidade nas empresas, que requer o desenvolvimento de novos artefatos que possam capturar mais adequadamente as componentes da sustentabilidade e, mais importante do que isso, sua integração aos modelos de gestão. / The study aims to map and analyse the integration of sustainability into the management control (MC) practices of companies in Brazil. Sustainability was represented by the economic, envinronmental and social dimensions of the triple bottom line approach (ELKINGTON, 1997), and management control was addressed by the \'levers of control\' management control model (SIMONS,1995), as well as specialized controls for sustainability. The sample is formed by 59 companies that issued the so-called sustainability reports at least once over the years 2007-2009. A survey was carried out to collect data on the possible embededness of the sustainability subject into the companies management control practices, that is, to test the presence of social and environmental topics as well as a broad focus on stakeholders in their MC artefacts. The data was analysed using univariated descriptive and multivariate structural equation modeling statistical techniques. A scale to measure the sustainability reports disclosure stage was proposed and the sustainability reports of the sample were classified accordingly. The hypotheses lie in assumptions that: the sustainability reports disclosure represents companies\' strategic responses to society\'s demands in order to ensure legitimacy (OLIVER, 1991; SUCHMAN, 1995) and aims to show conformity with sustainability (MEYER; ROWAN, 1977; DIMAGGIO; POWELL, 1983); companies deal with sustainability in a ceremonial way and their management control practices are decoupled or loosely coupled to sustainability (MEYER; ROWAN, 1977). Moreover, the legitimacy acquired by disclosing sustainability reports would permit companies to progress their \'business as usual\' practices without facing the sustainability challenge in a more engaged way. The findings show that the disclosure of sustainability reports impact the management control practices, specially regarding the presence of sustainability on the artefacts, but not necessarily the extent of their use. This is relevant due to the initial stage of sustainability in companies which requires both the development of new artefacts that can capture sustainability components more adequately and, more importantly, the embeddedness of sustainability into management models.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Luis Lopes.pdf: 3113668 bytes, checksum: a414bd9df75e7eb4c8efbf8edc7f7cec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-30 / This study aims to demonstrate the importance of the controlling applied to the sustainable development in enterprises, characterizing it as a different area, whose task is to ensure the informational support to the process of decision making, concerned with environmental management, an indispensable instrument for sustainability in business. To the development of this work, the methodology used was the research of specific reference books and complementary bibliography, case study, researches in sites on the Internet, and also in books. The theoretical framework provides some relevant concepts from the history of accounting, environment, environmental accounting, controlling and its evolution, all of them related to the sustainable development, besides the environmental management. A questionnaire was developed with the objective to verify if the company adopts accounting procedures for disclosure of information of social and environmental nature in the Financial Statements. The work also presents a case study developed through exploratory researches, with the 20 + (top twenty) industries of Bragança Paulista SP city, and the Company Imbramil Ind. e Com., presented as a pilot one in this project, located in the Upstream region, plus +81 industries in the Upstream and Downstream Region of Cantareira System. According to the results presented in the Graphics and in the Z test , applied in the data described in the Tables, it can be concluded that the proportions between the two groups of the researched enterprises don t present statistics differences. The exploratory research demonstrated that the enterprises are environmentally correct when located near to the Upstream, as well as in the Downstream regions. It can be concluded that the correlation of the r de Pearson between the two groups of enterprises (24 located Upstream and 77 Downstream) present correlation coefficients considered statistically relevant and equivalent. Based on field research and in the observation of the enterprises as a whole, we could relealise that the application of environmental procedures vary from company to company, for environmental management in enterprises, however, depends on the decisions of the responsible by the company. The concepts and knowledge absorbed during this research, ad well as in the case study, show that the controlling is basically responsible for the accounting information system management of the company and its function is to ensure the company's results / Este estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar a importância da Controladoria aplicada ao desenvolvimento sustentável nas empresas, caracterizando-a como área diferenciada, que tem como tarefa garantir o suporte informacional para o processo de tomada de decisões, preocupando-se com a Gestão Ambiental, instrumento imprescindível para a sustentabilidade nos negócios. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, foi utilizada a metodologia de consultas bibliográficas específicas e complementares, estudo de caso, consultas a sites na Internet, e também em livros. A fundamentação teórica fornece alguns conceitos relevantes desde a história da contabilidade, da contabilidade ambiental, da Controladoria e sua evolução, do meio ambiente, relacionados ao desenvolvimento sustentável e à Gestão Ambiental. Foi elaborado um questionário cujo objetivo é constatar se a empresa adota procedimentos contábeis para a evidenciação de informações de natureza social e ambiental nas Demonstrações Contábeis. O trabalho também apresenta um estudo de caso elaborado através de pesquisas exploratórias, junto às 20+ (vinte maiores) Empresas de Bragança Paulista SP, incluída a Empresa Imbramil Ind. e Com. Ltda., nomeada como empresa piloto neste projeto, localizadas na região de Jusante, mais as +81 Empresas da região de Montante e Jusante, inseridas dentro do Sistema produtor de águas Cantareira. Com base nos resultados demonstrados nos gráficos, e no teste Z aplicado nos dados descritos nas Tabelas, conclui-se que a proporção entre os 2 grupos de empresas pesquisadas não apresenta diferenças estatísticas. A pesquisa exploratória verificou que as empresas são ambientalmente corretas quando próximas da fonte (Montante), assim como na região de Jusante. Concluiu-se que, a correlação de r de Pearson entre os 2 grupos de empresas, 24 à Montante e 77 à Jusante, apresenta coeficientes de correlação considerados como estatisticamente relevantes e equivalentes. Com base na pesquisa de campo e na observação das empresas como um todo, torna-se possível demonstrar que a aplicação dos procedimentos ambientais varia de empresa para empresa, pois a gestão ambiental nas empresas depende, por sua vez, das decisões dos responsáveis pela empresa. Os conceitos e conhecimentos absorvidos ao longo dessa pesquisa, como também do estudo de caso, apontam que a Controladoria basicamente é responsável pelo sistema de informação contábil gerencial da empresa e que sua função é assegurar o resultado econômico da companhia

It is now common for managers, strategists, planners and citizens at municipality level to use sustainable development indicators (SDI) to help them work towards sustainable development. SDI constitute an information system for monitoring, reporting and decision-making which in theory should help us decide how to intervene in natural, economic, social and political systems for a better, more sustainable future. But not all indicator systems are created equal. Some are better tools than others when it comes to helping cities and municipalities in their work, and thousands of municipalities use SDI worldwide. How then should we assess the effectiveness of existing indicators for municipalities? To answer this question I develop an approach for assessing the edesign, creation and communication of existing, in-use SDI, and then apply it in a case study in Falun Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden. The approach assesses five aspects of SDI: ‘Vision’, ‘Framework’, ‘Indicator Selection’, ‘Stakeholder Participation’ and ‘Communication’. The findings in Falun suggest that SDI have been essential to the implementation of sustainable development in policy and action in general municipal operations, but the municipality has not moved beyond a ‘conventional’ sustainable development vision and monitoring strategy. The benefits and constraints of the current indicator system are then discussed using the above approach, and the thesis finishes by offering suggestions for the municipality going forward. I also point to the need to develop a standardised assessment method for thousands of municipalities using indicator systems used today, to help in ongoing review and improvement of SDI in practice.

O estudo objetiva mapear e analisar a integração da sustentabilidade às práticas de controle gerencial (CG) das empresas no Brasil. A sustentabilidade foi considerada sob as dimensões econômica, ambiental e social da abordagem triple bottom line - TBL (ELKINGTON, 1997). A abordagem de controle gerencial, por sua vez, usou o modelo de alavancas de controle (SIMONS, 1995), acrescido de controles especializados, apropriados ao controle da sustentabilidade nas dimensões do TBL. A amostra deste estudo foi formada por 59 empresas que divulgaram os chamados relatórios de sustentabilidade no Brasil, ao menos uma vez entre os anos 2007 e 2009. Estas companhias foram submetidas a um levantamento do tipo survey, de forma a obter dados sobre a possível integração da sustentabilidade às suas práticas de controle gerencial, ou seja, testar a presença de tópicos sociais e ambientais e foco mais amplo em stakeholders em seus instrumentos de CG. Os dados foram submetidos a técnicas de estatística univariada descritiva e multivariada de modelagem de equações estruturais. Uma escala para classificar o estágio de divulgação dos relatórios de sustentabilidade foi proposta e os relatórios das empresas classificados de acordo com a mesma. As hipóteses foram construídas sob as suposições de que a divulgação dos relatórios de sustentabilidade se dá como resposta estratégica às demandas da sociedade, de forma a assegurar legitimidade (OLIVER, 1991; SUCHMAN, 1995) e visa demonstrar a conformidade da empresa com o tema da sustentabilidade (MEYER; ROWAN, 1977; DIMAGGIO; POWELL, 1983), que as empresas lidam com a sustentabilidade de maneira ceremonial, estando suas práticas de controle gerencial desvinculadas ou frouxamente vinculadas à sustentabilidade (MEYER; ROWAN, 1977). Além disso, a legitimidade adquirida pela divulgação do relatório de sustentabilidade permitiria às empresas levar adiante suas práticas de negócios com foco convencional, sem encarar o desafio da sustentabilidade de maneira mais engajada. Como conclusão geral, comprovou-se que a divulgação do relatório de sustentabilidade impacta as práticas de controle gerencial, principalmente no que se refere à presença da sustentabilidade nos artefatos, mas não necessariamente à intensidade do uso dos mesmos. Esse achado é relevante dado o estágio inicial do tema sustentabilidade nas empresas, que requer o desenvolvimento de novos artefatos que possam capturar mais adequadamente as componentes da sustentabilidade e, mais importante do que isso, sua integração aos modelos de gestão. / The study aims to map and analyse the integration of sustainability into the management control (MC) practices of companies in Brazil. Sustainability was represented by the economic, envinronmental and social dimensions of the triple bottom line approach (ELKINGTON, 1997), and management control was addressed by the \'levers of control\' management control model (SIMONS,1995), as well as specialized controls for sustainability. The sample is formed by 59 companies that issued the so-called sustainability reports at least once over the years 2007-2009. A survey was carried out to collect data on the possible embededness of the sustainability subject into the companies management control practices, that is, to test the presence of social and environmental topics as well as a broad focus on stakeholders in their MC artefacts. The data was analysed using univariated descriptive and multivariate structural equation modeling statistical techniques. A scale to measure the sustainability reports disclosure stage was proposed and the sustainability reports of the sample were classified accordingly. The hypotheses lie in assumptions that: the sustainability reports disclosure represents companies\' strategic responses to society\'s demands in order to ensure legitimacy (OLIVER, 1991; SUCHMAN, 1995) and aims to show conformity with sustainability (MEYER; ROWAN, 1977; DIMAGGIO; POWELL, 1983); companies deal with sustainability in a ceremonial way and their management control practices are decoupled or loosely coupled to sustainability (MEYER; ROWAN, 1977). Moreover, the legitimacy acquired by disclosing sustainability reports would permit companies to progress their \'business as usual\' practices without facing the sustainability challenge in a more engaged way. The findings show that the disclosure of sustainability reports impact the management control practices, specially regarding the presence of sustainability on the artefacts, but not necessarily the extent of their use. This is relevant due to the initial stage of sustainability in companies which requires both the development of new artefacts that can capture sustainability components more adequately and, more importantly, the embeddedness of sustainability into management models.

Thesis deals with the reporting of sustainability development and its mode of administration of regular reports. The first section contains information ofsustainability development and a summary of the approach of the UN and the EU to sustainability development, which influenced business attitudes to the disclosure of periodic results using standardized reporting of sustainability. The second part analysis the situation of companies in the administration report brewing on sustainability and social responsibility. The aim is to develop recommendations for the creation of reports on sustainable development and social responsibility on the basis of previous analyzes and evaluation of their development.